1
לְכוּ֙ וְנָשׁ֣וּבָה אֶל יְהוָ֔ה כִּ֛י ה֥וּא טָרָ֖ף וְיִרְפָּאֵ֑נוּ יַ֖ךְ וְיַחְבְּשֵֽׁנוּ
Come, and let us return to YHWH: for he has torn, and he will heal us; he has smitten, and he will bind us up.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'go'. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
לְכוּ֙goQal impv 2mp · הָלַךְ (H3212)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeהָלַךְ (H3212) 'go'.
וְנָשׁ֣וּבָהand we will returnconj וְ + Qal cohortative 1cp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalשׁוּב (H7725) 'and we will return'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
כִּ֛יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
ה֥וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
טָרָ֖ףindeed torn/mauledQal perf 3ms · טָרַף (H2963)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actטָרַף (H2963) 'indeed torn/mauled'.
וְיִרְפָּאֵ֑נוּto be healedconj וְ + Qal impf 3ms + sfx 1cp · רָפָא (H7495)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalרָפָא (H7495) 'to be healed'.
יַ֖ךְand they struckHiphil impf 3ms · הִכָּה (H5221)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהִכָּה (H5221) 'and they struck'.
וְיַחְבְּשֵֽׁנוּand he saddledconj וְ + Qal impf 3ms + sfx 1cp · חָבַשׁ (H2280)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחָבַשׁ (H2280) 'and he saddled'.
2
יְחַיֵּ֖נוּ מִיֹּמָ֑יִם בַּיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י יְקִמֵ֖נוּ וְנִחְיֶ֥ה לְפָנָֽיו
After two days will he revive us: in the third day he will raise us up, and we shall live in his sight.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and he lived'.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
יְחַיֵּ֖נוּand he livedPiel impf 3ms + sfx 1cp · חָיָה (H2421)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחָיָה (H2421) 'and he lived'.
מִיֹּמָ֑יִםfrom daysprep + N com m du abs · יוֹם (H3117)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹם (H3117) 'from days'.
בַּיּוֹם֙on the dayprep + art + N com m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹם (H3117) 'on the day'.
הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔יthe thirdart + Adj · שְׁלִישִׁי (H7992)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שְׁלִישִׁי (H7992) 'the third'.
יְקִמֵ֖נוּand he aroseHiphil impf 3ms + sfx 1cp · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalקוּם (H6965) 'and he arose'.
וְנִחְיֶ֥הthat we may preserveconj וְ + Qal impf 1cp · חָיָה (H2421)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחָיָה (H2421) 'that we may preserve'.
לְפָנָֽיוbefore himprep + N com c pl constr + sfx 3ms · פָּנִים (H6440)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִים (H6440) 'before him'.
3
וְנֵדְעָ֣ה נִרְדְּפָ֗ה לָדַ֨עַת֙ אֶת יְהוָ֔ה כְּשַׁ֖חַר נָכ֣וֹן מֽוֹצָא֑וֹ וְיָב֤וֹא כַגֶּ֨שֶׁם֙ לָ֔נוּ כְּמַלְק֖וֹשׁ י֥וֹרֶה אָֽרֶץ
Then shall we know, we follow on to know YHWH: his going forth is prepared as the morning; and he shall come to us as the rain, as the latter former rain to the earth.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Weqatal / cohortative — sequential or volitional. Lead predicate is 'that we may know them'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְנֵדְעָ֣הthat we may know themconj וְ + Qal cohortative 1cp · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalיָדַע (H3045) 'that we may know them'.
נִרְדְּפָ֗הand they pursuedQal impf 1cp · רָדַף (H7291)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalרָדַף (H7291) 'and they pursued'.
לָדַ֨עַת֙to knowprep + Qal inf constr · יָדַע (H3045)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'.
אֶת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
כְּשַׁ֖חַרthe dawnprep + N com m sg abs · שַׁחַר (H7837)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁחַר (H7837) 'the dawn'.
נָכ֣וֹןconfirmedN · כּוּן (H3559)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כּוּן (H3559) 'confirmed'.
מֽוֹצָא֑וֹthe utterance ofN c · מוֹצָא (H4161)Construct chain (genitival)מוֹצָא (H4161) 'the utterance of'.
וְיָב֤וֹאand cameconj וְ + Qal impf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'and came'.
כַגֶּ֨שֶׁם֙the rainprep + art + N com m sg abs · גֶּשֶׁם (H1653)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גֶּשֶׁם (H1653) 'the rain'.
לָ֔נוּto usprep + sfx 1cpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to us'.
כְּמַלְק֖וֹשׁand the later rainprep + N com m sg abs · מַלְקוֹשׁ (H4456)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַלְקוֹשׁ (H4456) 'and the later rain'.
י֥וֹרֶהand to teachHiphil impf 3ms · יָרָה (H3384)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָרָה (H3384) 'and to teach'.
אָֽרֶץthe land ofN c · אֶרֶץ (H776)Construct chain (genitival)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'the land of'.
4
מָ֤ה אֶֽעֱשֶׂה לְּךָ֙ אֶפְרַ֔יִם מָ֥ה אֶעֱשֶׂה לְּךָ֖ יְהוּדָ֑ה וְחַסְדְּכֶם֙ כַּֽעֲנַן בֹּ֔קֶר וְכַטַּ֖ל מַשְׁכִּ֥ים הֹלֵֽךְ
O Ephraim, what shall I do to you? O Judah, what shall I do to you? for your goodness as a morning cloud, and as the early dew it goeth away.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'I will do'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
מָ֤הwhatinterrog. · מָה (H4100)Particle or relational elementמָה (H4100) 'what'.
אֶֽעֱשֶׂהI will doQal impf 1cs · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָשָׂה (H6213) 'I will do'.
לְּךָ֙to youprep + sfx 2msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to you'.
אֶפְרַ֔יִםEphraimN · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶפְרַיִם (H669) 'Ephraim'.
מָ֥הwhatinterrog. · מָה (H4100)Particle or relational elementמָה (H4100) 'what'.
אֶעֱשֶׂהI will doQal impf 1cs · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָשָׂה (H6213) 'I will do'.
לְּךָ֖to youprep + sfx 2msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to you'.
יְהוּדָ֑הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
וְחַסְדְּכֶם֙kindnessconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 2mp · חֶסֶד (H2617)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֶסֶד (H2617) 'kindness'.
כַּֽעֲנַןthe cloudprep + N com m sg constr · עָנָן (H6051)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָנָן (H6051) 'the cloud'.
בֹּ֔קֶרmorningN c · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Construct chain (genitival)בֹּקֶר (H1242) 'morning'.
וְכַטַּ֖לdewconj וְ + prep + art + N com m sg abs · טַל (H2919)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טַל (H2919) 'dew'.
מַשְׁכִּ֥יםand he rose earlyHiphil ptc ms · שָׁכַם (H7925)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשָׁכַם (H7925) 'and he rose early'.
הֹלֵֽךְwentQal ptc ms · הָלַךְ (H1980)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָלַךְ (H1980) 'went'.
5
עַל כֵּ֗ן חָצַ֨בְתִּי֙ בַּנְּבִיאִ֔ים הֲרַגְתִּ֖ים בְּאִמְרֵי פִ֑י וּמִשְׁפָּטֶ֖יךָ א֥וֹר יֵצֵֽא
Therefore have I hewed by the prophets; I have slain them by the words of my mouth: and your judgments the light goeth forth.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'hewn'.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
כֵּ֗ןsoadv. · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'so'.
חָצַ֨בְתִּי֙hewnQal perf 1cs · חָצוּב (H2672)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָצוּב (H2672) 'hewn'.
בַּנְּבִיאִ֔יםa prophetprep + art + N com m pl abs · נָבִיא (H5030)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נָבִיא (H5030) 'a prophet'.
הֲרַגְתִּ֖יםthey killedQal perf 1cs + sfx 3mp · הָרַג (H2026)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָרַג (H2026) 'they killed'.
בְּאִמְרֵיthe words ofprep + N com m pl constr · אֵמֶר (H561)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֵמֶר (H561) 'the words of'.
פִ֑יthe mouth ofN c · פֶּה (H6310)Construct chain (genitival)פֶּה (H6310) 'the mouth of'.
וּמִשְׁפָּטֶ֖יךָjudgmentconj וְ + N com m pl constr + sfx 2ms · מִשְׁפָּט (H4941)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִשְׁפָּט (H4941) 'judgment'.
א֥וֹרlightN c · אוֹר (H216)Construct chain (genitival)אוֹר (H216) 'light'.
יֵצֵֽאone going out (to)Qal impf 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָצָא (H3318) 'one going out (to)'.
6
כִּ֛י חֶ֥סֶד חָפַ֖צְתִּי וְלֹא זָ֑בַח וְדַ֥עַת אֱלֹהִ֖ים מֵעֹלֽוֹת
For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings.
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'I do not desire'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
כִּ֛יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
חֶ֥סֶדkindnessN c · חֶסֶד (H2617)Construct chain (genitival)חֶסֶד (H2617) 'kindness'.
חָפַ֖צְתִּיI do not desireQal perf 1cs · חָפֵץ (H2654)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָפֵץ (H2654) 'I do not desire'.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
זָ֑בַחthe sacrifice ofN c · זֶבַח (H2077)Construct chain (genitival)זֶבַח (H2077) 'the sacrifice of'.
וְדַ֥עַתthe knowledge ofconj וְ + N com f sg constr · דַּעַת (H1847)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דַּעַת (H1847) 'the knowledge of'.
אֱלֹהִ֖יםGodN c · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Construct chain (genitival)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'.
מֵעֹלֽוֹתthe burnt offeringprep + N com f pl abs · עֹלָה (H5930)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֹלָה (H5930) 'the burnt offering'.
7
וְהֵ֕מָּה כְּאָדָ֖ם עָבְר֣וּ בְרִ֑ית שָׁ֖ם בָּ֥גְדוּ בִֽי
But they like men have transgressed the covenant: there have they dealt treacherously against me.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'cross over'.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְהֵ֕מָּהnow theyconj וְ + pron 3mp · הֵמָּה (H1992)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הֵמָּה (H1992) 'now they'.
כְּאָדָ֖םAdamprep + N proper · אָדָם (H121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָדָם (H121) 'Adam'.
עָבְר֣וּcross overQal perf 3cp · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָבַר (H5674) 'cross over'.
בְרִ֑יתthe covenant ofN c · בְּרִית (H1285)Construct chain (genitival)בְּרִית (H1285) 'the covenant of'.
שָׁ֖םthereart · שָׁם (H8033)Particle or relational elementשָׁם (H8033) 'there'.
בָּ֥גְדוּin his dealing treacherouslyQal perf 3cp · בָּגַד (H898)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actבָּגַד (H898) 'in his dealing treacherously'.
בִֽיagainst meprep + sfx 1csParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'against me'.
8
גִּלְעָ֕ד קִרְיַ֖ת פֹּ֣עֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן עֲקֻבָּ֖ה מִדָּֽם
Gilead a city of them that work iniquity, polluted with blood.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'did'.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
גִּלְעָ֕דGileadN · גִּלְעָד (H1568)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גִּלְעָד (H1568) 'Gilead'.
קִרְיַ֖תa cityN c · קִרְיָה (H7151)Construct chain (genitival)קִרְיָה (H7151) 'a city'.
פֹּ֣עֲלֵיdidQal ptc mp · פָּעַל (H6466)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorפָּעַל (H6466) 'did'.
אָ֑וֶןiniquityN c · אוֹן (H205)Construct chain (genitival)אוֹן (H205) 'iniquity'.
עֲקֻבָּ֖הcrookedAdj · עָקֹב (H6121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָקֹב (H6121) 'crooked'.
מִדָּֽםsome of the blood ofprep + N com m sg abs · דָּם (H1818)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דָּם (H1818) 'some of the blood of'.
9
וּכְחַכֵּ֨י אִ֜ישׁ גְּדוּדִ֗ים חֶ֚בֶר כֹּֽהֲנִ֔ים דֶּ֖רֶךְ יְרַצְּחוּ שֶׁ֑כְמָה כִּ֥י זִמָּ֖ה עָשֽׂוּ
And as troops of robbers wait for a man, the company of priests murder in the way by consent: for they commit lewdness.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complement.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּכְחַכֵּ֨יandconj וְ + prep + Piel inf constr · חָכָה (H2442)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementחָכָה (H2442) 'and'.
אִ֜ישׁa manN c · אִישׁ (H376)Construct chain (genitival)אִישׁ (H376) 'a man'.
גְּדוּדִ֗יםa troopN c · גְּדוּד (H1416)Construct chain (genitival)גְּדוּד (H1416) 'a troop'.
חֶ֚בֶרa spell/charmN c · חֶבֶר (H2267)Construct chain (genitival)חֶבֶר (H2267) 'a spell/charm'.
כֹּֽהֲנִ֔יםpriestsN c · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priests'.
דֶּ֖רֶךְthe way ofN c · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Construct chain (genitival)דֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'the way of'.
יְרַצְּחוּthe manslayerPiel impf 3mp · רָצַח (H7523)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalרָצַח (H7523) 'the manslayer'.
שֶׁ֑כְמָהto ShechemN · שְׁכֶם (H7927)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שְׁכֶם (H7927) 'to Shechem'.
כִּ֥יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
זִמָּ֖הdepravityN c · זִמָּה (H2154)Construct chain (genitival)זִמָּה (H2154) 'depravity'.
עָשֽׂוּthey didQal perf 3cp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָשָׂה (H6213) 'they did'.
10
בְּבֵית֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל רָאִ֖יתִי שעריריה שַׁעֲרֽוּרִיָּ֑ה שָׁ֚ם זְנ֣וּת לְאֶפְרַ֔יִם נִטְמָ֖א יִשְׂרָאֵֽל
I have seen an horrible thing in the house of Israel: there the whoredom of Ephraim, Israel is defiled.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'I have seen'.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
בְּבֵית֙in the houseprep + N com m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בַּיִת (H1004) 'in the house'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
רָאִ֖יתִיI have seenQal perf 1cs · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actרָאָה (H7200) 'I have seen'.
שעריריהhorrible thingAdj · שַׁעֲרוּרָה (H8186)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁעֲרוּרָה (H8186) 'horrible thing'.
שַׁעֲרֽוּרִיָּ֑הhorrible thingAdj · שַׁעֲרוּרָה (H8186)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁעֲרוּרָה (H8186) 'horrible thing'.
שָׁ֚םthereart · שָׁם (H8033)Particle or relational elementשָׁם (H8033) 'there'.
זְנ֣וּתyour unfaithfulnessN c · זְנוּת (H2184)Construct chain (genitival)זְנוּת (H2184) 'your unfaithfulness'.
לְאֶפְרַ֔יִםof Ephraimprep + N proper · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶפְרַיִם (H669) 'of Ephraim'.
נִטְמָ֖אand he shall be uncleanN · טָמֵא (H2930)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טָמֵא (H2930) 'and he shall be unclean'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
11
גַּם יְהוּדָ֕ה שָׁ֥ת קָצִ֖יר לָ֑ךְ בְּשׁוּבִ֖י שְׁב֥וּת עַמִּֽי
Also, O Judah, he has set an harvest for you, when I returned the captivity of my people.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'he set/paid'. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
גַּםalsoparticle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'also'.
יְהוּדָ֕הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
שָׁ֥תhe set/paidQal perf 3ms · שִׁית (H7896)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actשִׁית (H7896) 'he set/paid'.
קָצִ֖ירharvest ofN c · קָצִיר (H7105)Construct chain (genitival)קָצִיר (H7105) 'harvest of'.
לָ֑ךְto youprep + sfx 2fsParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to you'.
בְּשׁוּבִ֖יand he returnedprep + Qal inf constr + sfx 1cs · שׁוּב (H7725)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementשׁוּב (H7725) 'and he returned'.
שְׁב֥וּתyour captivityN c · שְׁבוּת (H7622)Construct chain (genitival)שְׁבוּת (H7622) 'your captivity'.
עַמִּֽיmy peopleN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'my people'.