Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Hosea, Chapter 7הושע 7

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Hosea 7 (16 verses in the MT) opens: When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood; and the thief cometh in, the troop of robbers spoileth without. The middle of the chapter continues: Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth not: yea, gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not. It closes: They return, not to the most High: they are like a deceitful bow: their princes shall fall by the sword for the rage of their tongue: this their derision in the land of Egypt.

Translation & textual notes

The Hebrew base text here follows the Masoretic Text in the Leningrad tradition as represented by the Westminster Leningrad Codex / MorphHB diplomatic stream imported from OSHB; distinctively copyrighted apparatus from BHS or BHQ is not reproduced. Hosea 7 comprises 16 verses in MT order. Movement I (vv. 1-4) — When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discov. When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood; and the thief cometh in, the troop of robbers spoileth without. And they consider not in their hearts I remember all their wickedness: now their own doings have beset them about; they are before my face. They make the king. Movement II (vv. 5-8) — In the day of our king the princes have made sick with bottles of wine;. In the day of our king the princes have made sick with bottles of wine; he stretched out his hand with scorners. For they have made ready their heart like an oven, whiles they lie in wait: their baker sleepeth all the night; in the morning it burneth as a flaming fire. They are all hot as an oven, and have devoured their judges; all their kings are fallen:. Movement III (vv. 9-12) — Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth not: yea, gray hair. Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth not: yea, gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not. And the pride of Israel testifieth to his face: and they do not return to YHWH their God, nor seek him for all this. Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart: they call to Egypt, they go to Assyria. When they shall go, I will. Movement IV (vv. 13-16) — Woe to them! for they have fled from me: destruction to them! because th. Woe to them! for they have fled from me: destruction to them! because they have transgressed against me: though I have redeemed them, yet they have spoken lies against me. And they have not cried to me with their heart, when they howled upon their beds: they assemble themselves for corn and wine, they rebel against me. Though I have bound strengthened their. Where English printed Bibles divide verses differently, this annotation follows MT versification throughout.

1

כְּרָפְאִ֣י לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וְנִגְלָ֞ה עֲוֺ֤ן אֶפְרַ֨יִם֙ וְרָע֣וֹת שֹֽׁמְר֔וֹן כִּ֥י פָעֲל֖וּ שָׁ֑קֶר וְגַנָּ֣ב יָב֔וֹא פָּשַׁ֥ט גְּד֖וּד בַּחֽוּץ

When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood; and the thief cometh in, the troop of robbers spoileth without.

Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complementasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complement. Lead predicate is 'to be healed'. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
כְּרָפְאִ֣יto be healedprep + Qal inf constr + sfx 1cs · רָפָא (H7495)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementרָפָא (H7495) 'to be healed'.
לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֗לto Israelprep + N proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'to Israel'.
וְנִגְלָ֞הshall you uncoverconj וְ + Niphal perf 3ms · גָּלָה (H1540)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actגָּלָה (H1540) 'shall you uncover'.
עֲוֺ֤ןthe iniquity ofN c · עָוֹן (H5771)Construct chain (genitival)עָוֹן (H5771) 'the iniquity of'.
אֶפְרַ֨יִם֙EphraimN · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶפְרַיִם (H669) 'Ephraim'.
וְרָע֣וֹתand bad ofconj וְ + N com f pl constr · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'and bad of'.
שֹֽׁמְר֔וֹןSamariaN · שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111) 'Samaria'.
כִּ֥יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
פָעֲל֖וּdidQal perf 3cp · פָּעַל (H6466)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actפָּעַל (H6466) 'did'.
שָׁ֑קֶרfalsehoodN c · שֶׁקֶר (H8267)Construct chain (genitival)שֶׁקֶר (H8267) 'falsehood'.
וְגַנָּ֣בthe thiefconj וְ + N com m sg abs · גַּנָּב (H1590)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גַּנָּב (H1590) 'the thief'.
יָב֔וֹאhe may comeQal impf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'he may come'.
פָּשַׁ֥טand he shall take offQal perf 3ms · פָּשַׁט (H6584)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actפָּשַׁט (H6584) 'and he shall take off'.
גְּד֖וּדa troopN c · גְּדוּד (H1416)Construct chain (genitival)גְּדוּד (H1416) 'a troop'.
בַּחֽוּץoutsideprep + art + N com m sg abs · חוּץ (H2351)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חוּץ (H2351) 'outside'.
2

וּבַל יֹֽאמְרוּ֙ לִלְבָבָ֔ם כָּל רָעָתָ֖ם זָכָ֑רְתִּי עַתָּה֙ סְבָב֣וּם מַֽעַלְלֵיהֶ֔ם נֶ֥גֶד פָּנַ֖י הָיֽוּ

And they consider not in their hearts I remember all their wickedness: now their own doings have beset them about; they are before my face.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'they say'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וּבַלandconj וְ + neg. · בַּל (H1077)Particle or relational elementבַּל (H1077) 'and'.
יֹֽאמְרוּ֙they sayQal impf 3mp · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalאָמַר (H559) 'they say'.
לִלְבָבָ֔םyour heartprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · לֵבָב (H3824)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לֵבָב (H3824) 'your heart'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
רָעָתָ֖םthe evilN c · רַע (H7451)Construct chain (genitival)רַע (H7451) 'the evil'.
זָכָ֑רְתִּיand you shall rememberQal perf 1cs · זָכַר (H2142)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actזָכַר (H2142) 'and you shall remember'.
עַתָּה֙nowart · עַתָּה (H6258)Particle or relational elementעַתָּה (H6258) 'now'.
סְבָב֣וּםand they marched aroundQal perf 3cp + sfx 3mp · סָבַב (H5437)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actסָבַב (H5437) 'and they marched around'.
מַֽעַלְלֵיהֶ֔םyour deedsN c · מַעֲלָל (H4611)Construct chain (genitival)מַעֲלָל (H4611) 'your deeds'.
נֶ֥גֶדbeforeprep · נֶגֶד (H5048)Particle or relational elementנֶגֶד (H5048) 'before'.
פָּנַ֖יthe face ofN c · פָּנִים (H6440)Construct chain (genitival)פָּנִים (H6440) 'the face of'.
הָיֽוּwereQal perf 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'were'.
3

בְּרָעָתָ֖ם יְשַׂמְּחוּ מֶ֑לֶךְ וּבְכַחֲשֵׁיהֶ֖ם שָׂרִֽים

They make the king glad with their wickedness, and the princes with their lies.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and you shall rejoice'.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
בְּרָעָתָ֖םthe evilprep + N com f sg constr + sfx 3mp · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'the evil'.
יְשַׂמְּחוּand you shall rejoicePiel impf 3mp · שָׂמַח (H8055)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׂמַח (H8055) 'and you shall rejoice'.
מֶ֑לֶךְking ofN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king of'.
וּבְכַחֲשֵׁיהֶ֖םandconj וְ + prep + N com m pl constr + sfx 3mp · כַּחַשׁ (H3585)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כַּחַשׁ (H3585) 'and'.
שָׂרִֽיםprincesN c · שַׂר (H8269)Construct chain (genitival)שַׂר (H8269) 'princes'.
4

כֻּלָּם֙ מְנָ֣אֲפִ֔ים כְּמ֣וֹ תַנּ֔וּר בֹּעֵ֖רָה מֵֽאֹפֶ֑ה יִשְׁבּ֣וֹת מֵעִ֔יר מִלּ֥וּשׁ בָּצֵ֖ק עַד חֻמְצָתֽוֹ

They all adulterers, as an oven heated by the baker, ceaseth from raising after he has kneaded the dough, until it be leavened.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'you shall commit adultery'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
כֻּלָּם֙all of themN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all of them'.
מְנָ֣אֲפִ֔יםyou shall commit adulteryPiel ptc mp · נָאַף (H5003)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorנָאַף (H5003) 'you shall commit adultery'.
כְּמ֣וֹlikeprep · כְּמוֹ (H3644)Particle or relational elementכְּמוֹ (H3644) 'like'.
תַנּ֔וּרan ovenN c · תַּנּוּר (H8574)Construct chain (genitival)תַּנּוּר (H8574) 'an oven'.
בֹּעֵ֖רָהit burnedQal ptc fs · בָּעַר (H1197)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorבָּעַר (H1197) 'it burned'.
מֵֽאֹפֶ֑הthe bakersprep + Qal ptc ms · אָפָה (H644)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָפָה (H644) 'the bakers'.
יִשְׁבּ֣וֹתyou shall restQal impf 3ms · שָׁבַת (H7673)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׁבַת (H7673) 'you shall rest'.
מֵעִ֔ירawakeHiphil ptc ms · עוּר (H5782)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעוּר (H5782) 'awake'.
מִלּ֥וּשׁkneadprep + Qal inf constr · לוּשׁ (H3888)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementלוּשׁ (H3888) 'knead'.
בָּצֵ֖קthe doughN c · בָצֵק (H1217)Construct chain (genitival)בָצֵק (H1217) 'the dough'.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'until'.
חֻמְצָתֽוֹit was leavenedQal inf constr + sfx 3ms · חָמֵץ (H2556)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementחָמֵץ (H2556) 'it was leavened'.
5

י֣וֹם מַלְכֵּ֔נוּ הֶחֱל֥וּ שָׂרִ֖ים חֲמַ֣ת מִיָּ֑יִן מָשַׁ֥ךְ יָד֖וֹ אֶת לֹצְצִֽים

In the day of our king the princes have made sick with bottles of wine; he stretched out his hand with scorners.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'inflicted'.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
י֣וֹםdayN c · יוֹם (H3117)Construct chain (genitival)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'.
מַלְכֵּ֔נוּking ofN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king of'.
הֶחֱל֥וּinflictedHiphil perf 3cp · חָלָה (H2470)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָלָה (H2470) 'inflicted'.
שָׂרִ֖יםprincesN c · שַׂר (H8269)Construct chain (genitival)שַׂר (H8269) 'princes'.
חֲמַ֣תthe venom ofN c · חֵמָה (H2534)Construct chain (genitival)חֵמָה (H2534) 'the venom of'.
מִיָּ֑יִןfrom wineprep + N com m sg abs · יַיִן (H3196)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יַיִן (H3196) 'from wine'.
מָשַׁ֥ךְhas pulledQal perf 3ms · מָשַׁךְ (H4900)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actמָשַׁךְ (H4900) 'has pulled'.
יָד֖וֹhis handN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'his hand'.
אֶתwithprep · אֵת (H854)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H854) 'with'.
לֹצְצִֽיםscornPolel ptc mp · לָצַץ (H3945)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorלָצַץ (H3945) 'scorn'.
6

כִּֽי קֵרְב֧וּ כַתַּנּ֛וּר לִבָּ֖ם בְּאָרְבָּ֑ם כָּל הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ יָשֵׁ֣ן אֹֽפֵהֶ֔ם בֹּ֕קֶר ה֥וּא בֹעֵ֖ר כְּאֵ֥שׁ לֶהָבָֽה

For they have made ready their heart like an oven, whiles they lie in wait: their baker sleepeth all the night; in the morning it burneth as a flaming fire.

Qatal — perfective or stative predication
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'come near'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
קֵרְב֧וּcome nearPiel perf 3cp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actקָרַב (H7126) 'come near'.
כַתַּנּ֛וּרan ovenprep + art + N com m sg abs · תַּנּוּר (H8574)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תַּנּוּר (H8574) 'an oven'.
לִבָּ֖םtheir heartN c · לֵב (H3820)Construct chain (genitival)לֵב (H3820) 'their heart'.
בְּאָרְבָּ֑םlying in ambushprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · אָרַב (H693)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָרַב (H693) 'lying in ambush'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙the nightart + N com m sg abs · לַיְלָה (H3915)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לַיְלָה (H3915) 'the night'.
יָשֵׁ֣ןasleepAdj · יָשֵׁן (H3463)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָשֵׁן (H3463) 'asleep'.
אֹֽפֵהֶ֔םthe bakersQal ptc ms + sfx 3mp · אָפָה (H644)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָפָה (H644) 'the bakers'.
בֹּ֕קֶרmorningN c · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Construct chain (genitival)בֹּקֶר (H1242) 'morning'.
ה֥וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
בֹעֵ֖רwas burningQal ptc ms · בָּעַר (H1197)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorבָּעַר (H1197) 'was burning'.
כְּאֵ֥שׁlike fireprep + N com c sg constr · אֵשׁ (H784)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֵשׁ (H784) 'like fire'.
לֶהָבָֽהa flameN c · לֶהָבָה (H3852)Construct chain (genitival)לֶהָבָה (H3852) 'a flame'.
7

כֻּלָּ֤ם יֵחַ֨מּוּ֙ כַּתַּנּ֔וּר וְאָכְל֖וּ אֶת שֹֽׁפְטֵיהֶ֑ם כָּל מַלְכֵיהֶ֣ם נָפָ֔לוּ אֵין קֹרֵ֥א בָהֶ֖ם אֵלָֽי

They are all hot as an oven, and have devoured their judges; all their kings are fallen: none among them that calleth to me.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and grew hot'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
כֻּלָּ֤םall of themN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all of them'.
יֵחַ֨מּוּ֙and grew hotQal impf 3mp · חַם/חָמַם (H2552)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחַם/חָמַם (H2552) 'and grew hot'.
כַּתַּנּ֔וּרan ovenprep + art + N com m sg abs · תַּנּוּר (H8574)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תַּנּוּר (H8574) 'an oven'.
וְאָכְל֖וּand they shall eatconj וְ + Qal perf 3cp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָכַל (H398) 'and they shall eat'.
אֶת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
שֹֽׁפְטֵיהֶ֑םtheir judgesQal ptc mp + sfx 3mp · שָׁפַט (H8199)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשָׁפַט (H8199) 'their judges'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
מַלְכֵיהֶ֣םtheir kingsN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'their kings'.
נָפָ֔לוּhave fallenQal perf 3cp · נָפַל (H5307)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָפַל (H5307) 'have fallen'.
אֵיןthere is notneg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'.
קֹרֵ֥אhe calledQal ptc ms · קָרָא (H7121)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorקָרָא (H7121) 'he called'.
בָהֶ֖םin themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in them'.
אֵלָֽיto meprep + sfx 1cs · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to me'.
8

אֶפְרַ֕יִם בָּעַמִּ֖ים ה֣וּא יִתְבּוֹלָ֑ל אֶפְרַ֛יִם הָיָ֥ה עֻגָ֖ה בְּלִ֥י הֲפוּכָֽה

Ephraim, he has mixed himself among the people; Ephraim is a cake not turned.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'mixed'.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
אֶפְרַ֕יִםEphraimN · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶפְרַיִם (H669) 'Ephraim'.
בָּעַמִּ֖יםamong the peoplesprep + art + N com m pl abs · עַם (H5971)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עַם (H5971) 'among the peoples'.
ה֣וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
יִתְבּוֹלָ֑לmixedHithpolel impf 3ms · בָּלַל (H1101)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבָּלַל (H1101) 'mixed'.
אֶפְרַ֛יִםEphraimN · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶפְרַיִם (H669) 'Ephraim'.
הָיָ֥הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
עֻגָ֖הcakesN c · עֻגָה (H5692)Construct chain (genitival)עֻגָה (H5692) 'cakes'.
בְּלִ֥יwithoutneg. · בְּלִי (H1097)Particle or relational elementבְּלִי (H1097) 'without'.
הֲפוּכָֽהhas turnedQal ptc fs · הָפַךְ (H2015)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָפַךְ (H2015) 'has turned'.
9

אָכְל֤וּ זָרִים֙ כֹּח֔וֹ וְה֖וּא לֹ֣א יָדָ֑ע גַּם שֵׂיבָה֙ זָ֣רְקָה בּ֔וֹ וְה֖וּא לֹ֥א יָדָֽע

Strangers have devoured his strength, and he knoweth not: yea, gray hairs are here and there upon him, yet he knoweth not.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'ate'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
אָכְל֤וּateQal perf 3cp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָכַל (H398) 'ate'.
זָרִים֙an outsiderAdj · זָר (H2114)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זָר (H2114) 'an outsider'.
כֹּח֔וֹby your powerN c · כֹּחַ (H3581)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּחַ (H3581) 'by your power'.
וְה֖וּאand heconj וְ + pron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'and he'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יָדָ֑עhe knewQal perf 3ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָדַע (H3045) 'he knew'.
גַּםalsoparticle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'also'.
שֵׂיבָה֙gray hairN c · שֵׂיבָה (H7872)Construct chain (genitival)שֵׂיבָה (H7872) 'gray hair'.
זָ֣רְקָהand they shall dashQal perf 3fs · זָרַק (H2236)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actזָרַק (H2236) 'and they shall dash'.
בּ֔וֹin itprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
וְה֖וּאand heconj וְ + pron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'and he'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יָדָֽעhe knewQal perf 3ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָדַע (H3045) 'he knew'.
10

וְעָנָ֥ה גְאֽוֹן יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּפָנָ֑יו וְלֹֽא שָׁ֨בוּ֙ אֶל יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶ֔ם וְלֹ֥א בִקְשֻׁ֖הוּ בְּכָל זֹֽאת

And the pride of Israel testifieth to his face: and they do not return to YHWH their God, nor seek him for all this.

Qatal — perfective or stative predication
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and answered'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְעָנָ֥הand answeredconj וְ + Qal perf 3ms · עָנָה (H6030)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָנָה (H6030) 'and answered'.
גְאֽוֹןthe pride ofN c · גָּאוֹן (H1347)Construct chain (genitival)גָּאוֹן (H1347) 'the pride of'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
בְּפָנָ֑יוin his faceprep + N com c pl constr + sfx 3ms · פָּנִים (H6440)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִים (H6440) 'in his face'.
וְלֹֽאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
שָׁ֨בוּ֙return!Qal perf 3cp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actשׁוּב (H7725) 'return!'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶ֔םtheir godsN c · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Construct chain (genitival)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'their gods'.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
בִקְשֻׁ֖הוּseekingPiel perf 3cp + sfx 3ms · בִּקֵּשׁ (H1245)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actבִּקֵּשׁ (H1245) 'seeking'.
בְּכָלin allprep + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'in all'.
זֹֽאתthisdem. pron xfs · זֹאת (H2063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֹאת (H2063) 'this'.
11

וַיְהִ֣י אֶפְרַ֔יִם כְּיוֹנָ֥ה פוֹתָ֖ה אֵ֣ין לֵ֑ב מִצְרַ֥יִם קָרָ֖אוּ אַשּׁ֥וּר הָלָֽכוּ

Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart: they call to Egypt, they go to Assyria.

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action. Wayyehî scene-setting or temporal hinge. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וַיְהִ֣יand it happenedconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceהָיָה (H1961) 'and it happened'.
אֶפְרַ֔יִםEphraimN · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶפְרַיִם (H669) 'Ephraim'.
כְּיוֹנָ֥הthe doveprep + N com f sg abs · יוֹנָה (H3123)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹנָה (H3123) 'the dove'.
פוֹתָ֖הbe deceivedQal ptc fs · פָּתָה (H6601)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorפָּתָה (H6601) 'be deceived'.
אֵ֣יןthere is notneg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'.
לֵ֑בthe heart ofN c · לֵב (H3820)Construct chain (genitival)לֵב (H3820) 'the heart of'.
מִצְרַ֥יִםEgyptN · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'Egypt'.
קָרָ֖אוּand he calledQal perf 3cp · קָרָא (H7121)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actקָרָא (H7121) 'and he called'.
אַשּׁ֥וּרAsshurN · אַשּׁוּר (H804)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַשּׁוּר (H804) 'Asshur'.
הָלָֽכוּwalkedQal perf 3cp · הָלַךְ (H1980)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָלַךְ (H1980) 'walked'.
12

כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵלֵ֗כוּ אֶפְר֤וֹשׂ עֲלֵיהֶם֙ רִשְׁתִּ֔י כְּע֥וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם אֽוֹרִידֵ֑ם אַיְסִרֵ֕ם כְּשֵׁ֖מַע לַעֲדָתָֽם

When they shall go, I will spread my net upon them; I will bring them down as the fowls of the heaven; I will chastise them, as their congregation has heard.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'they will go'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כַּאֲשֶׁ֣רjust asprep + rel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'just as'.
יֵלֵ֗כוּthey will goQal impf 3mp · הָלַךְ (H3212)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָלַךְ (H3212) 'they will go'.
אֶפְר֤וֹשׂand they shall spreadQal impf 1cs · פָּרַשׂ (H6566)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalפָּרַשׂ (H6566) 'and they shall spread'.
עֲלֵיהֶם֙upon themprep + sfx 3mp · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'upon them'.
רִשְׁתִּ֔יnetwork ofN c · רֶשֶׁת (H7568)Construct chain (genitival)רֶשֶׁת (H7568) 'network of'.
כְּע֥וֹףbird ofprep + N com m sg constr · עוֹף (H5775)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עוֹף (H5775) 'bird of'.
הַשָּׁמַ֖יִםthe heavensart + N com m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'the heavens'.
אֽוֹרִידֵ֑םand went downHiphil impf 1cs + sfx 3mp · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָרַד (H3381) 'and went down'.
אַיְסִרֵ֕םand they disciplineHiphil impf 1cs + sfx 3mp · יָסַר (H3256)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָסַר (H3256) 'and they discipline'.
כְּשֵׁ֖מַעa report ofprep + N com m sg abs · שֵׁמַע (H8088)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֵׁמַע (H8088) 'a report of'.
לַעֲדָתָֽםthe congregationprep + N com f sg constr + sfx 3mp · עֵדָה (H5712)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֵדָה (H5712) 'the congregation'.
13

א֤וֹי לָהֶם֙ כִּֽי נָדְד֣וּ מִמֶּ֔נִּי שֹׁ֥ד לָהֶ֖ם כִּֽי פָ֣שְׁעוּ בִ֑י וְאָנֹכִ֣י אֶפְדֵּ֔ם וְהֵ֕מָּה דִּבְּר֥וּ עָלַ֖י כְּזָבִֽים

Woe to them! for they have fled from me: destruction to them! because they have transgressed against me: though I have redeemed them, yet they have spoken lies against me.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and fled'.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
א֤וֹיwoeparticle · אוֹי (H188)Particle or relational elementאוֹי (H188) 'woe'.
לָהֶם֙to themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to them'.
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
נָדְד֣וּand fledQal perf 3cp · נָדַד (H5074)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָדַד (H5074) 'and fled'.
מִמֶּ֔נִּיfrom meprep + sfx 1cs · מִן (H4480)Particle or relational elementמִן (H4480) 'from me'.
שֹׁ֥דdesolationN c · שֹׁד (H7701)Construct chain (genitival)שֹׁד (H7701) 'desolation'.
לָהֶ֖םto themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to them'.
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
פָ֣שְׁעוּoffendQal perf 3cp · פָּשַׁע (H6586)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actפָּשַׁע (H6586) 'offend'.
בִ֑יagainst meprep + sfx 1csParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'against me'.
וְאָנֹכִ֣יand Iconj וְ + pron 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָנֹכִי (H595) 'and I'.
אֶפְדֵּ֔םyou shall redeemQal impf 1cs + sfx 3mp · פָּדָה (H6299)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalפָּדָה (H6299) 'you shall redeem'.
וְהֵ֕מָּהnow theyconj וְ + pron 3mp · הֵמָּה (H1992)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הֵמָּה (H1992) 'now they'.
דִּבְּר֥וּhe spoke itPiel perf 3cp · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actדִּבֶּר (H1696) 'he spoke it'.
עָלַ֖יagainst meprep + sfx 1cs · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'against me'.
כְּזָבִֽיםdeceitfulN c · כָּזָב (H3577)Construct chain (genitival)כָּזָב (H3577) 'deceitful'.
14

וְלֹֽא זָעֲק֤וּ אֵלַי֙ בְּלִבָּ֔ם כִּ֥י יְיֵלִ֖ילוּ עַל מִשְׁכְּבוֹתָ֑ם עַל דָּגָ֧ן וְתִיר֛וֹשׁ יִתְגּוֹרָ֖רוּ יָס֥וּרוּ בִֽי

And they have not cried to me with their heart, when they howled upon their beds: they assemble themselves for corn and wine, they rebel against me.

Qatal — perfective or stative predication
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and they cried out'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְלֹֽאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
זָעֲק֤וּand they cried outQal perf 3cp · זָעַק (H2199)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actזָעַק (H2199) 'and they cried out'.
אֵלַי֙to meprep + sfx 1cs · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to me'.
בְּלִבָּ֔םhis heartprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · לֵב (H3820)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לֵב (H3820) 'his heart'.
כִּ֥יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
יְיֵלִ֖ילוּ(make to) howlHiphil impf 3mp · יָלַל (H3213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָלַל (H3213) '(make to) howl'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
מִשְׁכְּבוֹתָ֑םthe bedN c · מִשְׁכָּב (H4904)Construct chain (genitival)מִשְׁכָּב (H4904) 'the bed'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
דָּגָ֧ןgrainN c · דָּגָן (H1715)Construct chain (genitival)דָּגָן (H1715) 'grain'.
וְתִיר֛וֹשׁand new wineconj וְ + N com m sg abs · תִּירוֹשׁ (H8492)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תִּירוֹשׁ (H8492) 'and new wine'.
יִתְגּוֹרָ֖רוּwho sojournsHithpolel impf 3mp · גּוּר (H1481)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalגּוּר (H1481) 'who sojourns'.
יָס֥וּרוּthey departQal impf 3mp · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalסוּר (H5493) 'they depart'.
בִֽיagainst meprep + sfx 1csParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'against me'.
15

וַאֲנִ֣י יִסַּ֔רְתִּי חִזַּ֖קְתִּי זְרֽוֹעֹתָ֑ם וְאֵלַ֖י יְחַשְּׁבוּ רָֽע

Though I have bound strengthened their arms, yet do they imagine mischief against me.

Qatal — perfective or stative predication
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and they discipline'.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וַאֲנִ֣יand Iconj וְ + pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֲנִי (H589) 'and I'.
יִסַּ֔רְתִּיand they disciplinePiel perf 1cs · יָסַר (H3256)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָסַר (H3256) 'and they discipline'.
חִזַּ֖קְתִּיbe strongPiel perf 1cs · חָזַק (H2388)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָזַק (H2388) 'be strong'.
זְרֽוֹעֹתָ֑םthe shoulderN c · זְרוֹעַ (H2220)Construct chain (genitival)זְרוֹעַ (H2220) 'the shoulder'.
וְאֵלַ֖יtoconj וְ + prep + sfx 1cs · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
יְחַשְּׁבוּare countedPiel impf 3mp · חָשַׁב (H2803)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחָשַׁב (H2803) 'are counted'.
רָֽעbadAdj · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'bad'.
16

יָשׁ֣וּבוּ לֹ֣א עָ֗ל הָיוּ֙ כְּקֶ֣שֶׁת רְמִיָּ֔ה יִפְּל֥וּ בַחֶ֛רֶב שָׂרֵיהֶ֖ם מִזַּ֣עַם לְשׁוֹנָ֑ם ז֥וֹ לַעְגָּ֖ם בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם

They return, not to the most High: they are like a deceitful bow: their princes shall fall by the sword for the rage of their tongue: this their derision in the land of Egypt.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'they will return'. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
יָשׁ֣וּבוּthey will returnQal impf 3mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשׁוּב (H7725) 'they will return'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
עָ֗לaboveN c · עַל (H5920)Construct chain (genitival)עַל (H5920) 'above'.
הָיוּ֙wereQal perf 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'were'.
כְּקֶ֣שֶׁתa bowprep + N com f sg constr · קֶשֶׁת (H7198)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קֶשֶׁת (H7198) 'a bow'.
רְמִיָּ֔הdeceit(-fulN c · רְמִיָּה (H7423)Construct chain (genitival)רְמִיָּה (H7423) 'deceit(-ful'.
יִפְּל֥וּshall fallQal impf 3mp · נָפַל (H5307)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָפַל (H5307) 'shall fall'.
בַחֶ֛רֶבwith the swordprep + art + N com f sg abs · חֶרֶב (H2719)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֶרֶב (H2719) 'with the sword'.
שָׂרֵיהֶ֖םchief ofN c · שַׂר (H8269)Construct chain (genitival)שַׂר (H8269) 'chief of'.
מִזַּ֣עַםangryprep + N com m sg constr · זַעַם (H2195)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זַעַם (H2195) 'angry'.
לְשׁוֹנָ֑םby their languagesN c · לָשׁוֹן (H3956)Construct chain (genitival)לָשׁוֹן (H3956) 'by their languages'.
ז֥וֹthatdem. pron xfs · זוֹ (H2097)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זוֹ (H2097) 'that'.
לַעְגָּ֖םandN c · לַעַג (H3933)Construct chain (genitival)לַעַג (H3933) 'and'.
בְּאֶ֥רֶץin the land ofprep + N com c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'in the land of'.
מִצְרָֽיִםEgyptN · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'Egypt'.