Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Isaiah, Chapter 5ישעיהו 5

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Failed vineyard, social greed, intoxicated blindness, moral inversion, corrupt judgment, and the roaring approach of foreign devastation drive one of the book's fullest early indictments of Judah under the figure of cultivated privilege gone rotten. It opens with what sounds like a tender song for a beloved and his vineyard. The owner selects fertile ground, clears stones, plants choice vine, builds tower and wine vat, and reasonably expects grapes; instead the vineyard yields only wild fruit. The listeners are then asked to judge the case, only to discover that they themselves are the vineyard. The house of Israel and the man of Judah were YHWH's cherished planting, and the expected fruit was justice and righteousness. What appeared instead was bloodshed and outcry. Taken together, the passage frames covenant failure not as lack of divine provision but as a corruption of well-cultivated life. The people's public existence has become a spoiled harvest from a carefully prepared field. From there the oracle unfolds a sequence of woes that move through Judah's social and moral disorders with increasing sharpness. Landed greed swallows house into house and field into field until community is displaced by solitary possession, only to be answered by desolation and miserable yield. Pleasure-seekers rise early for drink, pass their days in music and wine, and never regard YHWH's work, so their future becomes exile, hunger, thirst, and the widened throat of Sheol. Others draw sin behind them as though harnessed to it and mockingly demand that the Holy One of Israel hurry his work. Still others rename evil as good, darkness as light, and bitter as sweet, or rest complacently in self-certified wisdom. The final woe cluster joins drunken valor to legal corruption: the wicked are acquitted for bribes while the righteous are robbed of justice. The closing movement gathers all of this into an image of consuming judgment. Because YHWH's instruction and word have been rejected, the people's root rots and their blossom blows away like dust; YHWH's anger strikes, and then a distant nation is summoned with terrifying speed, discipline, and leonine force. Taken together, the passage binds failed covenant fruit, economic predation, liturgical and social heedlessness, moral perversion, false wisdom, bribed judgment, and divinely summoned invasion into a chapter where Judah's whole social order is shown as ripe for devastation precisely because it had first been so carefully planted.

Translation & textual notes

The Hebrew base text here follows the Masoretic Text in the Leningrad tradition as represented by the Westminster Leningrad Codex / MorphHB diplomatic stream imported from OSHB; distinctively copyrighted apparatus from BHS or BHQ is not reproduced. Eight linked movements shape the chapter: the vineyard song and its interpretation (vv. 1-7), the anti-accumulation woe (vv. 8-10), the anti-revelry woe and its humiliation sequence (vv. 11-17), the taunting-scoffer woe (vv. 18-19), the moral-inversion woe (v. 20), the self-wise woe (v. 21), the drink-hero and bribery woe (vv. 22-23), and the final judgment-and-invasion announcement (vv. 24-30). Verses 1-7 require especially careful handling because the rhetoric depends on delayed recognition. Verse 1 should preserve the affectionate tone of the opening song, and the difficult expression בקרן בן שמן is best left with its strong sense of a fertile, elevated site rather than flattened into generic farmland. Verse 2's sequence of digging, clearing stones, planting choice vine, building tower, and hewing vat should remain fully concrete, because the later judgment reverses this earlier care. Verse 7 is the interpretive hinge and must preserve the paronomasia if possible in note or explanation: YHWH looked for משפט but behold משפח, for צדקה but behold צעקה. Justice and righteousness are expected; bloodshed and outcry answer instead. Verses 8-17 move from the vineyard image into social and civic exposure. Verse 8's house-to-house and field-to-field accumulation should remain sharp, because the point is monopolizing land at the expense of neighborly life. Verse 10's reduced yields are measured and should stay measured; scarcity itself becomes judgment. In verses 11-12 the progression from early morning to late evening drink, and the feast instruments listed by name, should be retained. The central accusation is not festivity alone but failure to regard the work of YHWH or see the deed of his hands. Verse 13's exile language should remain straightforward, and verse 14's picture of Sheol enlarging its throat and opening its mouth without measure should not be softened away. Verses 15-16 also matter programmatically: humankind is brought low while YHWH is exalted in judgment and the holy God sanctifies himself in righteousness. Verse 17's lambs and strangers eating amid ruins should remain somewhat strange and concrete; the point is that the proud estates become other creatures' pasture. Verses 18-23 are a concentrated woe-cluster and should preserve their terseness. Verse 18's image of drawing iniquity with cords of emptiness and sin with cart ropes should remain graphic; evil is being hauled deliberately. Verse 19's taunt should preserve its mock impatience toward the Holy One of Israel. Verse 20 depends on clean moral antitheses and should not be paraphrased so heavily that its balanced reversals disappear. Verse 21's self-wise posture and verses 22-23's drink-heroes and bribed judgments must stay linked: the issue is not only private excess but public injustice. Verses 24-30 then gather the chapter into final threat. Verse 24's fire, stubble, rotted root, and dust-blown blossom should remain vivid, because the people themselves are now treated as combustible plant-life. Verse 25 contains the refrain that YHWH's anger has not turned away and his hand is still stretched out, a line that should stay exact because it will recur. Finally, verses 26-30 depict the summoned nation in terms of signal, whistle, speed, readiness, sharp weaponry, leonine seizure, and sea-like roaring over a darkened land. Translation should preserve the relentless build of that arrival. Taken together, the passage should therefore be translated as the chapter where Judah's failed fruitfulness is unfolded through parable, woe, and invasion into a single sustained demonstration that covenant privilege without justice ends in desolation. Versification follows the MT. **Cruxes.** | Verse | Issue | | --- | --- | | none | none of note |

1

אָשִׁ֤ירָה נָּא֙ לִֽידִידִ֔י שִׁירַ֥ת דּוֹדִ֖י לְכַרְמ֑וֹ כֶּ֛רֶם הָיָ֥ה לִֽידִידִ֖י בְּקֶ֥רֶן בֶּן שָֽׁמֶן

Now will I sing to my wellbeloved a song of my beloved touching his vineyard. My wellbeloved has a vineyard in a very fruitful hill:

Weqatal / cohortative — sequential or volitionalasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Weqatal / cohortative — sequential or volitional. Lead predicate is 'I will sing'. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
אָשִׁ֤ירָהI will singQal cohortative 1cs · שִׁיר (H7891)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalשִׁיר (H7891) 'I will sing'.
נָּא֙pleaseparticle · נָא (H4994)Particle or relational elementנָא (H4994) 'please'.
לִֽידִידִ֔יthe beloved ofprep + Adj + sfx 1cs · יָדִיד (H3039)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָדִיד (H3039) 'the beloved of'.
שִׁירַ֥תthe songN c · שִׁירָה (H7892)Construct chain (genitival)שִׁירָה (H7892) 'the song'.
דּוֹדִ֖יhis uncleN c · דּוֹד (H1730)Construct chain (genitival)דּוֹד (H1730) 'his uncle'.
לְכַרְמ֑וֹa vineyardprep + N com c sg constr + sfx 3ms · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
כֶּ֛רֶםa vineyardN c · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Construct chain (genitival)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
הָיָ֥הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
לִֽידִידִ֖יthe beloved ofprep + Adj + sfx 1cs · יָדִיד (H3039)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָדִיד (H3039) 'the beloved of'.
בְּקֶ֥רֶןwith the horn ofprep + N com c sg constr · קֶרֶן (H7161)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קֶרֶן (H7161) 'with the horn of'.
בֶּןson ofN c · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival)בֵּן (H1121) 'son of'.
שָֽׁמֶןthe oil ofN c · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Construct chain (genitival)שֶׁמֶן (H8081) 'the oil of'.
2

וַֽיְעַזְּקֵ֣הוּ וַֽיְסַקְּלֵ֗הוּ וַיִּטָּעֵ֨הוּ֙ שֹׂרֵ֔ק וַיִּ֤בֶן מִגְדָּל֙ בְּתוֹכ֔וֹ וְגַם יֶ֖קֶב חָצֵ֣ב בּ֑וֹ וַיְקַ֛ו לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת עֲנָבִ֖ים וַיַּ֥עַשׂ בְּאֻשִֽׁים

And he fenced it, and gathered out the stones thereof, and planted it with the choicest vine, and built a tower in the midst of it, and also made a winepress therein: and he looked that it should bring forth grapes, and it brought forth wild grapes.

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וַֽיְעַזְּקֵ֣הוּandconj וְ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms + sfx 3ms · עָזַק (H5823)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceעָזַק (H5823) 'and'.
וַֽיְסַקְּלֵ֗הוּsurelyconj וְ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms + sfx 3ms · סָקַל (H5619)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceסָקַל (H5619) 'surely'.
וַיִּטָּעֵ֨הוּ֙you will plantconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms + sfx 3ms · נָטַע (H5193)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceנָטַע (H5193) 'you will plant'.
שֹׂרֵ֔קto the choice vineN c · שֹׂרֵקָה (H8321)Construct chain (genitival)שֹׂרֵקָה (H8321) 'to the choice vine'.
וַיִּ֤בֶןand he builtconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · בָּנָה (H1129)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceבָּנָה (H1129) 'and he built'.
מִגְדָּל֙and a towerN c · מִגְדָּל (H4026)Construct chain (genitival)מִגְדָּל (H4026) 'and a tower'.
בְּתוֹכ֔וֹin the middle of itprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3ms · תָּוֶךְ (H8432)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תָּוֶךְ (H8432) 'in the middle of it'.
וְגַםand alsoconj וְ + particle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'and also'.
יֶ֖קֶבthe winepressN c · יֶקֶב (H3342)Construct chain (genitival)יֶקֶב (H3342) 'the winepress'.
חָצֵ֣בhewnQal perf 3ms · חָצוּב (H2672)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָצוּב (H2672) 'hewn'.
בּ֑וֹin itprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
וַיְקַ֛וlet be gatheredconj וְ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · קָוָה (H6960)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceקָוָה (H6960) 'let be gathered'.
לַעֲשׂ֥וֹתto doprep + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'.
עֲנָבִ֖יםgrapesN c · עֵנָב (H6025)Construct chain (genitival)עֵנָב (H6025) 'grapes'.
וַיַּ֥עַשׂand he madeconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceעָשָׂה (H6213) 'and he made'.
בְּאֻשִֽׁיםwild grapesN c · בְּאֻשִׁים (H891)Construct chain (genitival)בְּאֻשִׁים (H891) 'wild grapes'.
3

וְעַתָּ֛ה יוֹשֵׁ֥ב יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם וְאִ֣ישׁ יְהוּדָ֑ה שִׁפְטוּ נָ֕א בֵּינִ֖י וּבֵ֥ין כַּרְמִֽי

And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem, and men of Judah, judge, I pray you, betwixt me and my vineyard.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'dwelling'.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְעַתָּ֛הand nowconj וְ + art · עַתָּה (H6258)Particle or relational elementעַתָּה (H6258) 'and now'.
יוֹשֵׁ֥בdwellingQal ptc ms · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'dwelling'.
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖םJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
וְאִ֣ישׁand a manconj וְ + N com m sg constr · אִישׁ (H376)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אִישׁ (H376) 'and a man'.
יְהוּדָ֑הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
שִׁפְטוּand judgeQal impv 2mp · שָׁפַט (H8199)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeשָׁפַט (H8199) 'and judge'.
נָ֕אpleaseparticle · נָא (H4994)Particle or relational elementנָא (H4994) 'please'.
בֵּינִ֖יbetween meprep + sfx 1cs · בֵּין (H996)Particle or relational elementבֵּין (H996) 'between me'.
וּבֵ֥יןand betweenconj וְ + prep · בֵּין (H996)Particle or relational elementבֵּין (H996) 'and between'.
כַּרְמִֽיa vineyardN c · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Construct chain (genitival)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
4

מַה לַּעֲשׂ֥וֹת עוֹד֙ לְכַרְמִ֔י וְלֹ֥א עָשִׂ֖יתִי בּ֑וֹ מַדּ֧וּעַ קִוֵּ֛יתִי לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת עֲנָבִ֖ים וַיַּ֥עַשׂ בְּאֻשִֽׁים

What could have been done more to my vineyard, that I have not done in it? wherefore, when I looked that it should bring forth grapes, brought it forth wild grapes?

Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complementasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complement. Lead predicate is 'to do'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
מַהwhatinterrog. · מָה (H4100)Particle or relational elementמָה (H4100) 'what'.
לַּעֲשׂ֥וֹתto doprep + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'.
עוֹד֙againart · עוֹד (H5750)Particle or relational elementעוֹד (H5750) 'again'.
לְכַרְמִ֔יa vineyardprep + N com c sg constr + sfx 1cs · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
עָשִׂ֖יתִיI have doneQal perf 1cs · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָשָׂה (H6213) 'I have done'.
בּ֑וֹin itprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
מַדּ֧וּעַwhyinterrog. · מַדּוּעַ (H4069)Particle or relational elementמַדּוּעַ (H4069) 'why'.
קִוֵּ֛יתִיI waitPiel perf 1cs · קָוָה (H6960)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actקָוָה (H6960) 'I wait'.
לַעֲשׂ֥וֹתto doprep + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'.
עֲנָבִ֖יםgrapesN c · עֵנָב (H6025)Construct chain (genitival)עֵנָב (H6025) 'grapes'.
וַיַּ֥עַשׂand he madeconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceעָשָׂה (H6213) 'and he made'.
בְּאֻשִֽׁיםwild grapesN c · בְּאֻשִׁים (H891)Construct chain (genitival)בְּאֻשִׁים (H891) 'wild grapes'.
5

וְעַתָּה֙ אוֹדִֽיעָה נָּ֣א אֶתְכֶ֔ם אֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁר אֲנִ֥י עֹשֶׂ֖ה לְכַרְמִ֑י הָסֵ֤ר מְשׂוּכָּתוֹ֙ וְהָיָ֣ה לְבָעֵ֔ר פָּרֹ֥ץ גְּדֵר֖וֹ וְהָיָ֥ה לְמִרְמָֽס

And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down:

Weqatal / cohortative — sequential or volitional
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Weqatal / cohortative — sequential or volitional. Lead predicate is 'I know'.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְעַתָּה֙and nowconj וְ + art · עַתָּה (H6258)Particle or relational elementעַתָּה (H6258) 'and now'.
אוֹדִֽיעָהI knowHiphil cohortative 1cs · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalיָדַע (H3045) 'I know'.
נָּ֣אpleaseparticle · נָא (H4994)Particle or relational elementנָא (H4994) 'please'.
אֶתְכֶ֔םyouobj marker + sfx 2mp · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) 'you'.
אֵ֛ת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
אֲשֶׁרthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
אֲנִ֥יIpron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֲנִי (H589) 'I'.
עֹשֶׂ֖הhe didQal ptc ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעָשָׂה (H6213) 'he did'.
לְכַרְמִ֑יa vineyardprep + N com c sg constr + sfx 1cs · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
הָסֵ֤רremovingHiphil inf abs · סוּר (H5493)Infinitive absolute→ Infinitive absolute: emphasis or attendant actionסוּר (H5493) 'removing'.
מְשׂוּכָּתוֹ֙hedgeN c · מְשׂוּכָה (H4881)Construct chain (genitival)מְשׂוּכָה (H4881) 'hedge'.
וְהָיָ֣הand it shall beconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Particle or relational elementהָיָה (H1961) 'and it shall be'.
לְבָעֵ֔רfor burning/consumingprep + Piel inf constr · בָּעַר (H1197)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementבָּעַר (H1197) 'for burning/consuming'.
פָּרֹ֥ץhas burst forthQal inf abs · פָּרַץ (H6555)Infinitive absolute→ Infinitive absolute: emphasis or attendant actionפָּרַץ (H6555) 'has burst forth'.
גְּדֵר֖וֹa wallN c · גָּדֵר (H1447)Construct chain (genitival)גָּדֵר (H1447) 'a wall'.
וְהָיָ֥הand it shall beconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Particle or relational elementהָיָה (H1961) 'and it shall be'.
לְמִרְמָֽסtoprep + N com m sg abs · מִרְמָס (H4823)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִרְמָס (H4823) 'to'.
6

וַאֲשִׁיתֵ֣הוּ בָתָ֗ה לֹ֤א יִזָּמֵר֙ וְלֹ֣א יֵעָדֵ֔ר וְעָלָ֥ה שָׁמִ֖יר וָשָׁ֑יִת וְעַ֤ל הֶעָבִים֙ אֲצַוֶּ֔ה מֵהַמְטִ֥יר עָלָ֖יו מָטָֽר

And I will lay it waste: it shall not be pruned, nor digged; but there shall come up briers and thorns: I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain upon it.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'is imposed'.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
וַאֲשִׁיתֵ֣הוּis imposedconj וְ + Qal impf 1cs + sfx 3ms · שִׁית (H7896)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשִׁית (H7896) 'is imposed'.
בָתָ֗הwasteN c · בָּתָה (H1326)Construct chain (genitival)בָּתָה (H1326) 'waste'.
לֹ֤אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יִזָּמֵר֙you shall pruneN · זָמַר (H2168)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זָמַר (H2168) 'you shall prune'.
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
יֵעָדֵ֔רdigN · עֲדַר (H5737)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֲדַר (H5737) 'dig'.
וְעָלָ֥הand it goes upconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · עָלָה (H5927)Particle or relational elementעָלָה (H5927) 'and it goes up'.
שָׁמִ֖ירadamantN c · שָׁמִיר (H8068)Construct chain (genitival)שָׁמִיר (H8068) 'adamant'.
וָשָׁ֑יִתandconj וְ + N com m sg abs · שַׁיִת (H7898)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁיִת (H7898) 'and'.
וְעַ֤לand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'and on'.
הֶעָבִים֙in the thickness ofart + N com c pl abs · עָב (H5645)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָב (H5645) 'in the thickness of'.
אֲצַוֶּ֔הI will commandPiel impf 1cs · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalצִוָּה (H6680) 'I will command'.
מֵהַמְטִ֥ירabout to rain downprep + Hiphil inf constr · מָטַר (H4305)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementמָטַר (H4305) 'about to rain down'.
עָלָ֖יוon itprep + sfx 3ms · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on it'.
מָטָֽרthe rain ofN c · מָטָר (H4306)Construct chain (genitival)מָטָר (H4306) 'the rain of'.
7

כִּ֣י כֶ֜רֶם יְהוָ֤ה צְבָאוֹת֙ בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאִ֣ישׁ יְהוּדָ֔ה נְטַ֖ע שַׁעֲשׁוּעָ֑יו וַיְקַ֤ו לְמִשְׁפָּט֙ וְהִנֵּ֣ה מִשְׂפָּ֔ח לִצְדָקָ֖ה וְהִנֵּ֥ה צְעָקָֽה

For the vineyard of YHWH of hosts the house of Israel, and the men of Judah his pleasant plant: and he looked for judgment, but behold oppression; for righteousness, but behold a cry.

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action. Lead predicate is 'let be gathered'.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
כִּ֣יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
כֶ֜רֶםa vineyardN c · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Construct chain (genitival)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
יְהוָ֤הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
צְבָאוֹת֙of troopsN c · צָבָא (H6635)Construct chain (genitival)צָבָא (H6635) 'of troops'.
בֵּ֣יתthe house ofN c · בַּיִת (H1004)Construct chain (genitival)בַּיִת (H1004) 'the house of'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
וְאִ֣ישׁand a manconj וְ + N com m sg constr · אִישׁ (H376)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אִישׁ (H376) 'and a man'.
יְהוּדָ֔הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
נְטַ֖עplantN c · נֶטַע (H5194)Construct chain (genitival)נֶטַע (H5194) 'plant'.
שַׁעֲשׁוּעָ֑יוdelightN c · שַׁעְשֻׁעַ (H8191)Construct chain (genitival)שַׁעְשֻׁעַ (H8191) 'delight'.
וַיְקַ֤וlet be gatheredconj וְ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · קָוָה (H6960)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceקָוָה (H6960) 'let be gathered'.
לְמִשְׁפָּט֙for judgmentprep + N com m sg abs · מִשְׁפָּט (H4941)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִשְׁפָּט (H4941) 'for judgment'.
וְהִנֵּ֣הand beholdconj וְ + adv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'and behold'.
מִשְׂפָּ֔חoppressionN c · מִשְׂפָּח (H4939)Construct chain (genitival)מִשְׂפָּח (H4939) 'oppression'.
לִצְדָקָ֖הrighteousnessprep + N com f sg abs · צְדָקָה (H6666)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צְדָקָה (H6666) 'righteousness'.
וְהִנֵּ֥הand beholdconj וְ + adv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'and behold'.
צְעָקָֽהa cryN c · צְעָקָה (H6818)Construct chain (genitival)צְעָקָה (H6818) 'a cry'.
8

ה֗וֹי מַגִּיעֵ֥י בַ֨יִת֙ בְּבַ֔יִת שָׂדֶ֥ה בְשָׂדֶ֖ה יַקְרִ֑יבוּ עַ֚ד אֶ֣פֶס מָק֔וֹם וְהֽוּשַׁבְתֶּ֥ם לְבַדְּכֶ֖ם בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ

Woe to them that join house to house, lay field to field, till no place, that they may be placed alone in the midst of the earth!

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'touches'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
ה֗וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
מַגִּיעֵ֥יtouchesHiphil ptc mp · נָגַע (H5060)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorנָגַע (H5060) 'touches'.
בַ֨יִת֙the house ofN c · בַּיִת (H1004)Construct chain (genitival)בַּיִת (H1004) 'the house of'.
בְּבַ֔יִתin the houseprep + N com m sg abs · בַּיִת (H1004)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בַּיִת (H1004) 'in the house'.
שָׂדֶ֥הthe field ofN c · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Construct chain (genitival)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'the field of'.
בְשָׂדֶ֖הin the fieldprep + N com m sg abs · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'in the field'.
יַקְרִ֑יבוּthey presentHiphil impf 3mp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalקָרַב (H7126) 'they present'.
עַ֚דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'until'.
אֶ֣פֶסhoweverN c · אֶפֶס (H657)Construct chain (genitival)אֶפֶס (H657) 'however'.
מָק֔וֹםa placeN c · מָקוֹם (H4725)Construct chain (genitival)מָקוֹם (H4725) 'a place'.
וְהֽוּשַׁבְתֶּ֥םthe inhabitants ofconj וְ + Hophal q 2mp · יָשַׁב (H3427)Particle or relational elementיָשַׁב (H3427) 'the inhabitants of'.
לְבַדְּכֶ֖םaloneprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 2mp · בַּד (H905)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בַּד (H905) 'alone'.
בְּקֶ֥רֶבin the midst ofprep + N com m sg constr · קֶרֶב (H7130)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קֶרֶב (H7130) 'in the midst of'.
הָאָֽרֶץthe landart + N com c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'the land'.
9

בְּאָזְנָ֖י יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֑וֹת אִם לֹ֞א בָּתִּ֤ים רַבִּים֙ לְשַׁמָּ֣ה יִֽהְי֔וּ גְּדֹלִ֥ים וְטוֹבִ֖ים מֵאֵ֥ין יוֹשֵֽׁב

In mine ears YHWH of hosts, Of a truth many houses shall be desolate, great and fair, without inhabitant.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'they shall be'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
בְּאָזְנָ֖יin the ears ofprep + N com f du constr + sfx 1cs · אֹזֶן (H241)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֹזֶן (H241) 'in the ears of'.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
צְבָא֑וֹתof troopsN c · צָבָא (H6635)Construct chain (genitival)צָבָא (H6635) 'of troops'.
אִםifconj וְ · אִם (H518)Particle or relational elementאִם (H518) 'if'.
לֹ֞אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
בָּתִּ֤יםholdersN c · בַּיִת (H1004)Construct chain (genitival)בַּיִת (H1004) 'holders'.
רַבִּים֙manyAdj · רַב (H7227)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַב (H7227) 'many'.
לְשַׁמָּ֣הa horrorprep + N com f sg abs · שַׁמָּה (H8047)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁמָּה (H8047) 'a horror'.
יִֽהְי֔וּthey shall beQal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'they shall be'.
גְּדֹלִ֥יםgreatAdj · גָּדוֹל (H1419)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גָּדוֹל (H1419) 'great'.
וְטוֹבִ֖יםgoodconj וְ + Adj · טוֹב (H2896)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טוֹב (H2896) 'good'.
מֵאֵ֥יןthere is notprep + neg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'.
יוֹשֵֽׁבdwellingQal ptc ms · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'dwelling'.
10

כִּ֗י עֲשֶׂ֨רֶת֙ צִמְדֵּי כֶ֔רֶם יַעֲשׂ֖וּ בַּ֣ת אֶחָ֑ת וְזֶ֥רַע חֹ֖מֶר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֵיפָֽה

Yea, ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of an homer shall yield an ephah.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'they shall make'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כִּ֗יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
עֲשֶׂ֨רֶת֙tenAdj · עֲשָׂרָה (H6235)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֲשָׂרָה (H6235) 'ten'.
צִמְדֵּיyoke ofN c · צֶמֶד (H6776)Construct chain (genitival)צֶמֶד (H6776) 'yoke of'.
כֶ֔רֶםa vineyardN c · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Construct chain (genitival)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
יַעֲשׂ֖וּthey shall makeQal impf 3mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָשָׂה (H6213) 'they shall make'.
בַּ֣תbathN c · בַּת (H1324)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1324) 'bath'.
אֶחָ֑תoneAdj · אֶחָד (H259)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶחָד (H259) 'one'.
וְזֶ֥רַעand offspringconj וְ + N com m sg constr · זֶרַע (H2233)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֶרַע (H2233) 'and offspring'.
חֹ֖מֶרa homer ofN c · חֹמֶר (H2563)Construct chain (genitival)חֹמֶר (H2563) 'a homer of'.
יַעֲשֶׂ֥הhe shall doQal impf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָשָׂה (H6213) 'he shall do'.
אֵיפָֽהan ephahN c · אֵיפָה (H374)Construct chain (genitival)אֵיפָה (H374) 'an ephah'.
11

ה֛וֹי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר שֵׁכָ֣ר יִרְדֹּ֑פוּ מְאַחֲרֵ֣י בַנֶּ֔שֶׁף יַ֖יִן יַדְלִיקֵֽם

Woe to them that rise up early in the morning, they may follow strong drink; that continue until night, wine inflame them!

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'and he rose early'.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ה֛וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥יand he rose earlyHiphil ptc mp · שָׁכַם (H7925)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשָׁכַם (H7925) 'and he rose early'.
בַבֹּ֖קֶרin the morningprep + art + N com m sg abs · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בֹּקֶר (H1242) 'in the morning'.
שֵׁכָ֣רstrong drinkN c · שֵׁכָר (H7941)Construct chain (genitival)שֵׁכָר (H7941) 'strong drink'.
יִרְדֹּ֑פוּshall pursueQal impf 3mp · רָדַף (H7291)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalרָדַף (H7291) 'shall pursue'.
מְאַחֲרֵ֣יyou shall delayPiel ptc mp · אָחַר (H309)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָחַר (H309) 'you shall delay'.
בַנֶּ֔שֶׁףfromprep + art + N com m sg abs · נֶשֶׁף (H5399)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נֶשֶׁף (H5399) 'from'.
יַ֖יִןwineN c · יַיִן (H3196)Construct chain (genitival)יַיִן (H3196) 'wine'.
יַדְלִיקֵֽםyou have pursuedHiphil impf 3ms + sfx 3mp · דָּלַק (H1814)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalדָּלַק (H1814) 'you have pursued'.
12

וְהָיָ֨ה כִנּ֜וֹר וָנֶ֗בֶל תֹּ֧ף וְחָלִ֛יל וָיַ֖יִן מִשְׁתֵּיהֶ֑ם וְאֵ֨ת פֹּ֤עַל יְהוָה֙ לֹ֣א יַבִּ֔יטוּ וּמַעֲשֵׂ֥ה יָדָ֖יו לֹ֥א רָאֽוּ

And the harp, and the viol, the tabret, and pipe, and wine, are in their feasts: but they regard not the work of YHWH, neither consider the operation of his hands.

Qatal — perfective or stative predication
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and it shall be'.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְהָיָ֨הand it shall beconj וְ + Qal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'and it shall be'.
כִנּ֜וֹרlyreN c · כִּנּוֹר (H3658)Construct chain (genitival)כִּנּוֹר (H3658) 'lyre'.
וָנֶ֗בֶלandconj וְ + N com m sg abs · נֶבֶל (H5035)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נֶבֶל (H5035) 'and'.
תֹּ֧ףwith tambourinesN c · תֹּף (H8596)Construct chain (genitival)תֹּף (H8596) 'with tambourines'.
וְחָלִ֛ילandconj וְ + N com m sg abs · חָלִיל (H2485)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָלִיל (H2485) 'and'.
וָיַ֖יִןand wineconj וְ + N com m sg abs · יַיִן (H3196)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יַיִן (H3196) 'and wine'.
מִשְׁתֵּיהֶ֑םa feastN c · מִשְׁתֶּה (H4960)Construct chain (genitival)מִשְׁתֶּה (H4960) 'a feast'.
וְאֵ֨תand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) 'and [obj]'.
פֹּ֤עַלhis workN c · פֹּעַל (H6467)Construct chain (genitival)פֹּעַל (H6467) 'his work'.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יַבִּ֔יטוּfrom lookingHiphil impf 3mp · נָבַט (H5027)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָבַט (H5027) 'from looking'.
וּמַעֲשֵׂ֥הthe work ofconj וְ + N com m sg constr · מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639) 'the work of'.
יָדָ֖יוhis handsN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'his hands'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
רָאֽוּsawQal perf 3cp · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actרָאָה (H7200) 'saw'.
13

לָכֵ֛ן גָּלָ֥ה עַמִּ֖י מִבְּלִי דָ֑עַת וּכְבוֹדוֹ֙ מְתֵ֣י רָעָ֔ב וַהֲמוֹנ֖וֹ צִחֵ֥ה צָמָֽא

Therefore my people are gone into captivity, because no knowledge: and their honourable men famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'he has uncovered'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
לָכֵ֛ןthereforeprep + art · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'therefore'.
גָּלָ֥הhe has uncoveredQal perf 3ms · גָּלָה (H1540)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actגָּלָה (H1540) 'he has uncovered'.
עַמִּ֖יmy peopleN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'my people'.
מִבְּלִיbecause there is nothingprep + N com m sg constr · בְּלִי (H1097)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בְּלִי (H1097) 'because there is nothing'.
דָ֑עַתknowledgeN c · דַּעַת (H1847)Construct chain (genitival)דַּעַת (H1847) 'knowledge'.
וּכְבוֹדוֹ֙the glory ofconj וְ + N com c sg constr + sfx 3ms · כָּבוֹד (H3519)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כָּבוֹד (H3519) 'the glory of'.
מְתֵ֣יmen ofN c · מַת (H4962)Construct chain (genitival)מַת (H4962) 'men of'.
רָעָ֔בfamineN c · רָעָב (H7458)Construct chain (genitival)רָעָב (H7458) 'famine'.
וַהֲמוֹנ֖וֹmultitude ofconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 3ms · הָמוֹן (H1995)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הָמוֹן (H1995) 'multitude of'.
צִחֵ֥הdried upAdj · צִחֶה (H6704)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִחֶה (H6704) 'dried up'.
צָמָֽאwith thirstN c · צָמָא (H6772)Construct chain (genitival)צָמָא (H6772) 'with thirst'.
14

לָכֵ֗ן הִרְחִ֤יבָה שְּׁאוֹל֙ נַפְשָׁ֔הּ וּפָעֲרָ֥ה פִ֖יהָ לִבְלִי חֹ֑ק וְיָרַ֨ד הֲדָרָ֧הּ וַהֲמוֹנָ֛הּ וּשְׁאוֹנָ֖הּ וְעָלֵ֥ז בָּֽהּ

Therefore hell has enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'he enlarges'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
לָכֵ֗ןthereforeprep + art · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'therefore'.
הִרְחִ֤יבָהhe enlargesHiphil perf 3fs · רָחַב (H7337)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actרָחַב (H7337) 'he enlarges'.
שְּׁאוֹל֙SheolN · שְׁאוֹל (H7585)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שְׁאוֹל (H7585) 'Sheol'.
נַפְשָׁ֔הּher soulN c · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Construct chain (genitival)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'her soul'.
וּפָעֲרָ֥הandconj וְ + Qal perf 3fs · פָּעַר (H6473)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actפָּעַר (H6473) 'and'.
פִ֖יהָits mouthN c · פֶּה (H6310)Construct chain (genitival)פֶּה (H6310) 'its mouth'.
לִבְלִיwithoutconj וְ + neg. · בְּלִי (H1097)Particle or relational elementבְּלִי (H1097) 'without'.
חֹ֑קa due ofN c · חֹק (H2706)Construct chain (genitival)חֹק (H2706) 'a due of'.
וְיָרַ֨דand went downconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · יָרַד (H3381)Particle or relational elementיָרַד (H3381) 'and went down'.
הֲדָרָ֧הּmajestyN c · הָדָר (H1926)Construct chain (genitival)הָדָר (H1926) 'majesty'.
וַהֲמוֹנָ֛הּmultitude ofconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 3fs · הָמוֹן (H1995)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הָמוֹן (H1995) 'multitude of'.
וּשְׁאוֹנָ֖הּandconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 3fs · שָׁאוֹן (H7588)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁאוֹן (H7588) 'and'.
וְעָלֵ֥זandconj וְ + Adj · עָלֵז (H5938)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָלֵז (H5938) 'and'.
בָּֽהּin itprep + sfx 3fsParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
15

וַיִּשַּׁ֥ח אָדָ֖ם וַיִּשְׁפַּל אִ֑ישׁ וְעֵינֵ֥י גְבֹהִ֖ים תִּשְׁפַּֽלְנָה

And the mean man shall be brought down, and the mighty man shall be humbled, and the eyes of the lofty shall be humbled:

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וַיִּשַּׁ֥חandconj וְ + Niphal wayyiqtol 3ms · שָׁחַח (H7817)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceשָׁחַח (H7817) 'and'.
אָדָ֖םmanN c · אָדָם (H120)Construct chain (genitival)אָדָם (H120) 'man'.
וַיִּשְׁפַּלabaseconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · שָׁפֵל (H8213)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceשָׁפֵל (H8213) 'abase'.
אִ֑ישׁa manN c · אִישׁ (H376)Construct chain (genitival)אִישׁ (H376) 'a man'.
וְעֵינֵ֥יand eyes ofconj וְ + N com c du constr · עַיִן (H5869)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עַיִן (H5869) 'and eyes of'.
גְבֹהִ֖יםhighAdj · גָּבֹהַ (H1364)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גָּבֹהַ (H1364) 'high'.
תִּשְׁפַּֽלְנָהabaseQal impf 3fp · שָׁפֵל (H8213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׁפֵל (H8213) 'abase'.
16

וַיִּגְבַּ֛ה יְהוָ֥ה צְבָא֖וֹת בַּמִּשְׁפָּ֑ט וְהָאֵל֙ הַקָּד֔וֹשׁ נִקְדָּ֖שׁ בִּצְדָקָֽה

But YHWH of hosts shall be exalted in judgment, and God that is holy shall be sanctified in righteousness.

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וַיִּגְבַּ֛הandconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · גָּבַהּ (H1361)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceגָּבַהּ (H1361) 'and'.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
צְבָא֖וֹתof troopsN c · צָבָא (H6635)Construct chain (genitival)צָבָא (H6635) 'of troops'.
בַּמִּשְׁפָּ֑טin judgmentprep + art + N com m sg abs · מִשְׁפָּט (H4941)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִשְׁפָּט (H4941) 'in judgment'.
וְהָאֵל֙Godconj וְ + art + N com m sg abs · אֵל (H410)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֵל (H410) 'God'.
הַקָּד֔וֹשׁthe holy oneart + Adj · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'the holy one'.
נִקְדָּ֖שׁand you shall consecrateN · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָדַשׁ (H6942) 'and you shall consecrate'.
בִּצְדָקָֽהrighteousnessprep + N com f sg abs · צְדָקָה (H6666)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צְדָקָה (H6666) 'righteousness'.
17

וְרָע֥וּ כְבָשִׂ֖ים כְּדָבְרָ֑ם וְחָרְב֥וֹת מֵחִ֖ים גָּרִ֥ים יֹאכֵֽלוּ

Then shall the lambs feed after their manner, and the waste places of the fat ones shall strangers eat.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'who sojourns'.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְרָע֥וּshepherdingconj וְ + Qal q 3cp · רָעָה (H7462)Particle or relational elementרָעָה (H7462) 'shepherding'.
כְבָשִׂ֖יםlambsN c · כֶבֶשׂ (H3532)Construct chain (genitival)כֶבֶשׂ (H3532) 'lambs'.
כְּדָבְרָ֑םas / likeprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · דֹּבֶר (H1699)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דֹּבֶר (H1699) 'as / like'.
וְחָרְב֥וֹתa ruinconj וְ + N com f pl constr · חָרְבָּה (H2723)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָרְבָּה (H2723) 'a ruin'.
מֵחִ֖יםfatlingN c · מֵחַ (H4220)Construct chain (genitival)מֵחַ (H4220) 'fatling'.
גָּרִ֥יםwho sojournsQal ptc mp · גּוּר (H1481)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorגּוּר (H1481) 'who sojourns'.
יֹאכֵֽלוּthey shall be eatenQal impf 3mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalאָכַל (H398) 'they shall be eaten'.
18

ה֛וֹי מֹשְׁכֵ֥י הֶֽעָוֺ֖ן בְּחַבְלֵ֣י הַשָּׁ֑וְא וְכַעֲב֥וֹת הָעֲגָלָ֖ה חַטָּאָֽה

Woe to them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope:

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'has pulled'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ה֛וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
מֹשְׁכֵ֥יhas pulledQal ptc mp · מָשַׁךְ (H4900)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorמָשַׁךְ (H4900) 'has pulled'.
הֶֽעָוֺ֖ןthe iniquity ofart + N com c sg abs · עָוֹן (H5771)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָוֹן (H5771) 'the iniquity of'.
בְּחַבְלֵ֣יthe region ofprep + N com c pl constr · חֶבֶל (H2256)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֶבֶל (H2256) 'the region of'.
הַשָּׁ֑וְאfor emptinessart + N com m sg abs · שָׁוְא (H7723)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁוְא (H7723) 'for emptiness'.
וְכַעֲב֥וֹתcords ofconj וְ + prep + N com c sg constr · עֲבֹת (H5688)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֲבֹת (H5688) 'cords of'.
הָעֲגָלָ֖הthe wagonsart + N com f sg abs · עֲגָלָה (H5699)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֲגָלָה (H5699) 'the wagons'.
חַטָּאָֽהas a sin offeringN c · חַטָּאת (H2403)Construct chain (genitival)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'as a sin offering'.
19

הָאֹמְרִ֗ים יְמַהֵ֧ר יָחִ֛ישָׁה מַעֲשֵׂ֖הוּ לְמַ֣עַן נִרְאֶ֑ה וְתִקְרַ֣ב וְתָב֗וֹאָה עֲצַ֛ת קְד֥וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל וְנֵדָֽעָה

That say, Let him make speed, hasten his work, that we may see : and let the counsel of the Holy One of Israel draw nigh and come, that we may know !

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'and he said'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
הָאֹמְרִ֗יםand he saidart + Qal ptc mp · אָמַר (H559)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָמַר (H559) 'and he said'.
יְמַהֵ֧רand she hurriedPiel impf 3ms · מָהַר (H4116)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalמָהַר (H4116) 'and she hurried'.
יָחִ֛ישָׁהand hastensHiphil impf 3ms + Sh · חוּשׁ (H2363)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחוּשׁ (H2363) 'and hastens'.
מַעֲשֵׂ֖הוּthe work ofN c · מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639)Construct chain (genitival)מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639) 'the work of'.
לְמַ֣עַןso thatprep · לְמַעַן (H4616)Particle or relational elementלְמַעַן (H4616) 'so that'.
נִרְאֶ֑הhas appearedQal impf 1cp · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalרָאָה (H7200) 'has appeared'.
וְתִקְרַ֣בand he shall presentconj וְ + Qal impf 3fs · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalקָרַב (H7126) 'and he shall present'.
וְתָב֗וֹאָהand they cameconj וְ + Qal impf 3fs + Sh · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'and they came'.
עֲצַ֛תcounselN c · עֵצָה (H6098)Construct chain (genitival)עֵצָה (H6098) 'counsel'.
קְד֥וֹשׁholyAdj · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'holy'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
וְנֵדָֽעָהthat we may know themconj וְ + Qal cohortative 1cp · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalיָדַע (H3045) 'that we may know them'.
20

ה֣וֹי הָאֹמְרִ֥ים לָרַ֛ע ט֖וֹב וְלַטּ֣וֹב רָ֑ע שָׂמִ֨ים חֹ֤שֶׁךְ לְאוֹר֙ וְא֣וֹר לְחֹ֔שֶׁךְ שָׂמִ֥ים מַ֛ר לְמָת֖וֹק וּמָת֥וֹק לְמָֽר

Woe to them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'and he said'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ה֣וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
הָאֹמְרִ֥יםand he saidart + Qal ptc mp · אָמַר (H559)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָמַר (H559) 'and he said'.
לָרַ֛עand badprep + art + Adj · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'and bad'.
ט֖וֹבgoodAdj · טוֹב (H2896)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טוֹב (H2896) 'good'.
וְלַטּ֣וֹבgoodconj וְ + prep + art + Adj · טוֹב (H2896)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טוֹב (H2896) 'good'.
רָ֑עbadAdj · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'bad'.
שָׂמִ֨יםand he setQal ptc mp · שִׂים (H7760)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשִׂים (H7760) 'and he set'.
חֹ֤שֶׁךְdarknessN c · חֹשֶׁךְ (H2822)Construct chain (genitival)חֹשֶׁךְ (H2822) 'darkness'.
לְאוֹר֙to the lightprep + N com c sg abs · אוֹר (H216)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אוֹר (H216) 'to the light'.
וְא֣וֹרlightconj וְ + N com c sg abs · אוֹר (H216)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אוֹר (H216) 'light'.
לְחֹ֔שֶׁךְdarknessprep + N com m sg abs · חֹשֶׁךְ (H2822)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֹשֶׁךְ (H2822) 'darkness'.
שָׂמִ֥יםand he setQal ptc mp · שִׂים (H7760)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשִׂים (H7760) 'and he set'.
מַ֛רof bitternessAdj · מַר (H4751)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַר (H4751) 'of bitterness'.
לְמָת֖וֹקsweetprep + Adj · מָתוֹק (H4966)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָתוֹק (H4966) 'sweet'.
וּמָת֥וֹקsweetconj וְ + Adj · מָתוֹק (H4966)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָתוֹק (H4966) 'sweet'.
לְמָֽרof bitternessprep + Adj · מַר (H4751)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַר (H4751) 'of bitterness'.
21

ה֖וֹי חֲכָמִ֣ים בְּעֵֽינֵיהֶ֑ם וְנֶ֥גֶד פְּנֵיהֶ֖ם נְבֹנִֽים

Woe to wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight!

Nominal or particle frameasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Nominal or particle frame.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
ה֖וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
חֲכָמִ֣יםwiseAdj · חָכָם (H2450)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָכָם (H2450) 'wise'.
בְּעֵֽינֵיהֶ֑םin their eyesprep + N com c du constr + sfx 3mp · עַיִן (H5869)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עַיִן (H5869) 'in their eyes'.
וְנֶ֥גֶדat a distanceconj וְ + prep · נֶגֶד (H5048)Particle or relational elementנֶגֶד (H5048) 'at a distance'.
פְּנֵיהֶ֖םtheir facesN c · פָּנִים (H6440)Construct chain (genitival)פָּנִים (H6440) 'their faces'.
נְבֹנִֽיםdiscerningN · בִּין (H995)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בִּין (H995) 'discerning'.
22

ה֕וֹי גִּבּוֹרִ֖ים לִשְׁתּ֣וֹת יָ֑יִן וְאַנְשֵׁי חַ֖יִל לִמְסֹ֥ךְ שֵׁכָֽר

Woe to mighty to drink wine, and men of strength to mingle strong drink:

Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complementasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complement. Lead predicate is 'to drink'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
ה֕וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
גִּבּוֹרִ֖יםmightyAdj · גִּבּוֹר (H1368)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גִּבּוֹר (H1368) 'mighty'.
לִשְׁתּ֣וֹתto drinkprep + Qal inf constr · שָׁתָה (H8354)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementשָׁתָה (H8354) 'to drink'.
יָ֑יִןwineN c · יַיִן (H3196)Construct chain (genitival)יַיִן (H3196) 'wine'.
וְאַנְשֵׁיand the men ofconj וְ + N com m pl constr · אִישׁ (H376)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אִישׁ (H376) 'and the men of'.
חַ֖יִלabilityN c · חַיִל (H2428)Construct chain (genitival)חַיִל (H2428) 'ability'.
לִמְסֹ֥ךְtoprep + Qal inf constr · מָסַךְ (H4537)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementמָסַךְ (H4537) 'to'.
שֵׁכָֽרstrong drinkN c · שֵׁכָר (H7941)Construct chain (genitival)שֵׁכָר (H7941) 'strong drink'.
23

מַצְדִּיקֵ֥י רָשָׁ֖ע עֵ֣קֶב שֹׁ֑חַד וְצִדְקַ֥ת צַדִּיקִ֖ים יָסִ֥ירוּ מִמֶּֽנּוּ

Which justify the wicked for reward, and take away the righteousness of the righteous from him!

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'and they justify'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
מַצְדִּיקֵ֥יand they justifyHiphil ptc mp · צָדַק (H6663)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorצָדַק (H6663) 'and they justify'.
רָשָׁ֖עthe wickedAdj · רָשָׁע (H7563)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רָשָׁע (H7563) 'the wicked'.
עֵ֣קֶבbecauseN c · עֵקֶב (H6118)Construct chain (genitival)עֵקֶב (H6118) 'because'.
שֹׁ֑חַדa bribeN c · שֹׁחַד (H7810)Construct chain (genitival)שֹׁחַד (H7810) 'a bribe'.
וְצִדְקַ֥תrighteousnessconj וְ + N com f sg constr · צְדָקָה (H6666)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צְדָקָה (H6666) 'righteousness'.
צַדִּיקִ֖יםthe righteousAdj · צַדִּיק (H6662)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צַדִּיק (H6662) 'the righteous'.
יָסִ֥ירוּhe shall remove itHiphil impf 3mp · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalסוּר (H5493) 'he shall remove it'.
מִמֶּֽנּוּfrom itprep + sfx 3ms · מִן (H4480)Particle or relational elementמִן (H4480) 'from it'.
24

לָכֵן֩ כֶּאֱכֹ֨ל קַ֜שׁ לְשׁ֣וֹן אֵ֗שׁ וַחֲשַׁ֤שׁ לֶֽהָבָה֙ יִרְפֶּ֔ה שָׁרְשָׁם֙ כַּמָּ֣ק יִֽהְיֶ֔ה וּפִרְחָ֖ם כָּאָבָ֣ק יַעֲלֶ֑ה כִּ֣י מָאֲס֗וּ אֵ֚ת תּוֹרַת֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת וְאֵ֛ת אִמְרַ֥ת קְדֽוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל נִאֵֽצוּ

Therefore as the fire devoureth the stubble, and the flame consumeth the chaff, their root shall be as rottenness, and their blossom shall go up as dust: because they have cast away the law of YHWH of hosts, and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel.

Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complementasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Infinitive construct — purpose, result, or complement. Lead predicate is 'you shall eat'.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
לָכֵן֩thereforeprep + art · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'therefore'.
כֶּאֱכֹ֨לyou shall eatprep + Qal inf constr · אָכַל (H398)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementאָכַל (H398) 'you shall eat'.
קַ֜שׁstubbleN c · קַשׁ (H7179)Construct chain (genitival)קַשׁ (H7179) 'stubble'.
לְשׁ֣וֹןtongueN c · לָשׁוֹן (H3956)Construct chain (genitival)לָשׁוֹן (H3956) 'tongue'.
אֵ֗שׁfireN c · אֵשׁ (H784)Construct chain (genitival)אֵשׁ (H784) 'fire'.
וַחֲשַׁ֤שׁandconj וְ + N com m sg abs · חָשַׁשׁ (H2842)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָשַׁשׁ (H2842) 'and'.
לֶֽהָבָה֙a flameN c · לֶהָבָה (H3852)Construct chain (genitival)לֶהָבָה (H3852) 'a flame'.
יִרְפֶּ֔הidleQal impf 3ms · רָפָה (H7503)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalרָפָה (H7503) 'idle'.
שָׁרְשָׁם֙their rootN c · שֹׁרֶשׁ (H8328)Construct chain (genitival)שֹׁרֶשׁ (H8328) 'their root'.
כַּמָּ֣קas / likeprep + art + N com m sg abs · מַק (H4716)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַק (H4716) 'as / like'.
יִֽהְיֶ֔הshall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'shall be'.
וּפִרְחָ֖םand its flowersconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · פֶּרַח (H6525)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פֶּרַח (H6525) 'and its flowers'.
כָּאָבָ֣קdustprep + art + N com m sg abs · אָבָק (H80)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָבָק (H80) 'dust'.
יַעֲלֶ֑הshall go upQal impf 3ms · עָלָה (H5927)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָלָה (H5927) 'shall go up'.
כִּ֣יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
מָאֲס֗וּdespiseQal perf 3cp · מָאַס (H3988)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actמָאַס (H3988) 'despise'.
אֵ֚ת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
תּוֹרַת֙the torah ofN c · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Construct chain (genitival)תּוֹרָה (H8451) 'the torah of'.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
צְבָא֔וֹתof troopsN c · צָבָא (H6635)Construct chain (genitival)צָבָא (H6635) 'of troops'.
וְאֵ֛תand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) 'and [obj]'.
אִמְרַ֥תmy speechN c · אִמְרָה (H565)Construct chain (genitival)אִמְרָה (H565) 'my speech'.
קְדֽוֹשׁholyAdj · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'holy'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
נִאֵֽצוּhave despisedPiel perf 3cp · נָאַץ (H5006)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָאַץ (H5006) 'have despised'.
25

עַל כֵּ֡ן חָרָה֩ אַף יְהוָ֨ה בְּעַמּ֜וֹ וַיֵּ֣ט יָד֧וֹ עָלָ֣יו וַיַּכֵּ֗הוּ וַֽיִּרְגְּזוּ֙ הֶֽהָרִ֔ים וַתְּהִ֧י נִבְלָתָ֛ם כַּסּוּחָ֖ה בְּקֶ֣רֶב חוּצ֑וֹת בְּכָל זֹאת֙ לֹא שָׁ֣ב אַפּ֔וֹ וְע֖וֹד יָד֥וֹ נְטוּיָֽה

Therefore is the anger of YHWH kindled against his people, and he has stretched forth his hand against them, and has smitten them: and the hills did tremble, and their carcases torn in the midst of the streets. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand stretched out still.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'has it burned'.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
כֵּ֡ןsoadv. · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'so'.
חָרָה֩has it burnedQal perf 3ms · חָרָה (H2734)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָרָה (H2734) 'has it burned'.
אַףthe anger ofparticle · אַף (H639)Particle or relational elementאַף (H639) 'the anger of'.
יְהוָ֨הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
בְּעַמּ֜וֹthe peopleprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3ms · עַם (H5971)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עַם (H5971) 'the people'.
וַיֵּ֣טand he stretched outconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · נָטָה (H5186)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceנָטָה (H5186) 'and he stretched out'.
יָד֧וֹhis handN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'his hand'.
עָלָ֣יוon itprep + sfx 3ms · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on it'.
וַיַּכֵּ֗הוּand he struck himconj וְ + Hiphil wayyiqtol 3ms + sfx 3ms · הִכָּה (H5221)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceהִכָּה (H5221) 'and he struck him'.
וַֽיִּרְגְּזוּ֙and shall trembleconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · רָגַז (H7264)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceרָגַז (H7264) 'and shall tremble'.
הֶֽהָרִ֔יםthe mountainsart + N com m pl abs · הַר (H2022)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הַר (H2022) 'the mountains'.
וַתְּהִ֧יand there wasconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceהָיָה (H1961) 'and there was'.
נִבְלָתָ֛םtheir carcassN c · נְבֵלָה (H5038)Construct chain (genitival)נְבֵלָה (H5038) 'their carcass'.
כַּסּוּחָ֖הas / likeprep + art + N com f sg abs · סוּחָה (H5478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)סוּחָה (H5478) 'as / like'.
בְּקֶ֣רֶבin the midst ofprep + N com m sg constr · קֶרֶב (H7130)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קֶרֶב (H7130) 'in the midst of'.
חוּצ֑וֹתoutsideN c · חוּץ (H2351)Construct chain (genitival)חוּץ (H2351) 'outside'.
בְּכָלin allprep + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'in all'.
זֹאת֙thisdem. pron xfs · זֹאת (H2063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֹאת (H2063) 'this'.
לֹאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
שָׁ֣בreturn!Qal perf 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actשׁוּב (H7725) 'return!'.
אַפּ֔וֹhis angerN c · אַף (H639)Construct chain (genitival)אַף (H639) 'his anger'.
וְע֖וֹדand stillconj וְ + art · עוֹד (H5750)Particle or relational elementעוֹד (H5750) 'and still'.
יָד֥וֹhis handN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'his hand'.
נְטוּיָֽהoutstretchedQal ptc fs · נָטָה (H5186)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorנָטָה (H5186) 'outstretched'.
26

וְנָֽשָׂא נֵ֤ס לַגּוֹיִם֙ מֵרָח֔וֹק וְשָׁ֥רַק ל֖וֹ מִקְצֵ֣ה הָאָ֑רֶץ וְהִנֵּ֥ה מְהֵרָ֖ה קַ֥ל יָבֽוֹא

And he will lift up an ensign to the nations from far, and will hiss to them from the end of the earth: and, behold, they shall come with speed swiftly:

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'he may come'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְנָֽשָׂאand he shall bearconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · נָשָׂא (H5375)Particle or relational elementנָשָׂא (H5375) 'and he shall bear'.
נֵ֤סa poleN c · נֵס (H5251)Construct chain (genitival)נֵס (H5251) 'a pole'.
לַגּוֹיִם֙into nationsprep + art + N com m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גּוֹי (H1471) 'into nations'.
מֵרָח֔וֹקfrom far awayprep + Adj · רָחוֹק (H7350)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רָחוֹק (H7350) 'from far away'.
וְשָׁ֥רַקandconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · שָׁרַק (H8319)Particle or relational elementשָׁרַק (H8319) 'and'.
ל֖וֹto himprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to him'.
מִקְצֵ֣הfrom the end ofprep + N com c sg constr · קָצֶה (H7097)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָצֶה (H7097) 'from the end of'.
הָאָ֑רֶץthe landart + N com c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'the land'.
וְהִנֵּ֥הand beholdconj וְ + adv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'and behold'.
מְהֵרָ֖הquicklyN c · מְהֵרָה (H4120)Construct chain (genitival)מְהֵרָה (H4120) 'quickly'.
קַ֥לlightAdj · קַל (H7031)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קַל (H7031) 'light'.
יָבֽוֹאhe may comeQal impf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'he may come'.
27

אֵין עָיֵ֤ף וְאֵין כּוֹשֵׁל֙ בּ֔וֹ לֹ֥א יָנ֖וּם וְלֹ֣א יִישָׁ֑ן וְלֹ֤א נִפְתַּח֙ אֵז֣וֹר חֲלָצָ֔יו וְלֹ֥א נִתַּ֖ק שְׂר֥וֹךְ נְעָלָֽיו

None shall be weary nor stumble among them; none shall slumber nor sleep; neither shall the girdle of their loins be loosed, nor the latchet of their shoes be broken:

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'and they shall stumble'.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
אֵיןthere is notneg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'.
עָיֵ֤ףfaintAdj · עָיֵף (H5889)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָיֵף (H5889) 'faint'.
וְאֵיןand there is noconj וְ + neg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'and there is no'.
כּוֹשֵׁל֙and they shall stumbleQal ptc ms · כָּשַׁל (H3782)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorכָּשַׁל (H3782) 'and they shall stumble'.
בּ֔וֹin itprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יָנ֖וּםsleepQal impf 3ms · נוּם (H5123)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנוּם (H5123) 'sleep'.
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
יִישָׁ֑ןand grow long settledQal impf 3ms · יָשַׁן (H3462)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָשַׁן (H3462) 'and grow long settled'.
וְלֹ֤אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
נִפְתַּח֙and he openedN · פָּתַח (H6605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּתַח (H6605) 'and he opened'.
אֵז֣וֹרandN c · אֵזוֹר (H232)Construct chain (genitival)אֵזוֹר (H232) 'and'.
חֲלָצָ֔יוfrom your loinsN c · חֲלָצַיִם (H2504)Construct chain (genitival)חֲלָצַיִם (H2504) 'from your loins'.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
נִתַּ֖קwere liftedN · נָתַק (H5423)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נָתַק (H5423) 'were lifted'.
שְׂר֥וֹךְsandal strap ofN c · שְׂרוֹךְ (H8288)Construct chain (genitival)שְׂרוֹךְ (H8288) 'sandal strap of'.
נְעָלָֽיוyour sandalsN c · נַעַל (H5275)Construct chain (genitival)נַעַל (H5275) 'your sandals'.
28

אֲשֶׁ֤ר חִצָּיו֙ שְׁנוּנִ֔ים וְכָל קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו דְּרֻכ֑וֹת פַּרְס֤וֹת סוּסָיו֙ כַּצַּ֣ר נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו כַּסּוּפָֽה

Whose arrows sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind:

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'I sharpen'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
אֲשֶׁ֤רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
חִצָּיו֙my arrowsN c · חֵץ (H2671)Construct chain (genitival)חֵץ (H2671) 'my arrows'.
שְׁנוּנִ֔יםI sharpenQal ptc mp · שָׁנַן (H8150)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשָׁנַן (H8150) 'I sharpen'.
וְכָלand allconj וְ + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'and all'.
קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יוa bowN c · קֶשֶׁת (H7198)Construct chain (genitival)קֶשֶׁת (H7198) 'a bow'.
דְּרֻכ֑וֹתhe trodQal ptc fp · דָּרַךְ (H1869)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorדָּרַךְ (H1869) 'he trod'.
פַּרְס֤וֹתhoofsN c · פַּרְסָה (H6541)Construct chain (genitival)פַּרְסָה (H6541) 'hoofs'.
סוּסָיו֙horseN c · סוּס (H5483)Construct chain (genitival)סוּס (H5483) 'horse'.
כַּצַּ֣רnarrowprep + art + N com m sg abs · צַר (H6862)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צַר (H6862) 'narrow'.
נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּa skilled designerN · חָשַׁב (H2803)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָשַׁב (H2803) 'a skilled designer'.
וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יוandconj וְ + N com m pl constr + sfx 3ms · גַּלְגַּל (H1534)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גַּלְגַּל (H1534) 'and'.
כַּסּוּפָֽהin Suphahprep + art + N com f sg abs · סוּפָה (H5492)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)סוּפָה (H5492) 'in Suphah'.
29

שְׁאָגָ֥ה ל֖וֹ כַּלָּבִ֑יא ושאג יִשְׁאַ֨ג כַּכְּפִירִ֤ים וְיִנְהֹם֙ וְיֹאחֵ֣ז טֶ֔רֶף וְיַפְלִ֖יט וְאֵ֥ין מַצִּֽיל

Their roaring like a lion, they shall roar like young lions: yea, they shall roar, and lay hold of the prey, and shall carry away safe, and none shall deliver .

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'roar'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
שְׁאָגָ֥הroaringN c · שְׁאָגָה (H7581)Construct chain (genitival)שְׁאָגָה (H7581) 'roaring'.
ל֖וֹto himprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to him'.
כַּלָּבִ֑יאas a lionprep + art + N com c sg abs · לָבִיא (H3833)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לָבִיא (H3833) 'as a lion'.
ושאגroarconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · שָׁאַג (H7580)Particle or relational elementשָׁאַג (H7580) 'roar'.
יִשְׁאַ֨גroarQal impf 3ms · שָׁאַג (H7580)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׁאַג (H7580) 'roar'.
כַּכְּפִירִ֤יםyoung lionprep + art + N com m pl abs · כְּפִיר (H3715)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כְּפִיר (H3715) 'young lion'.
וְיִנְהֹם֙andconj וְ + Qal impf 3ms · נָהַם (H5098)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָהַם (H5098) 'and'.
וְיֹאחֵ֣זand they took holdconj וְ + Qal impf 3ms · אָחַז (H270)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalאָחַז (H270) 'and they took hold'.
טֶ֔רֶףpreyN c · טֶרֶף (H2964)Construct chain (genitival)טֶרֶף (H2964) 'prey'.
וְיַפְלִ֖יטandconj וְ + Hiphil impf 3ms · פָּלַט (H6403)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalפָּלַט (H6403) 'and'.
וְאֵ֥יןand there is noconj וְ + neg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'and there is no'.
מַצִּֽילone who deliversHiphil ptc ms · נָצַל (H5337)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorנָצַל (H5337) 'one who delivers'.
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וְיִנְהֹ֥ם עָלָ֛יו בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא כְּנַהֲמַת יָ֑ם וְנִבַּ֤ט לָאָ֨רֶץ֙ וְהִנֵּה חֹ֔שֶׁךְ צַ֣ר וָא֔וֹר חָשַׁ֖ךְ בַּעֲרִיפֶֽיהָ

And in that day they shall roar against them like the roaring of the sea: and if look to the land, behold darkness sorrow, and the light is darkened in the heavens thereof.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְיִנְהֹ֥םandconj וְ + Qal impf 3ms · נָהַם (H5098)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָהַם (H5098) 'and'.
עָלָ֛יוon itprep + sfx 3ms · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on it'.
בַּיּ֥וֹםon the dayprep + art + N com m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹם (H3117) 'on the day'.
הַה֖וּאthatart + pron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'that'.
כְּנַהֲמַתas / likeprep + N com f sg constr · נְהָמָה (H5100)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נְהָמָה (H5100) 'as / like'.
יָ֑םsea ofN c · יָם (H3220)Construct chain (genitival)יָם (H3220) 'sea of'.
וְנִבַּ֤טfrom lookingconj וְ + Piel q 3ms · נָבַט (H5027)Particle or relational elementנָבַט (H5027) 'from looking'.
לָאָ֨רֶץ֙for the landprep + art + N com c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'for the land'.
וְהִנֵּהand beholdconj וְ + adv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'and behold'.
חֹ֔שֶׁךְdarknessN c · חֹשֶׁךְ (H2822)Construct chain (genitival)חֹשֶׁךְ (H2822) 'darkness'.
צַ֣רnarrowAdj · צַר (H6862)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צַר (H6862) 'narrow'.
וָא֔וֹרlightconj וְ + N com c sg abs · אוֹר (H216)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אוֹר (H216) 'light'.
חָשַׁ֖ךְand...was darkenedQal perf 3ms · חָשַׁךְ (H2821)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָשַׁךְ (H2821) 'and...was darkened'.
בַּעֲרִיפֶֽיהָinprep + N com m pl constr + sfx 3fs · עָרִיף (H6183)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָרִיף (H6183) 'in'.