Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 33דברים 33

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Moses' final act before his death: a poetic blessing opening with YHWH's theophany from Sinai and his kingship in Jeshurun, then blessing each tribe by name (Simeon alone omitted) — Levi's priesthood, Joseph's rich land, Benjamin's intimacy, Judah's plea for aid — before closing with an exultant coda: none is like Israel's God, and none like Israel, saved and secure beneath his everlasting arms.

Translation & textual notes

Deuteronomy 33 preserves the Hebrew Bible's densest concentration of textual cruxes outside Job, set within a generally stable consonantal base. The most notorious is v.2's אשדת: the Masoretes left this four-letter cluster unpointed as Kethiv and supplied a two-word Qere, אֵשׁ דָּת ('fiery law'), a reading followed by most versions but widely doubted since דָּת is elsewhere an exilic/Persian loanword — the verse's original sense may be irrecoverable. A second, minor Kethiv/Qere pair occurs at v.9, where consonantal בנו ('his son') is read as plural בָּנָיו ('his sons'), likely simple orthographic ambiguity. Verse 25 contains the hapax legomenon דֹּבֶא, traditionally 'strength' but of uncertain root. Structurally, Simeon is conspicuously absent from the tribal roster (vv.6-25) — unexplained here, though later tradition connects it to Simeon's near-disappearance as a distinct territorial tribe (cf. Josh 19:1, 9). The poem's archaic grammar (energic/paragogic forms, rare vocabulary, unusual construct chains) marks it, with Judges 5 and Exodus 15, among the oldest strata of biblical Hebrew poetry, complicating translation at several points beyond the named cruxes (e.g., חֹבֵב עַמִּים and תֻּכּוּ in v.3). Versification follows the MT throughout; no verse divisions are disputed.

1

וְזֹ֣את הַבְּרָכָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר בֵּרַ֥ךְ מֹשֶׁ֛ה אִ֥ישׁ הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל לִפְנֵ֖י מוֹתֽוֹ

And this is the blessing with which Moses, the man of God, blessed the sons of Israel before his death.

Narratorial superscriptionasyndeton
A third-person editorial heading — Deuteronomy's narrator, not Moses' own first-person voice of chs. 1-30 — frames what follows as a formal deathbed blessing, deliberately parallel to Jacob's tribal blessings in Genesis 49. The title 'man of God' claims prophetic, not merely paternal, authority for the poem.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְזֹ֣אתand thisconj וְ + demonstr pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Conjunction + subject complement (resumptive demonstrative heading the superscription)זֹאת (H2063), fem. demonstrative 'this', from זֶה; opens the chapter's heading formula, deliberately echoing Jacob's deathbed blessing in Gen 49:28. [source id 05y6V]
הַבְּרָכָ֗הthe blessingart + N f sg abs · בְּרָכָה (H1293)Predicate nominativeבְּרָכָה (H1293) 'blessing', from ברך 'to bless'; names the genre governing the whole chapter — Moses' testamentary tribal blessing, the counterpart to Jacob's in Genesis 49. [source id 058TT]
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing the clause modifying הַבְּרָכָהאֲשֶׁר (H834), the invariable relative particle; introduces the clause specifying the content of Moses' blessing. [source id 05gt7]
בֵּרַ֥ךְhe blessedPiel perf 3ms · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed act viewed as accomplished factבָּרַךְ (H1288), Piel 'to bless'; the verb underlying בְּרָכָה just used — Moses pronouncing the blessing that unfolds in vv.6-25. [source id 05dR3]
מֹשֶׁ֛הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of בֵּרַךְמֹשֶׁה (H4872), Moses; the chapter frames this as his final prophetic act, delivered on the eve of his death recorded in ch. 34. [source id 05pmS]
אִ֥ישׁthe man ofN m sg construct · אִישׁ (H376)Apposition to מֹשֶׁה, construct governing הָאֱלֹהִיםאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; construct 'man of God' is a title for an authoritative prophet-mediator, used of Moses again at Josh 14:6 and later of Elijah and Elisha. [source id 05rdU]
הָאֱלֹהִ֖יםGodart + N m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Genitive complement of אִישׁ (construct chain)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; the title 'man of God' claims for Moses' following words a divine, not merely human, authority. [source id 05XHX]
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל as the object of בֵּרַךְ. [source id 05HZ4]
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl construct · בֵּן (H1121)Direct object (construct)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct plural 'sons of Israel' names the nation collectively as recipient of the blessing. [source id 05phf]
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant nation, addressed corporately here and then tribe by tribe through v.25. [source id 05thj]
לִפְנֵ֖יbeforeprep לְ + N c pl construct · פָּנִים (H6440)Temporal prepositional phraseפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; construct after לְ forms the idiomatic preposition 'before, in the presence of' — here temporal, 'before his death'. [source id 05Fgu]
מוֹתֽוֹhis deathN m sg construct + 3ms suffix · מָוֶת (H4194)Genitive object of לִפְנֵימָוֶת (H4194) 'death', with 3ms suffix; situates the whole chapter as Moses' valedictory, spoken on the eve of the death narrated in ch. 34. [source id 05s59]
2

וַיֹּאמַ֗ר יְהוָ֞ה מִסִּינַ֥י בָּא֙ וְזָרַ֤ח מִשֵּׂעִיר֙ לָ֔מוֹ הוֹפִ֨יעַ֙ מֵהַ֣ר פָּארָ֔ן וְאָתָ֖ה מֵרִבְבֹ֣ת קֹ֑דֶשׁ מִֽימִינ֕וֹ אשדת אֵ֥שׁ דָּ֖ת לָֽמוֹ

And he said: YHWH came from Sinai, and dawned from Seir upon them; he shone forth from Mount Paran, and came from myriads of holiness, with flaming fire at his right hand for them.

Poetic theophany reportasyndeton
The poem proper opens (following v.1's prose heading) with a four-verb cascade (came, dawned, shone forth, came) depicting YHWH's advent as a sunrise sweeping from Sinai through Seir to Paran — a fixed poetic geography shared with Judg 5:4-5 and Hab 3:3. The verse closes with the MT's most notorious crux, the unpointed Kethiv אשדת resolved by Qere as אֵשׁ דָּת, 'fiery law' — a reading now widely doubted (see word-level note) but too entrenched in the versions to simply excise.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וַיֹּאמַ֗רand he saidconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, launching the poem proper→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — Moses' recitation beginsאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces Moses' poetic recitation of YHWH's theophanic advent (vv.2-5), the frame preceding the tribal blessings. [source id 05mJ4]
יְהוָ֞הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of בָּא and the theophany verbs that followיְהוָה (H3068); subject of a poetic panorama of advent (בא, זרח, הופיע, אתה) sweeping from Sinai through Seir to Paran, closely paralleling Judg 5:4-5 and Hab 3:3. [source id 05mq1]
מִסִּינַ֥יfrom Sinaiprep מִן + proper noun · סִינַי (H5514)Source prepositional phrase (origin of the theophany)סִינַי (H5514), the covenant mountain (Exod 19); YHWH's coming is pictured as a sunrise advancing from Sinai through Seir/Edom to Paran — a geographic sweep from south to north. [source id 055wY]
בָּא֙he cameQal perf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb, main clause of the theophany→ Perfective: a decisive advent, poetic 'perfect of certainty'בּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; first of four theophany verbs (בא, זרח, הופיע, אתה) tracing YHWH's advance like sunrise moving across the southern horizon. [source id 05dRa]
וְזָרַ֤חand he dawnedconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · זָרַח (H2224)Coordinate predicate verb, continuing the theophany chain→ Perfective (weqatal continuing the perfect chain): a further decisive manifestationזָרַח (H2224) 'to rise, shine' (of the sun); pictures YHWH's coming as a sunrise breaking from Seir/Edom, cf. Judg 5:4's identical geography. [source id 055ba]
מִשֵּׂעִיר֙from Seirprep מִן + proper noun · שֵׂעִיר (H8165)Source prepositional phrase, parallel to מִסִּינַישֵׂעִיר (H8165), the mountainous region of Edom southeast of the Dead Sea; paired with Sinai and Paran in the same composite theophany geography found in Judges 5 and Habakkuk 3. [source id 05Kez]
לָ֔מוֹupon themprep לְ + 3mp suffix (archaic) · לָמוֹIndirect object, archaic poetic 3mp suffix formלָמוֹ, archaic poetic byform of לָהֶם 'to/upon them', referring to Israel — the theophany is directed toward the assembled people. [source id 05QFW]
הוֹפִ֨יעַ֙he shone forthHiphil perf 3ms · יָפַע (H3313)Coordinate predicate verb, continuing the theophany (asyndetic)→ Perfective: a further decisive manifestation, intensifying זָרַחיָפַע (H3313), Hiphil 'to shine forth, blaze out'; used almost exclusively of theophany (cf. Ps 50:2; 80:2); the light imagery crescendos from 'dawned' to 'shone forth'. [source id 057E1]
מֵהַ֣רfrom the mountain ofprep מִן + N m sg construct · הַר (H2022)Source prepositional phrase, construct governing פָּארָןהַר (H2022) 'mountain', construct; 'from Mount Paran'. [source id 05uQs]
פָּארָ֔ןParanproper noun · פָּארָן (H6290)Genitive completing the construct chainפָּארָן (H6290), a wilderness region south of Canaan (cf. Num 10:12; 13:3); with Sinai and Seir it completes a three-site poetic geography of YHWH's advent. [source id 05DVy]
וְאָתָ֖הand he cameconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · אָתָה (H857)Coordinate predicate verb, closing the theophany chain→ Perfective: the culminating act of the advent sequenceאָתָה (H857) 'to come', a poetic byform of בּוֹא forming an inclusio with בָּא at the verse's start. [source id 059ax]
מֵרִבְבֹ֣תfrom myriads ofprep מִן + N f pl construct · רְבָבָה (H7233)Source/accompaniment prepositional phrase, construct governing קֹדֶשׁרְבָבָה (H7233) 'myriad, ten-thousand'; construct plural 'ten-thousands of holiness' — angelic or holy attendants of the divine warrior's approach, echoed later at Acts 7:53, Gal 3:19, Jude 14. [source id 058xQ]
קֹ֑דֶשׁholinessN m sg abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the construct chainקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holiness'; abstract for concrete, 'holy ones' — the myriad attendants accompanying YHWH's approach. [source id 05xax]
מִֽימִינ֕וֹfrom his right handprep מִן + N f sg construct + 3ms suffix · יָמִין (H3225)Source prepositional phrase, parallel to מֵרִבְבֹת קֹדֶשׁיָמִין (H3225) 'right hand', the hand of power, with 3ms suffix; introduces the notoriously difficult crux that follows (אשדת / אֵשׁ דָּת). [source id 05UrJ]
אשדת[Kethiv, unvocalized: אשדת]Kethiv (unpointed consonantal text) · אשדת (H799, cf. H784 + H1881)Kethiv reading — a textual crux; the Masoretes left it unpointed and direct the reader to the two-word Qere אֵשׁ דָּת that followsאשדת is possibly the most debated four letters in the Torah. Left unvocalized as a single Kethiv word, it is traditionally resolved by the Qere as two words, אֵשׁ דָּת, 'a fiery law/decree' — the reading behind most translations ('with flaming fire at his right hand'/'a fiery law for them'). But דָּת ('law, decree') is a Persian loanword otherwise attested only in exilic/post-exilic books (Esther, Ezra), making 'fiery law' look like a late reinterpretation of an older, now-obscure phrase (proposals include a divine epithet, a place name, or corrupted text); no solution commands consensus. [source id 05QfD]
אֵ֥שׁfireQere, N c sg construct · אֵשׁ (H784)Qere reading, first word of the two-word resolution of the Kethiv אשדת (construct)אֵשׁ (H784) 'fire'; the Qere's first word in the traditional resolution 'fire of decree/law' — see the fuller crux discussion at the preceding Kethiv entry. [source id 059bG]
דָּ֖תlaw / decreeQere, N f sg abs · דָּת (H1881)Qere reading, second word (absolute, completing the traditional resolution of the Kethiv)דָּת (H1881) 'law, decree, edict'; a Persian-derived loanword common in Esther/Ezra — its presence here is a chief reason many scholars doubt 'a fiery law' preserves the verse's original sense; the phrase remains one of the MT's most contested. [source id 05UNy]
לָֽמוֹfor themprep לְ + 3mp suffix (archaic) · לָמוֹIndirect object, archaic poetic 3mp suffix form, closing the verseלָמוֹ, archaic poetic 'to/for them' (cf. v.2a), referring to Israel as recipients of the theophany. [source id 05UXz]
3

אַ֚ף חֹבֵ֣ב עַמִּ֔ים כָּל קְדֹשָׁ֖יו בְּיָדֶ֑ךָ וְהֵם֙ תֻּכּ֣וּ לְרַגְלֶ֔ךָ יִשָּׂ֖א מִדַּבְּרֹתֶֽיךָ

Yes, he loves the peoples; all his holy ones are in your hand, and they follow at your feet, each receiving your words.

Continuation of the theophany report — Israel's responseasyndeton
Moves from YHWH's advent (v.2) to his love for his people and their submissive reception of his words at Sinai. Grammatically this is among the hardest verses in the poem (חֹבֵב עַמִּים, תֻּכּוּ are both rare/disputed forms), and translations vary widely, but the overall sense — divine love answered by covenant discipleship — is clear and sets up Moses' role as lawgiver in v.4.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
אַ֚ףyeaadverb/particle · אַף (H637)Emphatic particle opening the verseאַף (H637) 'also, indeed, yea'; emphatic particle introducing the statement of YHWH's love. [source id 05xKb]
חֹבֵ֣בlovingQal ptc m sg abs · חָבַב (H2245)Predicate participle (subject YHWH, carried over from v.2)→ Participle: a continuous, characteristic disposition — YHWH's abiding loveחָבַב (H2245), a rare verb (Qal hapax) 'to love, cherish'; both form and referent are debated — most read 'he loves the peoples' (Israel's clans), but the line is one of the chapter's real cruxes. [source id 05MJ2]
עַמִּ֔יםpeoplesN m pl abs · עַם (H5971)Direct object of חֹבֵבעַם (H5971) 'people'; plural, most plausibly Israel's tribes/clans (parallel to קְדֹשָׁיו below), though some read it more broadly. [source id 05dj6]
כָּלallN m sg construct · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing קְדֹשָׁיו, subject of the implied predicate 'are in your hand'כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; construct, 'all his holy ones'. [source id 055ca]
קְדֹשָׁ֖יוhis holy onesadj m pl construct + 3ms suffix · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Genitive completing כָּל; subject of the clauseקָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'holy one', with 3ms suffix; likely Israel collectively (paralleling עַמִּים), though some connect it to the 'myriads of holiness' attending YHWH in v.2. [source id 0567J]
בְּיָדֶ֑ךָin your handprep בְּ + N c sg construct + 2ms suffix · יָד (H3027)Predicate prepositional phraseיָד (H3027) 'hand', with 2ms suffix addressed to YHWH; pictures protective possession — the holy ones held safe in his hand. [source id 05qvy]
וְהֵם֙and theyconj וְ + independent pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Subject, resumptive independent pronoun (new clause)הֵם (H1992), 3mp independent pronoun, resuming 'his holy ones' as subject of תֻּכּוּ. [source id 05HKr]
תֻּכּ֣וּthey followPual perf 3cp · תָּכָה (H8497)Predicate verb of the resumed clause (subject וְהֵם)→ Perfective (Pual, passive): a settled, completed posture of submissionתָּכָה (H8497), a rare denominative root (from תַּחַת 'under'), Pual 'to be made to follow/submit'; pictures the holy ones in humble discipleship at YHWH's feet, though the verb's rarity leaves the exact nuance debated. [source id 05EFM]
לְרַגְלֶ֔ךָat your feetprep לְ + N f sg construct + 2ms suffix · רֶגֶל (H7272)Locative prepositional phraseרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot', with 2ms suffix (YHWH); 'at your feet' pictures disciple-like submission. [source id 05Z82]
יִשָּׂ֖אhe receivesQal impf 3ms · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb, new clause (each holy one as implied subject)→ Yiqtol: habitual/characteristic action — the regular reception of instructionנָשָׂא (H5375) 'to lift, carry, receive'; here 'takes up/receives your words' — the holy ones internalizing YHWH's instruction, though subject and precise nuance remain compressed and debated. [source id 05g8w]
מִדַּבְּרֹתֶֽיךָfrom your wordsprep מִן + N f pl construct + 2ms suffix · דִּבְרָה (H1703)Source/partitive object of יִשָּׂאדִּבְרָה (H1703) 'word, utterance', plural with 2ms suffix; closes the verse's picture of Israel receiving YHWH's instruction at Sinai. [source id 05GY8]
4

תּוֹרָ֥ה צִוָּה לָ֖נוּ מֹשֶׁ֑ה מוֹרָשָׁ֖ה קְהִלַּ֥ת יַעֲקֹֽב

Moses commanded us a torah, a possession for the assembly of Jacob.

Summary statement — the Torah as Israel's possessionasyndeton
A tightly compressed couplet naming Moses as mediator and the Torah itself as מוֹרָשָׁה, 'inherited possession' — not an external imposition but the corporate patrimony of 'the assembly of Jacob.' It bridges the Sinai theophany (vv.2-3) and Israel's kingship under YHWH (v.5), which in turn opens onto the tribal blessings (vv.6-25).
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
תּוֹרָ֥הa torahN f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Fronted direct object (emphatic word order) of צִוָּהתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law', from ירה 'to teach, direct'; fronted for emphasis, 'a torah Moses commanded us' — naming the Sinai revelation as Israel's foundational instruction. [source id 05Xad]
צִוָּהhe commandedPiel perf 3ms · צָוָה (H6680)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: a completed, foundational actצָוָה (H6680), Piel 'to command'; the verb behind מִצְוָה, here of Moses' mediating role in giving the Torah, echoing 'man of God' in v.1. [source id 05FkD]
לָ֖נוּto usprep לְ + 1cp suffix · לָנוּIndirect object of צִוָּהלָנוּ, preposition + 1cp suffix, 'to/for us'; Israel named as direct beneficiary of the command. [source id 053kN]
מֹשֶׁ֑הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of צִוָּהמֹשֶׁה (H4872), named again as mediator, framing the Torah as his divinely-authorized legacy to Israel. [source id 05CVF]
מוֹרָשָׁ֖הa possessionN f sg abs · מוֹרָשָׁה (H4181)Apposition to תּוֹרָה, defining its characterמוֹרָשָׁה (H4181) 'possession, inheritance', from ירשׁ 'to possess'; the Torah is not an external imposition but Israel's inherited treasure, held in common by the whole assembly. [source id 05YFH]
קְהִלַּ֥תthe assembly ofN f sg construct · קָהָל (H6952)Genitive complement of מוֹרָשָׁה (construct)קָהָל (H6952) 'assembly, congregation'; construct, 'assembly of Jacob' — the whole covenant community as corporate heir of the Torah. [source id 05A6X]
יַעֲקֹֽבJacobproper noun · יַעֲקֹב (H3290)Genitive completing the construct chainיַעֲקֹב (H3290), the patriarch's name standing for Israel corporately, framing the nation as heir of both patriarchal promise and Sinai law. [source id 05csc]
5

וַיְהִ֥י בִישֻׁר֖וּן מֶ֑לֶךְ בְּהִתְאַסֵּף֙ רָ֣אשֵׁי עָ֔ם יַ֖חַד שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

And he became king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people gathered, the tribes of Israel together.

Climax of the introduction — YHWH's kingship declaredasyndeton
The introduction (vv.2-5) culminates in the declaration that YHWH 'became king in Jeshurun' — among the earliest biblical texts to call YHWH king — grounding the later human monarchy (ch.17) in a prior divine kingship established at the mustering of the tribes. The verse pivots the poem from theophany and Torah-giving to the tribe-by-tribe blessings that follow.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וַיְהִ֥יand he becameconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the outcome of the Sinai encounterהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; marks YHWH's kingship over Israel/Jeshurun as the narrated result of the theophany and Torah-giving just described. [source id 05HGd]
בִישֻׁר֖וּןin Jeshurunprep בְּ + proper noun · יְשֻׁרוּן (H3484)Locative prepositional phraseיְשֻׁרוּן (H3484), a poetic honorific for Israel ('upright one'), from יָשָׁר 'straight'; used only here, at 32:15, and Isa 44:2 — an idealizing epithet in tension with Israel's actual waywardness. [source id 05YoL]
מֶ֑לֶךְkingN m sg abs · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Predicate nominative, complement of וַיְהִימֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; YHWH's kingship over Israel, established at Sinai, precedes and grounds the later provision for a human monarchy (cf. 17:14-20) — among the Bible's earliest explicit statements of YHWH as king. [source id 05hoh]
בְּהִתְאַסֵּף֙when they gatheredprep בְּ + Hitpael inf constr · אָסַף (H622)Temporal infinitive-construct clause→ Infinitive of time: marks the circumstance of YHWH's enthronementאָסַף (H622), Hitpael inf constr 'to gather oneself'; the mustering of Israel's leaders/tribes is the setting in which YHWH's kingship is acclaimed. [source id 05knm]
רָ֣אשֵׁיthe heads ofN m pl construct · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Subject of the infinitive clause (construct)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head'; construct plural, 'heads/chiefs of the people' — Israel's tribal leadership. [source id 05gaY]
עָ֔םthe peopleN m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive completing the construct chainעַם (H5971) 'people'; Israel as a unified body assembling under its leaders. [source id 05kaH]
יַ֖חַדtogetheradverb · יַחַד (H3162)Adverb emphasizing the unity of the assemblyיַחַד (H3162) 'together, as one'; stresses the unified assembly of all Israel's tribes, in parallel with שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. [source id 0587n]
שִׁבְטֵ֥יthe tribes ofN m pl construct · שֵׁבֶט (H7626)Subject, in apposition to רָאשֵׁי עָם (construct)שֵׁבֶט (H7626) 'tribe, staff'; construct plural, restating רָאשֵׁי עָם in terms of the twelve tribes about to be blessed individually. [source id 05FHv]
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); closes the introduction, pivoting from Israel as a whole to the tribe-by-tribe blessings of vv.6-25. [source id 05Lq6]
6

יְחִ֥י רְאוּבֵ֖ן וְאַל יָמֹ֑ת וִיהִ֥י מְתָ֖יו מִסְפָּֽר

Let Reuben live and not die, though his men be few.

First tribal blessing — Reubenasyndeton
Opens the tribe-by-tribe sequence (vv.6-25) with a notably modest blessing: not preeminence but bare survival is asked for the forfeited firstborn (cf. Gen 49:3-4), a realistic nod to Reuben's numerical decline also reflected in the Transjordan census (Num 26:7) and Deborah's song (Judg 5:15-16).
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
יְחִ֥יlet him liveQal jussive 3ms · חָיָה (H2421)Predicate verb, jussive (volitional)→ Volitional (jussive): a wish/prayer for Reuben's survivalחָיָה (H2421), Qal jussive 'let him live'; opens the tribal blessings (vv.6-25) with a prayer for Reuben, the firstborn whose line had already faded (cf. Gen 49:3-4). [source id 05Qc3]
רְאוּבֵ֖ןReubenproper noun · רְאוּבֵן (H7205)Subject of יְחִירְאוּבֵן (H7205), Jacob's firstborn (Gen 29:32); despite forfeiting the birthright (Gen 49:4), he is blessed first, though only with modest survival, not preeminence. [source id 05uUM]
וְאַלand let notconj וְ + negative particle · אַל (H408)Coordinating conjunction + negative particle governing the jussiveאַל (H408), negative particle used with jussive/volitional forms (contrast indicative לֹא); 'and let him not die'. [source id 05F2x]
יָמֹ֑תlet him dieQal jussive 3ms · מוּת (H4191)Predicate verb, jussive (negated by אַל)→ Volitional (jussive, negated): a plea against Reuben's extinctionמוּת (H4191), Qal jussive 'let him die'; negated parallel to יְחִי — the modest wish is simply that the tribe not vanish, a hint at Reuben's historical decline (cf. Judg 5:15-16). [source id 05D4g]
וִיהִ֥יbut let beconj וְ + Qal jussive 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Coordinating conjunction + predicate verb, jussive→ Volitional (jussive): a further wish, conceding scarcityהָיָה (H1961), Qal jussive 'let be/become'; introduces a concessive note — 'though his men be few' — tempering the blessing with realism. [source id 05aDm]
מְתָ֖יוhis menN m pl construct + 3ms suffix · מַת (H4962)Subject of וִיהִימַת (H4962) 'man, mortal' (usually plural מְתִים); with 3ms suffix, 'his men' — Reuben's tribal population. [source id 053Qd]
מִסְפָּֽרa number / fewN m sg abs · מִסְפָּר (H4557)Predicate nominative, complement of וִיהִימִסְפָּר (H4557) 'number, count'; idiomatic 'few in number' (cf. Gen 34:30; Deut 4:27), acknowledging Reuben's numerical decline (cf. Num 26:7). [source id 05N9M]
7

וְזֹ֣את לִֽיהוּדָה֮ וַיֹּאמַר֒ שְׁמַ֤ע יְהוָה֙ ק֣וֹל יְהוּדָ֔ה וְאֶל עַמּ֖וֹ תְּבִיאֶ֑נּוּ יָדָיו֙ רָ֣ב ל֔וֹ וְעֵ֥זֶר מִצָּרָ֖יו תִּהְיֶֽה

And this he said of Judah: Hear, O YHWH, the voice of Judah, and bring him to his people; let his hands contend for him, and be a help against his adversaries.

Second tribal blessing — Judah, cast as intercessory prayerasyndeton
Unlike most tribal sayings, Judah's blessing is phrased as Moses' own petition to YHWH (imperatives 'hear', 'bring', precative 'may you be') rather than a direct pronouncement — perhaps reflecting Judah's geographic separation from the other tribes, and anticipating its later royal and southern-kingdom prominence even though the northern tribes (esp. Levi and Joseph) dominate the poem's length.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְזֹ֣אתand thisconj וְ + demonstr pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Conjunction + resumptive demonstrative, heading Judah's blessingזֹאת (H2063), fem. demonstrative 'this'; repeats the heading formula of v.1 to introduce each subsequent tribal saying. [source id 05pMP]
לִֽיהוּדָה֮for Judahprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Prepositional phrase naming the tribe addressedיְהוּדָה (H3063), Jacob's fourth son, ancestor of the royal tribe; uniquely among the sayings, this one is cast as Moses' own petition to YHWH on Judah's behalf. [source id 05FoR]
וַיֹּאמַר֒and he saidconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, introducing direct speech→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — introduces Moses' prayerאָמַר (H559), wayyiqtol 'and he said'; introduces the imperative prayer that follows, as in v.2. [source id 05zFx]
שְׁמַ֤עhearQal impv 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb, imperative (petition to YHWH)→ Imperative: a direct petition/plea addressed to YHWHשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, listen'; Moses' prayer opens with an appeal for YHWH to heed Judah — perhaps reflecting Judah's separation from the northern tribes. [source id 05LSR]
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper noun (vocative) · יְהוָה (H3068)Vocative, addressee of the imperativeיְהוָה (H3068), addressed directly in this brief intercessory prayer for Judah. [source id 05H6c]
ק֣וֹלthe voice ofN m sg construct · קוֹל (H6963)Direct object of שְׁמַע (construct)קוֹל (H6963) 'voice, sound'; construct, 'the voice of Judah' — his cry or petition. [source id 05oyW]
יְהוּדָ֔הJudahproper noun · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Genitive completing the construct chainיְהוּדָה (H3063), repeated for emphasis; the tribe's own cry is what Moses asks YHWH to hear. [source id 055NW]
וְאֶלand toconj וְ + prep · אֶל (H413)Conjunction + preposition, introducing the next petitionאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; introduces the plea that Judah be brought to his people. [source id 05NM6]
עַמּ֖וֹhis peopleN m sg construct + 3ms suffix · עַם (H5971)Object of the preposition אֶלעַם (H5971) 'people', with 3ms suffix; 'to his people' — reunion with, or flourishing among, his own. [source id 05iNv]
תְּבִיאֶ֑נּוּmay you bring himHiphil impf 2ms + 3ms suffix · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (precative imperfect, 2ms addressing YHWH)→ Yiqtol (precative/volitional): a petition for YHWH to actבּוֹא (H935), Hiphil 'to bring, cause to come', 2ms with 3ms suffix, 'may you bring him'; continues the petition begun with שְׁמַע. [source id 05Smf]
יָדָיו֙his handsN c dual construct + 3ms suffix · יָד (H3027)Subject of רָביָד (H3027) 'hand', dual construct with 3ms suffix, 'his hands' — Judah's own strength in battle. [source id 05nwK]
רָ֣בlet them contendQal perf 3ms (precative) · רָבַב/רִיב (H7227)Predicate verb (perfect used with precative/wish force)→ Perfective (precative): a wish framed as accomplished fact — may his hands prevailרָבַב (H7227) 'to strive, be many/strong' (root debated); 'his hands contend/suffice for him' — a prayer for Judah's self-sufficiency in battle, perhaps reflecting separation from the northern tribes. [source id 05UEY]
ל֔וֹfor himprep לְ + 3ms suffix · לוֹIndirect object / dative of advantageלוֹ, preposition + 3ms suffix, 'for him'; Judah as beneficiary of his own hands' strength. [source id 05q89]
וְעֵ֥זֶרand a helpconj וְ + N m sg abs · עֵזֶר (H5828)Predicate nominative, complement of תִּהְיֶהעֵזֶר (H5828) 'help, helper'; the prayer's final request, that YHWH himself be Judah's help against his foes. [source id 05T93]
מִצָּרָ֖יוagainst his adversariesprep מִן + N m pl construct + 3ms suffix · צַר (H6862)Prepositional phrase modifying עֵזֶרצַר (H6862) 'adversary, foe', plural with 3ms suffix; YHWH's help is directed specifically against Judah's enemies. [source id 05TzH]
תִּהְיֶֽהmay you beQal impf 2ms (precative) · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (2ms, precative force, addressing YHWH), closing the petition→ Yiqtol (precative/volitional): a concluding wish addressed to YHWHהָיָה (H1961), Qal 2ms 'you will be/may you be'; closes the prayer — Judah's true reliance is not on his own hands but on YHWH's aid. [source id 057LU]
8

וּלְלֵוִ֣י אָמַ֔ר תֻּמֶּ֥יךָ וְאוּרֶ֖יךָ לְאִ֣ישׁ חֲסִידֶ֑ךָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר נִסִּיתוֹ֙ בְּמַסָּ֔ה תְּרִיבֵ֖הוּ עַל מֵ֥י מְרִיבָֽה

And of Levi he said: Your Thummim and your Urim belong to your loyal one, whom you tested at Massah, with whom you contended at the waters of Meribah.

Third tribal blessing — Levi (priestly oracle, vv.8-11)asyndeton
Opens the chapter's longest tribal saying (rivaled only by Joseph's), naming Levi's priestly office — the Thummim and Urim, the sacred lots of Exod 28:30 — as the reward of tested loyalty. The testing at Massah and Meribah recalls Israel's rebellions (Exod 17; Num 20), the very episode that barred Moses from the land, casting Levi's fidelity in sharp relief and likely alluding to the Levites' zeal in the golden-calf crisis (Exod 32:26-29) developed further in v.9.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וּלְלֵוִ֣יand of Leviconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · לֵוִי (H3878)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeלֵוִי (H3878), Jacob's third son; introduces the chapter's longest blessing (vv.8-11), reflecting the priestly tribe's central cultic role. [source id 05qPv]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause, introducing direct speech)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the Levi oracle. [source id 056vN]
תֻּמֶּ֥יךָyour ThummimN m pl construct + 2ms suffix · תֻּמִּים (H8550)Subject (implied predicate: belong to your loyal man)תֻּמִּים (H8550) 'Thummim', with 2ms suffix (YHWH addressed); one of the two sacred lots (with אוּרִים) used by the high priest for divine guidance (Exod 28:30; 1 Sam 28:6); linked to תֹּם 'completeness, integrity'. [source id 05eN9]
וְאוּרֶ֖יךָand your Urimconj וְ + N m pl construct + 2ms suffix · אוּרִים (H224)Coordinate subjectאוּרִים (H224) 'Urim', paired with תֻּמִּים as the priestly oracle objects; etymology debated (perhaps 'light' or 'curse'). [source id 059FH]
לְאִ֣ישׁto the man ofprep לְ + N m sg construct · אִישׁ (H376)Indirect object / predicate prepositional phraseאִישׁ (H376) 'man', construct; 'to the man of your loyalty' — echoing 'man of God' (v.1) in a different register. [source id 05wtn]
חֲסִידֶ֑ךָyour loyal oneadj m sg construct + 2ms suffix · חָסִיד (H2623)Genitive completing the construct chainחָסִיד (H2623) 'loyal, faithful, devoted', from חֶסֶד 'covenant loyalty'; designates Levi as YHWH's covenant-faithful one — grounding the priestly commission in tested devotion (vv.9-10). [source id 05UqK]
אֲשֶׁ֤רwhomrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing the clause describing the loyal manאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle; introduces the account of testing at Massah and Meribah. [source id 05Vif]
נִסִּיתוֹ֙you tested himPiel perf 2ms + 3ms suffix · נָסָה (H5254)Predicate verb of the relative clause (2ms, YHWH as subject)→ Perfective: a completed, decisive testingנָסָה (H5254), Piel 'to test, try'; recalls Exod 17:1-7/Deut 6:16, where Israel tested YHWH at Massah — here inverted, YHWH testing Levi's fidelity (perhaps alluding to the Levites' zeal in Exod 32). [source id 05tiY]
בְּמַסָּ֔הat Massahprep בְּ + proper noun · מַסָּה (H4532)Locative prepositional phraseמַסָּה (H4532) 'testing', the place-name from Exod 17:7 ('because they tested YHWH'); here the same site marks Levi's own testing. [source id 05dC9]
תְּרִיבֵ֖הוּyou contended with himQal impf 2ms + 3ms suffix (past-referring) · רִיב (H7378)Predicate verb, coordinate with נִסִּיתוֹ (2ms, YHWH as subject)→ Yiqtol (poetic past): a further completed testing actרִיב (H7378) 'to strive, contend, dispute at law'; the same root behind Meribah's name; pictures a legal contention — YHWH's severe testing of Levi's loyalty. [source id 05yuT]
עַלatprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phrase, introducing the second test siteעַל (H5921) 'upon, at'; introduces the second testing location. [source id 059HE]
מֵ֥יthe waters ofN m pl construct · מַיִם (H4325)Object of עַל (construct)מַיִם (H4325) 'water', construct plural; 'waters of Meribah'. [source id 051JH]
מְרִיבָֽהMeribahproper noun · מְרִיבָה (H4809)Genitive completing the construct chainמְרִיבָה (H4809) 'strife, contention', from ריב; the site of Israel's rebellion (Exod 17:7; Num 20:13) — the same episode that cost Moses entry to the land (Num 20:12), lending Levi's testing there a poignant edge. [source id 05da7]
9

הָאֹמֵ֞ר לְאָבִ֤יו וּלְאִמּוֹ֙ לֹ֣א רְאִיתִ֔יו וְאֶת אֶחָיו֙ לֹ֣א הִכִּ֔יר וְאֶת בנו בָּנָ֖יו לֹ֣א יָדָ֑ע כִּ֤י שָֽׁמְרוּ֙ אִמְרָתֶ֔ךָ וּבְרִֽיתְךָ֖ יִנְצֹֽרוּ

Who said of his father and his mother, 'I have not regarded him'; he did not acknowledge his brothers, nor did he know his own sons — for they kept your word and guarded your covenant.

Continuation of the Levi oracle — radical covenant loyaltyasyndeton
Elaborates the 'loyal man' of v.8 with a triad — father/mother, brothers, sons — disowned in favor of covenant fidelity, almost certainly evoking the Levites' violent zeal against their own kin in the golden-calf episode (Exod 32:26-29), where Moses commissioned them precisely for setting loyalty to YHWH above blood ties. The shift from singular ('the one who said') to plural ('they kept... they guard') generalizes the exemplary individual to the whole priestly tribe.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
הָאֹמֵ֞רwho saidart + Qal ptc m sg abs · אָמַר (H559)Article + substantival participle, in apposition to חֲסִידֶךָ (v.8)→ Participle (substantival): characterizes the loyal man by his defining actאָמַר (H559), Qal participle with article, 'the one who said'; continues describing the 'loyal man' of v.8, defining his loyalty by setting aside natural family ties. [source id 05cre]
לְאָבִ֤יוof his fatherprep לְ + N m sg construct + 3ms suffix · אָב (H1)Prepositional phrase, object of הָאֹמֵראָב (H1) 'father', with 3ms suffix; the parent about whom the disowning statement is made. [source id 05CDx]
וּלְאִמּוֹ֙and of his motherconj וְ + prep לְ + N f sg construct + 3ms suffix · אֵם (H517)Coordinate prepositional phraseאֵם (H517) 'mother', with 3ms suffix; paired with אָב, completing the parental pair disowned. [source id 05nC8]
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating רְאִיתִיולֹא (H3808), the standard indicative negative; 'I have not seen/regarded him'. [source id 05tXF]
רְאִיתִ֔יוI have seen himQal perf 1cs + 3ms suffix · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb of the quoted statement (1cs, the loyal man's own words)→ Perfective (negated): disavowal of family recognition, a completed refusalרָאָה (H7200) 'to see, regard'; the disowning formula ('I have not seen/regarded him') likely echoes the Levites' zeal in Exod 32:26-29, turning against their own kin for YHWH's sake. [source id 05c7T]
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marking אֶחָיו as the definite object of הִכִּיר. [source id 05zT8]
אֶחָיו֙his brothersN m pl construct + 3ms suffix · אָח (H251)Direct object of הִכִּיראָח (H251) 'brother', plural with 3ms suffix; extends the disowning to siblings as well as parents. [source id 05KSt]
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating הִכִּירלֹא (H3808), negating recognition of his brothers. [source id 058q7]
הִכִּ֔ירhe acknowledgedHiphil perf 3ms · נָכַר (H5234)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective (negated): a completed refusal of recognitionנָכַר (H5234), Hiphil 'to recognize, acknowledge'; the loyal man withheld special regard from his brothers when covenant loyalty demanded otherwise. [source id 05uRN]
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marking the following word (Kethiv/Qere 'his son(s)') as the object of יָדָע. [source id 05GK7]
בנו[Kethiv: his son]Kethiv (unpointed) · בנו (H1121)Kethiv reading — textual crux; see the Qere בָּנָיו immediately followingבנו is the Kethiv, literally 'his son' (singular) if read as written; the following Qere בָּנָיו reads 'his sons' (plural) — a minor Kethiv/Qere variant, likely simple matres lectionis ambiguity in the unpointed consonants. [source id 05DsT]
בָּנָ֖יוhis sonsQere, N m pl construct + 3ms suffix · בֵּן (H1121)Qere reading, direct object of יָדָע (plural, read in place of the Kethiv)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the Qere's plural with 3ms suffix, 'his sons' — the reading followed in translation, completing the triad father/brothers/sons set aside for covenant fidelity. [source id 05HDg]
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating יָדָעלֹא (H3808), negating knowledge/regard of his sons. [source id 05tey]
יָדָ֑עhe knewQal perf 3ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (main clause), completing the triad→ Perfective (negated): completed refusal of familial regardיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; completes the triad (father/mother, brothers, sons) of natural ties set aside for covenant fidelity, the radical loyalty grounding the priestly office. [source id 05jSe]
כִּ֤יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction, introducing the ground/reasonכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; grounds the loyal man's radical fidelity in his covenant faithfulness. [source id 05AzV]
שָֽׁמְרוּ֙they keptQal perf 3cp · שָׁמַר (H8104)Predicate verb (main clause; plural, referring to Levi's line collectively)→ Perfective: a completed, characteristic act of faithfulnessשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, guard, observe'; note the shift to plural (the Levites collectively) after the singular 'loyal man' — the exemplar generalizes to the whole tribe. [source id 05LVv]
אִמְרָתֶ֔ךָyour wordN f sg construct + 2ms suffix · אִמְרָה (H565)Direct object of שָׁמְרוּאִמְרָה (H565) 'word, utterance', with 2ms suffix (YHWH addressed); the Levites' faithful observance of divine instruction. [source id 05Twt]
וּבְרִֽיתְךָ֖and your covenantconj וְ + N f sg construct + 2ms suffix · בְּרִית (H1285)Coordinate direct object (of יִנְצֹרוּ)בְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant', with 2ms suffix; paired with אִמְרָה as the object of the Levites' guardianship — the Sinai covenant entrusted especially to the priestly tribe. [source id 05FpV]
יִנְצֹֽרוּthey guardQal impf 3mp · נָצַר (H5341)Predicate verb, coordinate with שָׁמְרוּ→ Yiqtol: ongoing, characteristic guardianship (contrasting the perfective שָׁמְרוּ)נָצַר (H5341) 'to watch, guard, keep'; near-synonym of שָׁמַר; the shift from perfect to imperfect frames the Levites' covenant-keeping as both a past deed and an ongoing office. [source id 05ZTF]
10

יוֹר֤וּ מִשְׁפָּטֶ֨יךָ֙ לְיַעֲקֹ֔ב וְתוֹרָתְךָ֖ לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יָשִׂ֤ימוּ קְטוֹרָה֙ בְּאַפֶּ֔ךָ וְכָלִ֖יל עַֽל מִזְבְּחֶֽךָ

They teach your judgments to Jacob and your Torah to Israel; they put incense in your nostril, and whole burnt offerings on your altar.

Continuation of the Levi oracle — the priestly office definedasyndeton
Defines Levi's twofold priestly function, grounded in the tested loyalty of vv.8-9: teaching Torah and judgments, and offering incense and whole burnt offerings — the classic biblical division of priestly labor (cf. Lev 10:11; Mal 2:6-7), closing the chapter's longest tribal blessing.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
יוֹר֤וּthey teachHiphil impf 3mp · יָרָה (H3384)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: characteristic, ongoing priestly functionיָרָה (H3384), Hiphil 'to teach, instruct' (the root behind תּוֹרָה itself); names the Levites' teaching office — instructing Israel in YHWH's law. [source id 05gSV]
מִשְׁפָּטֶ֨יךָ֙your judgmentsN m pl construct + 2ms suffix · מִשְׁפָּט (H4941)Direct object of יוֹרוּמִשְׁפָּט (H4941) 'judgment, ordinance', plural with 2ms suffix; the case rulings the priests are charged to teach. [source id 05YL9]
לְיַעֲקֹ֔בto Jacobprep לְ + proper noun · יַעֲקֹב (H3290)Indirect objectיַעֲקֹב (H3290), standing for Israel; recipient of priestly instruction. [source id 05sqW]
וְתוֹרָתְךָ֖and your Torahconj וְ + N f sg construct + 2ms suffix · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Coordinate direct objectתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law', with 2ms suffix; paired with מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ, the fuller body of divine teaching entrusted to Levi's care. [source id 05Z3K]
לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֑לto Israelprep לְ + proper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Coordinate indirect objectיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); parallels יַעֲקֹב, naming the same nation as instructional recipient. [source id 05CP1]
יָשִׂ֤ימוּthey placeQal impf 3mp · שִׂים (H7760)Predicate verb, second priestly function (main clause)→ Yiqtol: characteristic, ongoing cultic functionשִׂים (H7760) 'to place, put'; introduces the Levites' second office, cultic offering, alongside teaching. [source id 052VA]
קְטוֹרָה֙incenseN f sg abs · קְטוֹרָה (H6988)Direct object of יָשִׂימוּקְטוֹרָה (H6988) 'incense, smoke offering'; the priestly incense offering (cf. Exod 30:7-8), a pleasing aroma ascending to God. [source id 05aYX]
בְּאַפֶּ֔ךָin your nostrilprep בְּ + N m sg construct + 2ms suffix · אַף (H639)Locative prepositional phraseאַף (H639) 'nose, nostril, anger'; vividly anthropomorphic — incense offered directly 'in YHWH's nostril' as a pleasing aroma. [source id 05njq]
וְכָלִ֖ילand a whole offeringconj וְ + adj m sg abs (substantival) · כָּלִיל (H3632)Coordinate direct object (of יָשִׂימוּ, understood)כָּלִיל (H3632) 'whole, entire'; substantival, 'a whole burnt offering' entirely consumed on the altar, paired with the incense offering. [source id 05Rnv]
עַֽלonprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phraseעַל (H5921) 'upon, on'; introduces the altar as the site of the whole offering. [source id 05PCr]
מִזְבְּחֶֽךָyour altarN m sg construct + 2ms suffix · מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196)Object of עַלמִזְבֵּחַ (H4196) 'altar', with 2ms suffix; closes the description of Levi's twofold office — teaching Torah and offering sacrifice. [source id 05A64]
11

בָּרֵ֤ךְ יְהוָה֙ חֵיל֔וֹ וּפֹ֥עַל יָדָ֖יו תִּרְצֶ֑ה מְחַ֨ץ מָתְנַ֧יִם קָמָ֛יו וּמְשַׂנְאָ֖יו מִן יְקוּמֽוּן

Bless, YHWH, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite the loins of those who rise against him, and of those who hate him, that they rise not again.

Closing petition of the Levi oracle — blessing and imprecationasyndeton
Closes the Levi blessing (vv.8-11) with a double petition: material blessing on Levi's service (fitting a tribe with no landed inheritance, cf. 18:1-2), and a violent imprecation against his rivals — likely echoing the priesthood's contested status after Korah's rebellion (Num 16). The turn from blessing to curse within one verse is characteristic of ancient Near Eastern treaty formulas.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
בָּרֵ֤ךְblessPiel impv 2ms · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Predicate verb, imperative (petition to YHWH)→ Imperative: a direct petition for blessingבָּרַךְ (H1288), Piel imperative 'bless!'; opens the closing petition for Levi with prayer for material prosperity, fitting a tribe with no landed inheritance (cf. 18:1-2). [source id 058vJ]
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper noun (vocative) · יְהוָה (H3068)Vocativeיְהוָה (H3068), addressed directly, as in Judah's petition (v.7). [source id 05Kxy]
חֵיל֔וֹhis substanceN m sg construct + 3ms suffix · חַיִל (H2428)Direct object of בָּרֵךְחַיִל (H2428) 'strength, wealth, army'; here 'his substance/resources' — apt for a tribe dependent on tithes rather than land. [source id 052J6]
וּפֹ֥עַלand the work ofconj וְ + N m sg construct · פֹּעַל (H6467)Coordinate direct object (construct)פֹּעַל (H6467) 'work, deed'; construct, 'the work of his hands' — Levi's priestly labor of teaching and sacrifice (cf. v.10). [source id 055Bz]
יָדָ֖יוhis handsN c dual construct + 3ms suffix · יָד (H3027)Genitive completing the construct chainיָד (H3027) 'hand', dual with 3ms suffix; Levi's priestly labor performed with his own hands. [source id 05Bsz]
תִּרְצֶ֑הacceptQal impf 2ms (precative) · רָצָה (H7521)Predicate verb (2ms, addressing YHWH), coordinate petition→ Yiqtol (precative/volitional): a wish for YHWH's favorable acceptanceרָצָה (H7521) 'to accept favorably, be pleased with'; the technical term for divine acceptance of an offering — here of Levi's priestly service itself. [source id 05TAs]
מְחַ֨ץsmiteQal impv 2ms · מָחַץ (H4272)Predicate verb, imperative (petition against Levi's enemies)→ Imperative: a plea for decisive judgment on Levi's adversariesמָחַץ (H4272) 'to smite, shatter, crush'; a violent image of judgment, pivoting from blessing Levi to cursing his foes. [source id 05UQv]
מָתְנַ֧יִםthe loins ofN m dual construct · מֹתֶן (H4975)Direct object of מְחַץ (construct/dual)מֹתֶן (H4975) 'loin, waist', dual; smiting the loins signifies crippling strength and potency. [source id 05ZYA]
קָמָ֛יוthose who rise against himQal ptc m pl construct + 3ms suffix · קוּם (H6965)Substantival participle, genitive completing מָתְנֵי (construct)→ Participle (substantival): characterizes Levi's adversaries by their hostile actionקוּם (H6965), Qal participle 'those rising (against)'; substantival, Levi's enemies — perhaps recalling Korah's rebellion against the priesthood (Num 16). [source id 05GTn]
וּמְשַׂנְאָ֖יוand those who hate himconj וְ + Qal ptc m pl construct + 3ms suffix · שָׂנֵא (H8130)Coordinate substantival participle→ Participle (substantival): characterizes the adversaries further, by settled hostilityשָׂנֵא (H8130), Qal participle 'those hating'; parallel to קָמָיו, doubling the description of Levi's foes. [source id 05Jpi]
מִןso that notprep · מִן (H4480)Preposition governing the negative-result clause (idiomatic 'so that not')מִן (H4480) 'from'; in the idiom מִן...יְקוּמוּן, 'so that they rise not (again)' — a negative-result construction. [source id 05N26]
יְקוּמֽוּןthey may riseQal impf 3mp (paragogic נ) · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, completing the negative-result clause with the preceding מִן→ Yiqtol: a potential/future action, negated by the מִן-construction — 'that they rise not again'קוּם (H6965), Qal imperfect (paragogic נ) 'they will rise'; with preceding מִן forms a wish that Levi's rivals not rise again, closing the blessing with the defeat of all challenge to the priesthood. [source id 05PyS]
12

לְבִנְיָמִ֣ן אָמַ֔ר יְדִ֣יד יְהֹוָ֔ה יִשְׁכֹּ֥ן לָבֶ֖טַח עָלָ֑יו חֹפֵ֤ף עָלָיו֙ כָּל הַיּ֔וֹם וּבֵ֥ין כְּתֵיפָ֖יו שָׁכֵֽן

Of Benjamin he said: The beloved of YHWH dwells in safety by him; he shields him all day long, and he dwells between his shoulders.

Fourth tribal blessing — Benjamin, dwelling in divine intimacyasyndeton
A brief but richly imagistic blessing built on שכן, 'to dwell' (the root behind מִשְׁכָּן, 'tabernacle'). Later Jewish tradition located the Jerusalem temple within Benjamin's territory, making 'dwelling between his shoulders' read almost as a prophecy of the sanctuary nestled in Benjamin's hill country, and casting the smallest tribe as YHWH's most intimately sheltered.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
לְבִנְיָמִ֣ןof Benjaminprep לְ + proper noun · בִּנְיָמִן (H1144)Prepositional phrase naming the tribeבִּנְיָמִן (H1144), Jacob's youngest son by Rachel; his blessing pictures YHWH's beloved dwelling in secure intimacy, traditionally linked to the temple's later location within his territory. [source id 053wE]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause, introducing direct speech)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the Benjamin oracle. [source id 05BmC]
יְדִ֣ידthe beloved ofadj m sg construct · יָדִיד (H3039)Subject (construct, in apposition to Benjamin)יָדִיד (H3039) 'beloved, darling'; construct, 'the beloved of YHWH' — an intimate epithet for Benjamin, echoed in the tribe's territory later hosting the temple. [source id 05vbW]
יְהֹוָ֔הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive completing the construct chainיְהוָה (H3068), whose special affection defines Benjamin's blessing. [source id 05VUb]
יִשְׁכֹּ֥ןhe dwellsQal impf 3ms · שָׁכַן (H7931)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, ongoing state of secure dwellingשָׁכַן (H7931) 'to dwell, settle'; the root behind מִשְׁכָּן 'tabernacle' — apt given the later sanctuary's location in Benjamin's territory. [source id 05FCa]
לָבֶ֖טַחin safetyprep לְ + N m sg abs · בֶּטַח (H983)Adverbial prepositional phrase (manner)בֶּטַח (H983) 'security, safety'; 'in safety', describing the beloved's untroubled dwelling. [source id 059YC]
עָלָ֑יוby himprep עַל + 3ms suffix · עָלָיוPrepositional phrase, YHWH as the sheltering presenceעַל (H5921) 'upon, over', with 3ms suffix; YHWH watches 'over him' — protective nearness, not mere geography. [source id 05Ub9]
חֹפֵ֤ףhe shieldsQal ptc m sg abs · חָפַף (H2653)Predicate participle, continuing the description of YHWH's care→ Participle: continuous, characteristic protective actionחָפַף (H2653) 'to cover, shield, encompass' (rare root); pictures YHWH hovering protectively over Benjamin, with possible maternal/avian overtones (cf. 32:11). [source id 0548w]
עָלָיו֙over himprep עַל + 3ms suffix · עָלָיוPrepositional phrase, object of חֹפֵףעַל (H5921), repeated for emphasis; the protective 'over him' motif doubled. [source id 05kz8]
כָּלallN m sg construct · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הַיּוֹם (adverbial accusative of duration)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; 'all the day' — continual, unceasing protection. [source id 05VVi]
הַיּ֔וֹםthe dayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive completing the construct (temporal expression)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; 'all the day' — YHWH's shielding is constant, not occasional. [source id 05TZL]
וּבֵ֥יןand betweenconj וְ + prep · בֵּין (H996)Conjunction + locative prepositionבֵּין (H996) 'between'; introduces the striking image of dwelling 'between his shoulders'. [source id 05joC]
כְּתֵיפָ֖יוhis shouldersN f dual construct + 3ms suffix · כָּתֵף (H3802)Object of the preposition בֵּיןכָּתֵף (H3802) 'shoulder', dual with 3ms suffix; 'between his shoulders' — a vivid, debated image, possibly evoking the temple mount nestled in Benjamin's hill country, or a rider carried securely on YHWH's shoulders. [source id 05ZR6]
שָׁכֵֽןhe dwellsQal perf 3ms · שָׁכַן (H7931)Predicate verb (main clause), closing the verse, echoing יִשְׁכֹּן→ Perfective: a settled, enduring state of dwellingשָׁכַן (H7931), repeated from earlier in the verse; forms an inclusio around the picture of secure, intimate divine dwelling with Benjamin. [source id 05hAW]
13

וּלְיוֹסֵ֣ף אָמַ֔ר מְבֹרֶ֥כֶת יְהֹוָ֖ה אַרְצ֑וֹ מִמֶּ֤גֶד שָׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִטָּ֔ל וּמִתְּה֖וֹם רֹבֶ֥צֶת תָּֽחַת

And of Joseph he said: Blessed by YHWH is his land, with the choice gift of heaven, of dew, and of the deep crouching beneath.

Fifth tribal blessing — Joseph, part 1: the blessed landasyndeton
Opens the chapter's richest blessing (vv.13-17, rivaling Levi's in length), an extended catalog of natural bounty structured by the anaphoric מִמֶּגֶד ('with the choice gift of...') that runs through v.16: heaven's dew above and the primeval deep below, personified as a couched beast ready to well up.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּלְיוֹסֵ֣ףand of Josephconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · יוֹסֵף (H3130)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeיוֹסֵף (H3130), Jacob's favored son; introduces the chapter's richest and longest blessing (vv.13-17, rivaling Levi's), reflecting Ephraim/Manasseh's territorial and numerical prominence. [source id 0571f]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the Joseph oracle. [source id 05zgE]
מְבֹרֶ֥כֶתblessed ofPual ptc f sg construct · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Predicate participle (passive), construct governing יְהוָה→ Participle (passive): a state resulting from divine actionבָּרַךְ (H1288), Pual (passive) participle construct 'blessed of'; 'blessed by YHWH is his land' opens a rich catalog of natural blessings (vv.13-16). [source id 059GF]
יְהֹוָ֖הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive completing the construct chain (agent of the passive participle)יְהוָה (H3068), the source of the blessing catalogued in vv.13-16. [source id 05CoT]
אַרְצ֑וֹhis landN c sg construct + 3ms suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Subject of the predicate participle מְבֹרֶכֶתאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth', with 3ms suffix; Joseph's territorial inheritance (Ephraim and Manasseh), whose bounty is enumerated in what follows. [source id 059bv]
מִמֶּ֤גֶדwith the choice gift ofprep מִן + N m sg construct · מֶגֶד (H4022)Source/means prepositional phrase, construct (first of a catalog)מֶגֶד (H4022) 'choice thing, excellence'; construct, opening a poetic catalog (dew, deep, sun, moon, mountains) structured by anaphoric מִמֶּגֶד through v.16. [source id 05PEh]
שָׁמַ֨יִם֙heavenN m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Genitive completing the construct chainשָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens, sky'; the source of the first blessing named, dew. [source id 0549p]
מִטָּ֔לof dewprep מִן + N m sg abs · טַל (H2919)Appositional/epexegetical prepositional phrase specifying the heavenly giftטַל (H2919) 'dew'; in this arid climate a vital, God-given source of moisture (cf. 32:2; Gen 27:28), epexegetical to מִמֶּגֶד שָׁמַיִם. [source id 05PNm]
וּמִתְּה֖וֹםand of the deepconj וְ + prep מִן + N c sg abs · תְּהוֹם (H8415)Coordinate source prepositional phrase (second item in the catalog)תְּהוֹם (H8415) 'deep, primeval ocean' (cf. Gen 1:2); the subterranean waters feeding springs and wells, paired with heaven's dew as the two great sources of fertility. [source id 05Hvn]
רֹבֶ֥צֶתcrouchingQal ptc f sg abs · רָבַץ (H7257)Predicate participle (feminine, agreeing with תְּהוֹם)→ Participle: a continuous, characteristic posture — waters lying ready beneathרָבַץ (H7257) 'to crouch, lie down' (of animals); vivid personification of the subterranean waters as a couched beast, ready to well up. [source id 05kgY]
תָּֽחַתbeneathN m sg abs (adverbial) · תַּחַת (H8478)Locative adverbialתַּחַת (H8478) 'underneath, below'; completes the image — the deep lying beneath the land, ready to nourish it from below as dew nourishes from above. [source id 05qhh]
14

וּמִמֶּ֖גֶד תְּבוּאֹ֣ת שָׁ֑מֶשׁ וּמִמֶּ֖גֶד גֶּ֥רֶשׁ יְרָחִֽים

And with the choice yield of the sun, and with the choice produce of the months.

Continuation of Joseph's blessing — the sun and moon's yieldasyndeton
Continues the מִמֶּגֶד catalog begun in v.13, naming the sun's harvest and the months'/moons' cumulative produce — the two great heavenly timekeepers (cf. Gen 1:14-16) invoked as agents of Joseph's agricultural abundance.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
וּמִמֶּ֖גֶדand with the choice gift ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg construct · מֶגֶד (H4022)Coordinate source prepositional phrase (construct), continuing the catalogמֶגֶד (H4022), repeated anaphorically from v.13; here introduces the sun's yield. [source id 05x1E]
תְּבוּאֹ֣תthe yield ofN f pl construct · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Genitive completing the construct chainתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield, increase'; construct plural, the sun-ripened harvest. [source id 05X9n]
שָׁ֑מֶשׁthe sunN c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Genitive completing the construct chainשֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'sun'; its warmth pictured as the agent ripening the harvest. [source id 057jF]
וּמִמֶּ֖גֶדand with the choice gift ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg construct · מֶגֶד (H4022)Coordinate source prepositional phrase (construct), continuing the catalogמֶגֶד (H4022), repeated a third time; introduces the moons'/months' yield. [source id 05XJg]
גֶּ֥רֶשׁthe produce ofN m sg construct · גֶּרֶשׁ (H1645)Genitive completing the construct chainגֶּרֶשׁ (H1645) 'produce, yield' (rare, from גרשׁ 'to thrust out', i.e. what the earth pushes forth); parallel to תְּבוּאֹת. [source id 05kRY]
יְרָחִֽיםthe monthsN m pl abs · יֶרַח (H3391)Genitive completing the construct chainיֶרַח (H3391) 'moon, month'; plural — the successive lunar cycles governing the agricultural calendar, paralleling the sun's yield with the moon/month's cumulative produce. [source id 05wwA]
15

וּמֵרֹ֖אשׁ הַרְרֵי קֶ֑דֶם וּמִמֶּ֖גֶד גִּבְע֥וֹת עוֹלָֽם

and with the finest of the ancient mountains, and with the choice gift of the everlasting hills.

Continuation of Joseph's blessing — the ancient mountains and hillsasyndeton
Continues the natural-bounty catalog with the third and fourth items, the primordial mountains and everlasting hills, whose enduring permanence figures the durability of the blessing itself and anticipates the same vocabulary (קֶדֶם, עוֹלָם) applied to God in v.27.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
וּמֵרֹ֖אשׁand with the finest ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg construct · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Coordinate source prepositional phrase (construct), continuing the catalogרֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head, chief, best'; construct, 'the chief/finest of' — a variant introducer alongside מִמֶּגֶד for this item, the ancient mountains. [source id 05ecy]
הַרְרֵיthe mountains ofN m pl construct · הָרָר (H2042)Genitive completing the construct chainהָרָר (H2042), poetic plural construct of הַר 'mountain'; 'mountains of old/antiquity'. [source id 05KW6]
קֶ֑דֶםof oldN m sg abs · קֶדֶם (H6924)Genitive completing the construct chainקֶדֶם (H6924) 'east, ancient time'; temporal here, 'of old' — the primordial, unshakeable mountains as a figure for enduring blessing. [source id 05egZ]
וּמִמֶּ֖גֶדand with the choice gift ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg construct · מֶגֶד (H4022)Coordinate source prepositional phrase (construct), continuing the catalogמֶגֶד (H4022), returning to the anaphoric term; introduces the everlasting hills. [source id 059zj]
גִּבְע֥וֹתthe hills ofN f pl construct · גִּבְעָה (H1389)Genitive completing the construct chainגִּבְעָה (H1389) 'hill'; paired with הַרְרֵי קֶדֶם, mountains and hills together forming a merism for the whole enduring landscape. [source id 05wDm]
עוֹלָֽםeverlastingN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Genitive completing the construct chainעוֹלָם (H5769) 'eternity, long duration'; 'everlasting hills' — the land's permanence pledged as Joseph's inheritance, echoed in the divine epithet אֱלֹהֵי קֶדֶם 'God of old' (v.27). [source id 05XBL]
16

וּמִמֶּ֗גֶד אֶ֚רֶץ וּמְלֹאָ֔הּ וּרְצ֥וֹן שֹׁכְנִ֖י סְנֶ֑ה תָּב֨וֹאתָה֙ לְרֹ֣אשׁ יוֹסֵ֔ף וּלְקָדְקֹ֖ד נְזִ֥יר אֶחָֽיו

and with the choice things of the earth and its fullness, and the favor of the one who dwelt in the bush; may it come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the crown of the one set apart from his brothers.

Climax of Joseph's blessing — the burning-bush theophanyasyndeton
Climaxes the natural-bounty catalog (vv.13-16) with divine favor itself, identified by the rare word סְנֶה, 'bush' — found elsewhere only at Exod 3:2-4 — deliberately recalling the theophany where YHWH first revealed himself to Moses, and closing a frame with the Sinai theophany of v.2. The blessing rests 'on Joseph's head,' echoing Jacob's own blessing of Joseph as נָזִיר, 'set apart' among his brothers (Gen 49:26).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וּמִמֶּ֗גֶדand with the choice gift ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg construct · מֶגֶד (H4022)Coordinate source prepositional phrase (construct), continuing the catalogמֶגֶד (H4022), the anaphoric term's fourth and final use; introduces the earth's full bounty. [source id 0591A]
אֶ֚רֶץthe earthN c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing the construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth, land'; the whole earth's yield, broadening from mountains/hills to totality. [source id 05ShR]
וּמְלֹאָ֔הּand its fullnessconj וְ + N m sg construct + 3fs suffix · מְלֹא (H4393)Coordinate genitive, in apposition/parallel to אֶרֶץמְלֹא (H4393) 'fullness', with 3fs suffix (referring to אֶרֶץ); 'the earth and its fullness' — a stock phrase for creation's total abundance (cf. Ps 24:1). [source id 05ofP]
וּרְצ֥וֹןand the favor ofconj וְ + N m sg construct · רָצוֹן (H7522)Coordinate direct object (construct), shifting from material bounty to divine favorרָצוֹן (H7522) 'favor, goodwill, acceptance'; construct, introducing the blessing's climax — the personal favor of a specific divine manifestation, not just material gifts. [source id 05Ucb]
שֹׁכְנִ֖יthe one who dwelt inQal ptc m sg construct · שָׁכַן (H7931)Substantival participle, construct governing סְנֶה→ Participle (substantival): identifies YHWH by a definitive past manifestationשָׁכַן (H7931), Qal participle construct 'the dweller of/in'; 'the one who dwelt in the bush' unmistakably recalls the burning-bush theophany of Exod 3:2-4, where YHWH first revealed his name to Moses. [source id 051kC]
סְנֶ֑הthe bushN m sg abs · סְנֶה (H5572)Genitive completing the construct chainסְנֶה (H5572) 'thornbush', a rare word occurring elsewhere only at Exod 3:2-4 — its presence here is a deliberate, unmistakable echo of Moses' own call theophany, closing the poem's frame with the Sinai theophany of v.2. [source id 05NaD]
תָּב֨וֹאתָה֙may it comeQal impf 3fs + directional ה (precative) · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (jussive/precative, 3fs referring to רְצוֹן, 'favor')→ Yiqtol (precative/volitional, directional ה): a wish for the favor to rest upon Josephבּוֹא (H935), Qal 3fs with directional ה, 'may it come (upon)'; the divine favor of the burning-bush God is prayed to rest specifically on Joseph. [source id 05Se2]
לְרֹ֣אשׁupon the head ofprep לְ + N m sg construct · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Locative prepositional phrase, construct governing יוֹסֵףרֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head'; the blessing rests literally 'upon the head' — a common idiom for blessing's recipient (cf. Gen 49:26). [source id 05zk8]
יוֹסֵ֔ףJosephproper noun · יוֹסֵף (H3130)Genitive completing the construct chainיוֹסֵף (H3130), naming the blessing's recipient directly, closing the catalog begun in v.13. [source id 05KF6]
וּלְקָדְקֹ֖דand upon the crown ofconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg construct · קָדְקֹד (H6936)Coordinate locative prepositional phrase, constructקָדְקֹד (H6936) 'crown, scalp, top of the head'; parallels רֹאשׁ, intensifying the image of blessing resting on Joseph's head. [source id 05MQB]
נְזִ֥ירthe one set apart ofN m sg construct · נָזִיר (H5139)Genitive completing the construct chainנָזִיר (H5139) 'one consecrated/set apart' (cf. נזיר, 'Nazirite'); figurative here, 'the distinguished one among his brothers' — echoing Joseph's unique standing (Gen 37:3; 49:26). [source id 05qmg]
אֶחָֽיוhis brothersN m pl construct + 3ms suffix · אָח (H251)Genitive completing the construct chainאָח (H251) 'brother', plural with 3ms suffix; closes the verse — Joseph distinguished among, though once estranged from, his brothers (Gen 37). [source id 05LhH]
17

בְּכ֨וֹר שׁוֹר֜וֹ הָדָ֣ר ל֗וֹ וְקַרְנֵ֤י רְאֵם֙ קַרְנָ֔יו בָּהֶ֗ם עַמִּ֛ים יְנַגַּ֥ח יַחְדָּ֖ו אַפְסֵי אָ֑רֶץ וְהֵם֙ רִבְב֣וֹת אֶפְרַ֔יִם וְהֵ֖ם אַלְפֵ֥י מְנַשֶּֽׁה

A firstborn bull — majesty is his; his horns are the horns of a wild ox. With them he gores the peoples, all of them together, to the ends of the earth. They are the myriads of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
בְּכ֨וֹרthe firstborn ofN m sg construct · בְּכוֹר (H1060)Subject, construct governing שׁוֹרוֹבְּכוֹר (H1060) 'firstborn'; construct, 'firstborn bull' — a figure of preeminent strength for Joseph, though he was not Jacob's literal firstborn. [source id 05haF]
שׁוֹר֜וֹhis bullN m sg construct + 3ms suffix · שׁוֹר (H7794)Genitive completing the construct chainשׁוֹר (H7794) 'bull, ox', with 3ms suffix; the animal figure for Joseph's strength and fecundity. [source id 054cc]
הָדָ֣רmajestyN m sg abs · הָדָר (H1926)Predicate nominativeהָדָר (H1926) 'splendor, majesty'; 'majesty is his' — the firstborn-bull image conveys regal dignity. [source id 052sJ]
ל֗וֹhisprep לְ + 3ms suffix · לוֹPredicate prepositional phrase (possession)לוֹ, preposition + 3ms suffix; idiomatic possessive predicate, 'majesty is his'. [source id 05BAU]
וְקַרְנֵ֤יand the horns ofconj וְ + N c dual construct · קֶרֶן (H7161)Coordinate subject (construct, dual)קֶרֶן (H7161) 'horn', dual construct; introduces the wild-ox comparison for Joseph's military might. [source id 0542z]
רְאֵם֙a wild oxN m sg abs · רְאֵם (H7214)Genitive completing the construct chainרְאֵם (H7214), a powerful wild bovine (traditionally 'unicorn', likely the extinct aurochs); proverbial for untamable strength (cf. Num 23:22; Job 39:9-10). [source id 053nU]
קַרְנָ֔יוhis hornsN c dual construct + 3ms suffix · קֶרֶן (H7161)Predicate nominative (resuming the subject with 3ms suffix)קֶרֶן (H7161), repeated with 3ms suffix, 'his horns [are] the horns of a wild ox' — Joseph's power likened to the untamable wild ox. [source id 05gs1]
בָּהֶ֗םwith themprep בְּ + 3mp suffix · בָּהֶםInstrumental prepositional phrase (the horns)בָּהֶם, preposition + 3mp suffix, 'with them [the horns]'; the instrument of the goring that follows. [source id 05mv1]
עַמִּ֛יםpeoplesN m pl abs · עַם (H5971)Direct object of יְנַגַּחעַם (H5971) 'people', plural; the nations Joseph's descendants (Ephraim/Manasseh) will overcome. [source id 05KRK]
יְנַגַּ֥חhe goresPiel impf 3ms · נָגַח (H5055)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, decisive future action — Joseph's military conquestנָגַח (H5055), Piel 'to gore, push with horns'; the wild-ox imagery cashed out in violent conquest of surrounding peoples. [source id 057Vu]
יַחְדָּ֖וtogetheradverb · יַחְדָּו (H3162)Adverb modifying יְנַגַּחיַחְדָּו (H3162) 'together'; emphasizes the totality of the conquest — all the peoples at once. [source id 05bru]
אַפְסֵיthe ends ofN m pl construct · אֶפֶס (H657)Adverbial accusative (extent), constructאֶפֶס (H657) 'end, extremity'; construct plural, 'the ends of the earth' — the conquest's farthest reach. [source id 05msw]
אָ֑רֶץthe earthN c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing the construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth, land'; closes the extent formula 'to the ends of the earth' — hyperbolic totality typical of ancient blessing rhetoric. [source id 05cVr]
וְהֵם֙and theyconj וְ + independent pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Subject, resumptive independent pronoun (shift to specific tribes)הֵם (H1992), 3mp independent pronoun; shifts from generic 'Joseph' imagery to the two specific tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh. [source id 05Qeo]
רִבְב֣וֹתthe myriads ofN f pl construct · רְבָבָה (H7233)Predicate nominative (construct)רְבָבָה (H7233) 'myriad, ten-thousand'; construct plural, 'the myriads of Ephraim' — a hyperbolic population figure. [source id 05tqQ]
אֶפְרַ֔יִםEphraimproper noun · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Genitive completing the construct chainאֶפְרַיִם (H669), Joseph's younger son (Gen 41:52), whose tribe eventually eclipsed Manasseh's (cf. Gen 48:19-20) — reflected here by being named first with the larger figure. [source id 05KDK]
וְהֵ֖םand theyconj וְ + independent pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Coordinate subject, resumptive pronounהֵם (H1992), repeated for the second tribe, Manasseh. [source id 05MYs]
אַלְפֵ֥יthe thousands ofnumeral c pl construct · אֶלֶף (H505)Predicate nominative (construct)אֶלֶף (H505) 'thousand'; construct, 'the thousands of Manasseh' — a smaller figure than Ephraim's 'myriads,' matching Jacob's prophecy that the younger would surpass the elder (Gen 48:19-20). [source id 057Zb]
מְנַשֶּֽׁהManassehproper noun · מְנַשֶּׁה (H4519)Genitive completing the construct chainמְנַשֶּׁה (H4519), Joseph's elder son (Gen 41:51); closes the Joseph blessing naming both his sons as full tribal heirs (cf. Gen 48:5-6). [source id 05CeH]
18

וְלִזְבוּלֻ֣ן אָמַ֔ר שְׂמַ֥ח זְבוּלֻ֖ן בְּצֵאתֶ֑ךָ וְיִשָּׂשכָ֖ר בְּאֹהָלֶֽיךָ

And of Zebulun he said: Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and Issachar in your tents.

Sixth tribal blessing — Zebulun and Issachar, paired (vv.18-19)asyndeton
Uniquely pairs two tribes in one oracle, contrasting Zebulun's outward 'going out' (likely maritime trade, given his coastal territory, Gen 49:13) with Issachar's settled domestic life 'in your tents' — complementary economies whose combined prosperity is celebrated together, continued in v.19's shared imagery of seaborne and buried wealth.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְלִזְבוּלֻ֣ןand of Zebulunconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · זְבוּלֻן (H2074)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeזְבוּלֻן (H2074), Jacob's tenth son; introduces a paired blessing shared with Issachar (v.19), reflecting the two tribes' complementary trade and agrarian economies. [source id 05fs7]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the joint Zebulun-Issachar oracle. [source id 052Pc]
שְׂמַ֥חrejoiceQal impv 2ms · שָׂמַח (H8055)Predicate verb, imperative→ Imperative: a summons to joyful activityשָׂמַח (H8055) 'to rejoice, be glad'; addressed to Zebulun in his characteristic activity, mercantile/seafaring 'going out'. [source id 054Wc]
זְבוּלֻ֖ןZebulunproper noun (vocative) · זְבוּלֻן (H2074)Vocativeזְבוּלֻן (H2074), addressed directly as the tribe called to rejoice. [source id 053gW]
בְּצֵאתֶ֑ךָin your going outprep בְּ + Qal inf constr + 2ms suffix · יָצָא (H3318)Temporal/circumstantial prepositional phrase (infinitive construct)→ Infinitive construct: names the activity accompanying the rejoicingיָצָא (H3318), Qal inf constr with 2ms suffix, 'in your going out'; likely trade or seafaring expeditions, given Zebulun's coastal territory (Gen 49:13). [source id 05hnp]
וְיִשָּׂשכָ֖רand Issacharconj וְ + proper noun (vocative) · יִשָּׂשכָר (H3485)Coordinate vocativeיִשָּׂשכָר (H3485), Jacob's ninth son; paired with Zebulun, his more settled, agrarian counterpart (cf. Gen 49:14-15). [source id 053iK]
בְּאֹהָלֶֽיךָin your tentsprep בְּ + N m pl construct + 2ms suffix · אֹהֶל (H168)Coordinate locative prepositional phrase (parallel to בְּצֵאתֶךָ)אֹהֶל (H168) 'tent', plural with 2ms suffix; Issachar's settled domestic life contrasted with Zebulun's outward-going trade — a complementary economic pair. [source id 05abT]
19

עַמִּים֙ הַר יִקְרָ֔אוּ שָׁ֖ם יִזְבְּח֣וּ זִבְחֵי צֶ֑דֶק כִּ֣י שֶׁ֤פַע יַמִּים֙ יִינָ֔קוּ וּשְׂפוּנֵ֖י טְמ֥וּנֵי חֽוֹל

Peoples they call to the mountain; there they offer sacrifices of righteousness. For they draw from the abundance of the seas, and the hidden treasures of the sand.

Continuation of Zebulun-Issachar blessing — shared worship and coastal wealthasyndeton
Continues the paired blessing of v.18: the two tribes summon peoples to sacrifice together at a shared mountain shrine (likely Tabor, on their border), then celebrates the maritime wealth flowing from Zebulun's coastal territory (Gen 49:13) — probably alluding to the Phoenician-adjacent murex-dye or glassmaking-sand trade that made the region's 'hidden treasures of the sand' proverbial.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
עַמִּים֙peoplesN m pl abs · עַם (H5971)Direct object of יִקְרָאוּ (fronted)עַם (H5971) 'people', plural; the nations invited to Zebulun/Issachar's mountain shrine — a picture of pilgrimage worship. [source id 05pRx]
הַרthe mountainN m sg abs · הַר (H2022)Locative accusative, object of יִקְרָאוּ (destination)הַר (H2022) 'mountain'; likely Tabor, on the border of Zebulun and Issachar, traditionally associated with covenant sacrifice (cf. Hos 5:1; Ps 89:12). [source id 05sbX]
יִקְרָ֔אוּthey callQal impf 3mp · קָרָא (H7121)Predicate verb (main clause; subject the two tribes)→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, ongoing invitationקָרָא (H7121) 'to call, summon'; the tribes summon peoples to shared worship at the mountain. [source id 05Se6]
שָׁ֖םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Locative adverbשָׁם (H8033) 'there'; resumes הַר as the location of the sacrifice. [source id 05kBR]
יִזְבְּח֣וּthey sacrificeQal impf 3mp · זָבַח (H2076)Predicate verb, coordinate with יִקְרָאוּ→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, ongoing cultic actזָבַח (H2076) 'to sacrifice'; shared worship at the mountain shrine, offered jointly with the summoned peoples. [source id 05JkL]
זִבְחֵיsacrifices ofN m pl construct · זֶבַח (H2077)Direct object of יִזְבְּחוּ (construct)זֶבַח (H2077) 'sacrifice', construct plural; 'sacrifices of righteousness' — offerings rightly and properly made. [source id 05AuN]
צֶ֑דֶקrighteousnessN m sg abs · צֶדֶק (H6664)Genitive completing the construct chainצֶדֶק (H6664) 'righteousness, rightness'; qualifies the sacrifices as legitimate and proper, unlike pagan or improper worship (cf. Ps 4:6; 51:19). [source id 05Abp]
כִּ֣יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction, introducing the ground/reasonכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; grounds the tribes' worship-prosperity in their access to the sea's and sand's hidden wealth. [source id 05kFN]
שֶׁ֤פַעthe abundance ofN m sg construct · שֶׁפַע (H8228)Direct object of יִינָקוּ (construct)שֶׁפַע (H8228) 'abundance, plenty'; construct, introducing the maritime/coastal wealth Zebulun (and Issachar by association) will enjoy. [source id 051nB]
יַמִּים֙the seasN m pl abs · יָם (H3220)Genitive completing the construct chainיָם (H3220) 'sea', plural; Zebulun's coastal access, fitting Gen 49:13's 'Zebulun shall dwell at the shore of the sea'. [source id 05bub]
יִינָ֔קוּthey drawQal impf 3mp · יָנַק (H3243)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, ongoing enjoyment of provisionיָנַק (H3243) 'to suck, nurse'; a vivid image of drawing sustenance from the sea's bounty, as an infant nurses. [source id 0592o]
וּשְׂפוּנֵ֖יand the hidden things ofconj וְ + Qal pass ptc m pl construct · סָפַן (H8226)Coordinate direct object (substantival passive participle, construct)→ Substantival passive participle — the sea-trade's 'stored-away things': wealth already laid up, waiting to be drawn out.סָפַן (H8226), Qal passive participle construct 'hidden/covered things of'; paired with טְמוּנֵי (near-synonym) for buried treasure. [source id 05oSz]
טְמ֥וּנֵיthe buried things ofQal pass ptc m pl construct · טָמַן (H2934)Coordinate substantival passive participle (construct), in apposition to שְׂפוּנֵי→ Substantival passive participle — treasures 'buried' in the sand (glass from sand, per the rabbis; purple from shellfish): hidden wealth as a standing state.טָמַן (H2934), Qal passive participle construct 'buried/hidden things of'; near-synonym doubling שְׂפוּנֵי, emphasizing hidden wealth — possibly murex-dye or glassmaking sand, prized ancient Phoenician-coast industries. [source id 059HU]
חֽוֹלsandN m sg abs · חוֹל (H2344)Genitive completing the construct chainחוֹל (H2344) 'sand'; 'hidden treasures of the sand' — likely the region's glassmaking sand or murex/purple-dye industry, both associated with the Phoenician coast near Zebulun's territory. [source id 058Ee]
20

וּלְגָ֣ד אָמַ֔ר בָּר֖וּךְ מַרְחִ֣יב גָּ֑ד כְּלָבִ֣יא שָׁכֵ֔ן וְטָרַ֥ף זְר֖וֹעַ אַף קָדְקֹֽד

And of Gad he said: Blessed be the one who enlarges Gad! He dwells as a lion, and tears the arm, even the crown of the head.

Seventh tribal blessing — Gad, the lion warriorasyndeton
Praises whoever enlarges Gad's territory — likely YHWH, though possibly Gad's own martial expansion (cf. Num 32's early Transjordan land-claim) — then pictures the tribe as a couched lion tearing prey, a merism of arm and head for total battlefield destruction. Sets up v.21's note about Gad choosing the first, best portion of the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּלְגָ֣דand of Gadconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · גָּד (H1410)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeגָּד (H1410), Jacob's seventh son; his blessing pictures a leonine warrior tribe, fitting Gad's Transjordan territory and martial reputation (cf. Gen 49:19). [source id 05ZPw]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the Gad oracle. [source id 05iVf]
בָּר֖וּךְblessedQal pass ptc m sg abs · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Predicate participle (passive), opening the blessing→ Participle (passive): a state of being blessedבָּרַךְ (H1288), Qal passive participle 'blessed'; opens the Gad oracle, as with several other tribal sayings (cf. Asher, v.24). [source id 05Jap]
מַרְחִ֣יבthe one who enlargesHiphil ptc m sg construct · רָחַב (H7337)Substantival participle, subject/agent praised (construct)→ Participle (substantival): characterizes an agent by a defining, ongoing actionרָחַב (H7337), Hiphil participle construct 'the one enlarging'; praises whoever expands Gad's territory — possibly YHWH, or Gad's own aggressive expansion (cf. Num 32's early Transjordan land-claim). [source id 059ju]
גָּ֑דGadproper noun · גָּד (H1410)Genitive completing the construct chainגָּד (H1410), the tribe whose enlarging is praised. [source id 05vEh]
כְּלָבִ֣יאas a lionprep כְּ + N c sg abs · לָבִיא (H3833)Comparative prepositional phrase (predicate)לָבִיא (H3833) 'lion, lioness'; likens Gad's dwelling to a lion's, a common figure for tribal ferocity (cf. Gen 49:9). [source id 05oKS]
שָׁכֵ֔ןhe dwellsQal perf 3ms · שָׁכַן (H7931)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: a settled, characteristic state — Gad's leonine territorial postureשָׁכַן (H7931) 'to dwell, settle'; Gad's territory itself possesses lion-like formidability. [source id 052XX]
וְטָרַ֥ףand he tearsconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · טָרַף (H2963)Coordinate predicate verb→ Perfective (weqatal): a further characteristic, violent actionטָרַף (H2963) 'to tear, rend' (of predators); continues the lion imagery — Gad as a tearing predator in battle. [source id 05Gk7]
זְר֖וֹעַthe armN c sg abs · זְרוֹעַ (H2220)Direct object of וְטָרַףזְרוֹעַ (H2220) 'arm'; a figure for strength/power, torn/destroyed by Gad's assault (cf. its use for God's own arm in v.27). [source id 057pL]
אַףalsoadverb/particle · אַף (H637)Emphatic particle, coordinating the second objectאַף (H637) 'also, indeed'; adds the second target of the tearing. [source id 05VK3]
קָדְקֹֽדthe crown of the headN m sg abs · קָדְקֹד (H6936)Coordinate direct object of וְטָרַףקָדְקֹד (H6936) 'crown, scalp' (cf. v.16); paired with זְרוֹעַ, a merism (arm and head) for Gad's total destruction of his enemies in battle. [source id 05Xmd]
21

וַיַּ֤רְא רֵאשִׁית֙ ל֔וֹ כִּי שָׁ֛ם חֶלְקַ֥ת מְחֹקֵ֖ק סָפ֑וּן וַיֵּתֵא֙ רָ֣אשֵׁי עָ֔ם צִדְקַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ עָשָׂ֔ה וּמִשְׁפָּטָ֖יו עִם יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

And he chose the first part for himself, for there a commander's portion was reserved; and he came with the heads of the people; he performed the righteousness of YHWH, and his judgments with Israel.

Continuation of Gad's blessing — first portion and covenant solidarityasyndeton
Alludes to Gad's request for prime Transjordan land before the conquest (Num 32), and to a widely-noted tradition identifying 'the portion of the commander' (מְחֹקֵק) with Moses' own burial site within Gad's territory (34:1-6). The verse closes by insisting Gad's separate settlement did not compromise covenant solidarity — Gad marched 'with the heads of the people' and executed YHWH's justice 'with Israel,' preempting the crisis narrated in Josh 22.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וַיַּ֤רְאand he choseconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · רָאָה (H7200)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; idiomatic here, 'to select, choose (for oneself)' — Gad's proactive claim on the best Transjordan land (cf. Num 32). [source id 05dHy]
רֵאשִׁית֙the first partN f sg abs · רֵאשִׁית (H7225)Direct object of וַיַּרְארֵאשִׁית (H7225) 'beginning, first, choicest part'; the prime portion of land Gad selected. [source id 05oDM]
ל֔וֹfor himselfprep לְ + 3ms suffix · לוֹReflexive/benefactive prepositional phraseלוֹ, preposition + 3ms suffix, 'for himself'; Gad's self-interested but justified choice (cf. v.21b). [source id 05QmQ]
כִּיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunctionכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; grounds the choice of רֵאשִׁית in Gad's honored role. [source id 05fEZ]
שָׁ֛םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Locative adverbשָׁם (H8033) 'there'; refers to the chosen territory. [source id 05ScY]
חֶלְקַ֥תthe portion ofN f sg construct · חֶלְקָה (H2513)Subject (construct, of the passive verb סָפוּן)חֶלְקָה (H2513) 'portion, tract (of land)'; construct, 'the portion of the commander' — a widely-noted tradition links this to Moses' own burial in Gad's territory (34:6). [source id 05zF1]
מְחֹקֵ֖קthe commanderPoel ptc m sg abs · חָקַק (H2710)Substantival participle, genitive completing the construct chain→ Participle (substantival): a titular designation, 'the one who decrees/legislates'חָקַק (H2710), Poel participle 'the one who decrees, commander, lawgiver'; some identify this 'commander's portion' with Moses' own burial site in Gad's territory (34:1-6), giving the line poignant resonance. [source id 052DY]
סָפ֑וּןwas reservedQal pass ptc m sg abs · סָפַן (H5603)Predicate verb (passive participle, main clause)→ Participle (passive): a state of being set aside/reservedסָפַן (H5603), Qal passive participle 'hidden, reserved, stored up'; the special portion was set apart for this purpose. [source id 05V2X]
וַיֵּתֵא֙and he cameconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָתָה (H857)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָתָה (H857) 'to come' (cf. v.2); Gad's leaders marched with the people's heads — likely his participation in the conquest alongside the other tribes (cf. Num 32:20-22; Josh 22). [source id 05aoH]
רָ֣אשֵׁיthe heads ofN m pl construct · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Direct object / accompaniment (construct)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head, chief'; construct plural, 'heads/chiefs of the people' — Gad marched at the forefront with Israel's leadership. [source id 05xTB]
עָ֔םthe peopleN m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive completing the construct chainעַם (H5971) 'people'; Israel collectively. [source id 05c9W]
צִדְקַ֤תthe righteousness ofN f sg construct · צְדָקָה (H6666)Direct object of עָשָׂה (construct)צְדָקָה (H6666) 'righteousness, justice, righteous acts'; construct, 'the righteousness of YHWH' — Gad's participation fulfilled YHWH's righteous purpose. [source id 055wE]
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive completing the construct chainיְהוָה (H3068), whose righteous purpose Gad's obedience carried out. [source id 05Twf]
עָשָׂ֔הhe performedQal perf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: a completed, decisive act of covenant fidelityעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make, perform'; Gad's faithful participation in the conquest counted as performing YHWH's righteous purpose. [source id 05hHi]
וּמִשְׁפָּטָ֖יוand his judgmentsconj וְ + N m pl construct + 3ms suffix · מִשְׁפָּט (H4941)Coordinate direct object of עָשָׂהמִשְׁפָּט (H4941) 'judgment, ordinance', plural with 3ms suffix (YHWH); paired with צִדְקַת יְהוָה, his righteous rulings executed through Israel's obedience. [source id 05cvU]
עִםwithprep · עִם (H5973)Comitative prepositionעִם (H5973) 'with'; Gad's judgments performed 'with Israel' — in solidarity with, not apart from, the rest of the nation. [source id 05yHD]
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Object of the preposition עִםיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), closing the verse — Gad's Transjordan settlement did not sever it from the nation's shared covenant obedience (cf. Josh 22's near-crisis and resolution on exactly this point). [source id 05BQ7]
22

וּלְדָ֣ן אָמַ֔ר דָּ֖ן גּ֣וּר אַרְיֵ֑ה יְזַנֵּ֖ק מִן הַבָּשָֽׁן

And of Dan he said: Dan is a lion's whelp; he leaps from Bashan.

Eighth tribal blessing — Dan, the leaping lion cubasyndeton
The shortest tribal saying, picturing Dan as an ambushing young lion — fitting the tribe's later guerrilla-style migration and conquest of a northern territory (Judg 18) far from its original southern allotment (Josh 19:40-48), which the mention of Bashan may reflect.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וּלְדָ֣ןand of Danconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · דָּן (H1835)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeדָּן (H1835), Jacob's fifth son; the shortest tribal saying, likening Dan to a young lion, echoing Jacob's serpent-imagery for Dan in Gen 49:17. [source id 05HVA]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the brief Dan oracle. [source id 05dTu]
דָּ֖ןDanproper noun · דָּן (H1835)Subject (predicate nominative construction with גּוּר אַרְיֵה)דָּן (H1835), the tribe named as subject of the leonine metaphor. [source id 05fK4]
גּ֣וּרthe whelp ofN m sg construct · גּוּר (H1482)Predicate nominative (construct)גּוּר (H1482) 'whelp, cub'; construct, 'a lion's whelp' — a young, vigorous predator, an image also used of Judah (Gen 49:9). [source id 05KUb]
אַרְיֵ֑הa lionN m sg abs · אַרְיֵה (H738)Genitive completing the construct chainאַרְיֵה (H738) 'lion'; completes the figure, 'lion's whelp' — vigor and latent ferocity. [source id 05MaM]
יְזַנֵּ֖קhe leapsPiel impf 3ms · זִנֵּק (H2187)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, ongoing predatory actionזִנֵּק (H2187), Piel 'to leap, spring' (rare root); pictures Dan pouncing from ambush, matching the tribe's guerrilla-style conquest tactics (cf. Judg 18). [source id 05HEm]
מִןfromprep · מִן (H4480)Source prepositional phraseמִן (H4480) 'from'; introduces the leap's origin. [source id 05Cuf]
הַבָּשָֽׁןBashanart + proper noun · בָּשָׁן (H1316)Object of the preposition מִןבָּשָׁן (H1316), the fertile Transjordan region north of Gilead; Dan's original allotment lay in the south (Josh 19:40-48), but the tribe migrated north (Judg 18) — this line may reflect that later location. [source id 0556i]
23

וּלְנַפְתָּלִ֣י אָמַ֔ר נַפְתָּלִי֙ שְׂבַ֣ע רָצ֔וֹן וּמָלֵ֖א בִּרְכַּ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה יָ֥ם וְדָר֖וֹם יְרָֽשָׁה

And of Naphtali he said: Naphtali, sated with favor and full of the blessing of YHWH — possess the sea and the south.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּלְנַפְתָּלִ֣יand of Naphtaliconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · נַפְתָּלִי (H5321)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeנַפְתָּלִי (H5321), Jacob's sixth son (by Bilhah); his blessing echoes the fertile, favored territory around the Sea of Galilee. [source id 05HtA]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the Naphtali oracle. [source id 05DY4]
נַפְתָּלִי֙Naphtaliproper noun (vocative) · נַפְתָּלִי (H5321)Vocative/subject, addressed directlyנַפְתָּלִי (H5321), named again as the addressee of the blessing that follows. [source id 05VwJ]
שְׂבַ֣עsated withadj m sg construct · שָׂבֵעַ (H7649)Predicate adjective (construct)שָׂבֵעַ (H7649) 'satisfied, full'; construct, 'satisfied with favor' — describing Naphtali's abundant blessing. [source id 05RBP]
רָצ֔וֹןfavorN m sg abs · רָצוֹן (H7522)Genitive completing the construct chainרָצוֹן (H7522) 'favor, goodwill' (cf. v.16, of Joseph); Naphtali too enjoys divine favor. [source id 05N5H]
וּמָלֵ֖אand full ofconj וְ + adj m sg construct · מָלֵא (H4392)Coordinate predicate adjective (construct)מָלֵא (H4392) 'full'; construct, 'full of the blessing of YHWH' — parallel to שְׂבַע רָצוֹן. [source id 05wF2]
בִּרְכַּ֣תthe blessing ofN f sg construct · בְּרָכָה (H1293)Genitive completing the construct chainבְּרָכָה (H1293) 'blessing' (cf. v.1); YHWH's blessing fills Naphtali. [source id 05Ee7]
יְהוָ֑הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive completing the construct chainיְהוָה (H3068), the source of Naphtali's fullness. [source id 05WPj]
יָ֥םthe seaN m sg abs · יָם (H3220)Direct object of יְרָשָׁהיָם (H3220) 'sea'; likely the Sea of Galilee/Kinneret, within Naphtali's territorial reach (cf. Josh 19:32-39). [source id 05NGD]
וְדָר֖וֹםand the southconj וְ + N m sg abs · דָּרוֹם (H1864)Coordinate direct objectדָּרוֹם (H1864) 'south'; paired with יָם, perhaps a merism for Naphtali's territorial reach, though the exact geography is debated. [source id 05rVy]
יְרָֽשָׁהpossessQal impv 2ms + emphatic ה · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Predicate verb, imperative (with directional/emphatic ה)→ Imperative (with emphatic ה): a summons to take possessionיָרַשׁ (H3423), Qal imperative with emphatic ה, 'possess!'; closes the blessing with a command to take hold of the abundant territory just named. [source id 051sc]
24

וּלְאָשֵׁ֣ר אָמַ֔ר בָּר֥וּךְ מִבָּנִ֖ים אָשֵׁ֑ר יְהִ֤י רְצוּי֙ אֶחָ֔יו וְטֹבֵ֥ל בַּשֶּׁ֖מֶן רַגְלֽוֹ

And of Asher he said: Blessed above sons is Asher; let him be favored among his brothers, and let him dip his foot in oil.

Tenth tribal blessing — Asher, favor and olive abundanceasyndeton
Opens with a wordplay on Asher's own name ('happy, blessed one'), then pictures agricultural wealth so abundant that his foot, not merely his hand, is dipped in olive oil — a hyperbole for Asher's territory, famed for olive cultivation (cf. Gen 49:20), continued in v.25's iron and bronze.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּלְאָשֵׁ֣רand of Asherconj וְ + prep לְ + proper noun · אָשֵׁר (H836)Conjunction + prepositional phrase naming the tribeאָשֵׁר (H836), Jacob's eighth son (by Zilpah); his blessing plays on his own name ('happy/blessed'), praised above all Jacob's sons. [source id 05pMJ]
אָמַ֔רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Perfective: the narrated introduction of Moses' pronouncementאָמַר (H559), perfect 'he said'; introduces the Asher oracle. [source id 05JUP]
בָּר֥וּךְblessedQal pass ptc m sg abs · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Predicate participle (passive), opening the blessing→ Participle (passive): a state of being blessedבָּרַךְ (H1288), Qal passive participle 'blessed'; opens the oracle, as with Gad (v.20) — and puns on Asher's own name, 'happy/blessed one'. [source id 05xzE]
מִבָּנִ֖יםabove sonsprep מִן + N m pl abs · בֵּן (H1121)Comparative prepositional phraseבֵּן (H1121) 'son', plural; comparative מִן, 'more blessed than (other) sons' — Asher elevated above his brothers. [source id 056Jh]
אָשֵׁ֑רAsherproper noun · אָשֵׁר (H836)Subject of the participial predicateאָשֵׁר (H836), the tribe named, whose name itself means 'happy, blessed' (from אשׁר 'to be happy'), making the opening line a deliberate wordplay. [source id 05Lr7]
יְהִ֤יlet him beQal jussive 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, jussive→ Volitional (jussive): a wish for continued favorהָיָה (H1961), Qal jussive 'let him be'; continues the blessing with a wish for ongoing favor among his brothers. [source id 05wZb]
רְצוּי֙favoredQal pass ptc m sg construct · רָצָה (H7521)Predicate adjective/passive participle (construct), complement of יְהִי→ Participle (passive, stative): a state of being well-pleasing/favoredרָצָה (H7521), Qal passive participle construct 'favored of/pleasing to' (cf. its verbal use in v.11); Asher enjoys the goodwill of his brothers. [source id 05fbm]
אֶחָ֔יוhis brothersN m pl construct + 3ms suffix · אָח (H251)Genitive completing the construct chainאָח (H251) 'brother', with 3ms suffix; Asher favored among, not estranged from, his kin (contrast Joseph's history, v.16). [source id 05dL2]
וְטֹבֵ֥לand dippingconj וְ + Qal ptc m sg abs · טָבַל (H2881)Coordinate predicate participle→ Participle: a continuous, characteristic image of abundanceטָבַל (H2881), Qal participle 'dipping'; a vivid image of overflowing oil-wealth — Asher's foot, not just his hand, immersed in olive oil. [source id 05Jnk]
בַּשֶּׁ֖מֶןin the oilprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Locative prepositional phraseשֶׁמֶן (H8081) 'oil' (olive oil); Asher's territory was renowned for olive cultivation (cf. Gen 49:20's 'rich food' from Asher). [source id 05SGv]
רַגְלֽוֹhis footN f sg construct + 3ms suffix · רֶגֶל (H7272)Direct object of וְטֹבֵלרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot', with 3ms suffix; the hyperbolic image of foot-deep oil closes the verse, anticipating iron and bronze wealth in v.25. [source id 05qEw]
25

בַּרְזֶ֥ל וּנְחֹ֖שֶׁת מִנְעָלֶ֑יךָ וּכְיָמֶ֖יךָ דָּבְאֶֽךָ

Iron and bronze shall be your bolts, and as your days, so shall your strength be.

Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
בַּרְזֶ֥לironN m sg abs · בַּרְזֶל (H1270)Subject/predicate nominative (compound subject with וּנְחֹשֶׁת)בַּרְזֶל (H1270) 'iron'; paired with נְחֹשֶׁת, a merism for durable metals — the image is of surpassing strength and security. [source id 05tWu]
וּנְחֹ֖שֶׁתand bronzeconj וְ + N f sg abs · נְחֹשֶׁת (H5178)Coordinate subjectנְחֹשֶׁת (H5178) 'bronze, copper'; paired with בַּרְזֶל for the strongest available materials. [source id 05B9Z]
מִנְעָלֶ֑יךָyour boltsN m pl construct + 2ms suffix · מִנְעָל (H4515)Predicate nominativeמִנְעָל (H4515) 'bolt, bar' (possibly 'shoe, sandal' — a rare word of debated referent); with 2ms suffix, 'iron and bronze shall be your bolts' — impregnable security, or sturdy footwear for rugged terrain. [source id 055yS]
וּכְיָמֶ֖יךָand as your daysconj וְ + prep כְּ + N m pl construct + 2ms suffix · יוֹם (H3117)Comparative prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day', plural with 2ms suffix, after comparative כְּ; 'as your days (are), so...' — a proverbial equation of lifespan and strength. [source id 053EJ]
דָּבְאֶֽךָyour strengthN m sg construct + 2ms suffix · דֹּבֶא (H1679)Predicate nominative, completing the comparative formulaדֹּבֶא (H1679), a hapax legomenon of uncertain meaning, traditionally rendered 'strength, vigor' ('as your days, so shall your strength be'), though the root and precise sense remain genuinely unclear — among the more obscure words in the Hebrew Bible. [source id 058K1]
26

אֵ֥ין כָּאֵ֖ל יְשֻׁר֑וּן רֹכֵ֤ב שָׁמַ֨יִם֙ בְעֶזְרֶ֔ךָ וּבְגַאֲוָת֖וֹ שְׁחָקִֽים

There is none like the God of Jeshurun, riding the heavens to your help, and in his majesty, the clouds.

Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
אֵ֥יןthere is noneparticle of negation · אֵין (H369)Predicate of negative existence, opening the codaאֵין (H369), the particle of non-existence; opens the chapter's climactic coda (vv.26-29) with an incomparability formula common in Israel's hymnody (cf. Exod 15:11; Ps 86:8). [source id 057XQ]
כָּאֵ֖לlike Godprep כְּ + art + N m sg abs · אֵל (H410)Comparative prepositional phrase, predicate complement of אֵיןאֵל (H410) 'God, deity'; 'there is none like God' — the incomparability formula naming YHWH by the generic divine title. [source id 05WTG]
יְשֻׁר֑וּןof Jeshurunproper noun (apposition) · יְשֻׁרוּן (H3484)Genitive, further specifying אֵל (construct-like apposition)יְשֻׁרוּן (H3484), Israel's honorific name (cf. v.5; 32:15); 'the God of Jeshurun' — YHWH specifically as Israel's incomparable God. [source id 059PN]
רֹכֵ֤בridingQal ptc m sg abs · רָכַב (H7392)Substantival/attributive participle describing אֵל→ Participle: a characteristic, majestic actionרָכַב (H7392), Qal participle 'riding'; the classic 'divine rider' motif (cf. Ps 68:5, 34; Hab 3:8) — YHWH's mastery over creation deployed on Israel's behalf. [source id 05yLT]
שָׁמַ֨יִם֙the heavensN m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Direct object of רֹכֵבשָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens, sky'; the vehicle of YHWH's cosmic rule, mustered specifically for Israel's aid. [source id 05eXf]
בְעֶזְרֶ֔ךָto your helpprep בְּ + N m sg construct + 2ms suffix · עֵזֶר (H5828)Purpose/benefactive prepositional phraseעֵזֶר (H5828) 'help' (cf. v.7, of Judah), with 2ms suffix; YHWH's cosmic riding is purposed 'for your help' — intensely personal cosmic power. [source id 05JhX]
וּבְגַאֲוָת֖וֹand in his majestyconj וְ + prep בְּ + N f sg construct + 3ms suffix · גַּאֲוָה (H1346)Coordinate prepositional phrase (manner)גַּאֲוָה (H1346) 'majesty, pride, exaltation', with 3ms suffix; describes the manner of YHWH's riding — majestic dominion over the clouds. [source id 05X8T]
שְׁחָקִֽיםthe cloudsN m pl abs · שַׁחַק (H7834)Coordinate direct object (parallel to שָׁמַיִם)שַׁחַק (H7834) 'cloud, sky' (poetic); parallels שָׁמַיִם, doubling the image of YHWH's cosmic mastery deployed for Israel. [source id 054D5]
27

מְעֹנָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי קֶ֔דֶם וּמִתַּ֖חַת זְרֹעֹ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם וַיְגָ֧רֶשׁ מִפָּנֶ֛יךָ אוֹיֵ֖ב וַיֹּ֥אמֶר הַשְׁמֵֽד

A dwelling place is the God of old, and underneath are the everlasting arms; and he drove out the enemy from before you, and said, 'Destroy!'

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
מְעֹנָה֙a dwelling placeN c sg abs · מְעוֹנָה (H4585)Predicate nominativeמְעוֹנָה (H4585) 'dwelling place, refuge, den'; opens one of the Torah's most exalted lines — God himself as Israel's refuge/habitation. [source id 05eFs]
אֱלֹ֣הֵיthe God ofN m pl construct · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Subject (construct)אֱלֹהִים (H430), construct 'God of' — subject of the predicate מְעֹנָה. [source id 058f9]
קֶ֔דֶםof oldN m sg abs · קֶדֶם (H6924)Genitive completing the construct chainקֶדֶם (H6924) 'antiquity, of old' (cf. v.15's ancient mountains); 'the God of old' — YHWH's eternal, primordial being as Israel's refuge. [source id 05knP]
וּמִתַּ֖חַתand underneathconj וְ + prep מִן + prep תַּחַת · תַּחַת (H8478)Coordinate locative prepositional phraseתַּחַת (H8478) 'underneath, below' (cf. v.13); introduces the famous image of the everlasting arms beneath Israel. [source id 05t1F]
זְרֹעֹ֣תthe arms ofN c pl construct · זְרוֹעַ (H2220)Subject (construct, of the predicate מִתַּחַת)זְרוֹעַ (H2220) 'arm' (cf. v.20, of Gad); plural, 'arms' — YHWH's own sustaining strength. [source id 05gB7]
עוֹלָ֑םeverlastingN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Genitive completing the construct chainעוֹלָם (H5769) 'eternity' (cf. v.15's everlasting hills); 'the everlasting arms' — one of Scripture's most beloved images of divine, unfailing support. [source id 05MuJ]
וַיְגָ֧רֶשׁand he drove outconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · גָּרַשׁ (H1644)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — a decisive act following the theological statementגָּרַשׁ (H1644), Piel 'to drive out, expel'; moves from God's eternal nature to his concrete historical action in the conquest. [source id 05yGU]
מִפָּנֶ֛יךָfrom before youprep מִן + N c pl construct + 2ms suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Source prepositional phraseפָּנִים (H6440) 'face' (cf. v.1), with 2ms suffix; 'from before you' — the enemy expelled from Israel's path. [source id 05jBS]
אוֹיֵ֖בthe enemyQal ptc m sg abs (substantival) · אֹיֵב (H341)Direct object of וַיְגָרֶשׁ (substantival participle)→ Participle (substantival): a characterized adversaryאֹיֵב (H341), Qal participle used substantivally, 'enemy, one who is hostile'; the collective foe expelled before Israel's advance. [source id 05xmn]
וַיֹּ֥אמֶרand he saidconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, introducing direct speech→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559), wayyiqtol 'and he said'; introduces YHWH's own battle-command. [source id 05uni]
הַשְׁמֵֽדdestroy!Hiphil impv 2ms · שָׁמַד (H8045)Predicate verb, imperative (direct divine command, quoted)→ Imperative: a direct divine commandשָׁמַד (H8045), Hiphil imperative 'destroy!'; YHWH's own battle-cry, closing the verse with his decisive command for the enemy's destruction. [source id 059vH]
28

וַיִּשְׁכֹּן֩ יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל בֶּ֤טַח בָּדָד֙ עֵ֣ין יַעֲקֹ֔ב אֶל אֶ֖רֶץ דָּגָ֣ן וְתִיר֑וֹשׁ אַף שָׁמָ֖יו יַֽעַרְפוּ טָֽל

So Israel dwells in safety, alone; the fountain of Jacob, in a land of grain and new wine; indeed his heavens drip dew.

Continuation of the coda — Israel's secure, fruitful dwellingasyndeton
Draws the poem toward its close by picturing the entire nation — not one tribe — enjoying blessings earlier promised individually (dew for Joseph in v.13, security for Benjamin in v.12): Israel dwells alone (distinctively secure, not isolated in weakness, cf. Num 23:9) in a fertile land under dripping heavens, setting up the final beatitude of v.29.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וַיִּשְׁכֹּן֩so he dwellsconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · שָׁכַן (H7931)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the poem's near-final declarationשָׁכַן (H7931) 'to dwell' (cf. v.12, of Benjamin); Israel's secure dwelling as the culminating result of YHWH's conquest-help (v.27). [source id 055JN]
יִשְׂרָאֵ֨לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Subject of וַיִּשְׁכֹּןיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), named as the subject of this climactic security. [source id 053ii]
בֶּ֤טַחin safetyN m sg abs (adverbial) · בֶּטַח (H983)Adverbial accusative (manner)בֶּטַח (H983) 'security' (cf. v.12, of Benjamin); Israel's dwelling is secure, unthreatened. [source id 05rLF]
בָּדָד֙aloneN m sg abs (adverbial) · בָּדָד (H910)Adverbial accusative (manner), coordinate with בֶּטַחבָּדָד (H910) 'alone, isolated'; Israel dwelling apart from other nations — distinctiveness as a mark of security, not vulnerability (cf. Num 23:9). [source id 05oE6]
עֵ֣יןthe fountain ofN c sg construct · עַיִן (H5869)Apposition to יִשְׂרָאֵל (construct)עַיִן (H5869) 'eye, spring, fountain'; construct, 'the fountain of Jacob' — a figure for the nation's fruitful vitality flowing from the patriarch. [source id 05hZ5]
יַעֲקֹ֔בJacobproper noun · יַעֲקֹב (H3290)Genitive completing the construct chainיַעֲקֹב (H3290), completing the figure — Israel as the ever-flowing fountain of the patriarch's line. [source id 05GMm]
אֶלinprep · אֶל (H413)Locative prepositionאֶל (H413) 'to, into'; locative here, 'in a land of grain and wine'. [source id 05Pea]
אֶ֖רֶץa land ofN c sg construct · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of the preposition אֶל (construct)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; construct, introducing the fertile provision of the promised land. [source id 05wD4]
דָּגָ֣ןgrainN m sg abs · דָּגָן (H1715)Genitive completing the construct chainדָּגָן (H1715) 'grain, corn'; a staple of covenant blessing (cf. 7:13; 11:14). [source id 05qs9]
וְתִיר֑וֹשׁand new wineconj וְ + N m sg abs · תִּירוֹשׁ (H8492)Coordinate genitive completing the construct chainתִּירוֹשׁ (H8492) 'new wine, must'; paired with דָּגָן as the classic covenant-blessing pair (cf. 7:13; 11:14; 28:51). [source id 05fnU]
אַףyesadverb/particle · אַף (H637)Emphatic particleאַף (H637) 'also, indeed' (cf. v.3, v.20); introduces the final image, heaven's dew. [source id 05nXh]
שָׁמָ֖יוhis heavensN m pl construct + 3ms suffix · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Subject of יַעַרְפוּשָׁמַיִם (H8064), with 3ms suffix (Israel/Jacob); the very skies belong to and serve the land. [source id 05xAp]
יַֽעַרְפוּdripQal impf 3mp · עָרַף (H6201)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: a characteristic, ongoing provisionעָרַף (H6201) 'to drip, drop down' (rare); the heavens themselves drip dew — a final image of unceasing, heaven-sent fertility. [source id 05jfE]
טָֽלdewN m sg abs · טַל (H2919)Direct object of יַעַרְפוּטַל (H2919) 'dew' (cf. v.13, of Joseph); the whole nation, not just one tribe, now shares in the dew-blessing first named for Joseph. [source id 05nJH]
29

אַשְׁרֶ֨יךָ יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל מִ֣י כָמ֗וֹךָ עַ֚ם נוֹשַׁ֣ע בַּֽיהוָ֔ה מָגֵ֣ן עֶזְרֶ֔ךָ וַאֲשֶׁר חֶ֖רֶב גַּאֲוָתֶ֑ךָ וְיִכָּֽחֲשׁ֤וּ אֹיְבֶ֨יךָ֙ לָ֔ךְ וְאַתָּ֖ה עַל בָּמוֹתֵ֥ימוֹ תִדְרֹֽךְ

Happy are you, O Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by YHWH, the shield of your help and the sword of your triumph? Your enemies shall come cringing to you, and you shall tread upon their high places.

Final beatitude — the chapter's climaxasyndeton
The poem's exultant close: a beatitude ('Happy are you') answered by an incomparability question mirroring v.26's about YHWH himself — Israel's uniqueness among nations mirrors YHWH's uniqueness among gods. YHWH is named shield and sword, and the chapter ends with total reversal: the enemies who might have trodden on Israel instead cringe before it, while Israel treads their high places, sealing the blessing with unambiguous triumph.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
אַשְׁרֶ֨יךָhappy are youN m pl construct + 2ms suffix · אֶשֶׁר (H835)Predicate exclamation (construct with 2ms suffix)אֶשֶׁר/אַשְׁרֵי (H835) 'happiness, blessedness', construct plural with 2ms suffix; the classic beatitude formula, 'happy/blessed are you' — closing the poem on an exultant note (cf. Ps 1:1). [source id 05ChM]
יִשְׂרָאֵ֜לIsraelproper noun (vocative) · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Vocativeיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), directly addressed in the poem's final, climactic beatitude. [source id 05qKB]
מִ֣יwhointerrogative pron · מִי (H4310)Interrogative pronoun, opening a rhetorical questionמִי (H4310) 'who'; rhetorical, expecting the answer 'no one' — an incomparability question paralleling v.26's אֵין כָּאֵל, now applied to Israel itself. [source id 05huq]
כָמ֗וֹךָlike youprep כְּמוֹ + 2ms suffix · כָּמוֹךָ (H3644)Comparative prepositional phrase, predicate complement of מִיכְּמוֹ (H3644) 'like, as' + 2ms suffix; 'who is like you' — Israel's uniqueness mirrors YHWH's own (v.26). [source id 05JBt]
עַ֚םa peopleN m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Apposition to יִשְׂרָאֵל/כָמוֹךָעַם (H5971) 'people'; identifies Israel by its defining trait — being saved by YHWH. [source id 05Gzb]
נוֹשַׁ֣עsavedNiphal perf 3ms (attributive) · יָשַׁע (H3467)Attributive predicate (Niphal perfect used substantivally), describing עַם→ Perfective (Niphal, passive): a completed act of divine deliverance, defining Israel's identityיָשַׁע (H3467), Niphal perfect 'was saved, is saved'; passive — Israel's salvation is entirely YHWH's doing, not self-achieved. [source id 05Ks2]
בַּֽיהוָ֔הby YHWHprep בְּ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Agent prepositional phrase (with passive נוֹשַׁע)יְהוָה (H3068), with prep בְּ marking agency/means; the sole and sufficient agent of Israel's salvation. [source id 05e4v]
מָגֵ֣ןthe shield ofN c sg construct · מָגֵן (H4043)Predicate nominative (construct), in apposition to YHWHמָגֵן (H4043) 'shield'; construct, identifying YHWH himself as Israel's protective shield. [source id 05bMz]
עֶזְרֶ֔ךָyour helpN m sg construct + 2ms suffix · עֵזֶר (H5828)Genitive completing the construct chainעֵזֶר (H5828) 'help' (cf. v.7, v.26), with 2ms suffix; 'the shield of your help' — YHWH as the very source and instrument of Israel's aid. [source id 05mw3]
וַאֲשֶׁרand whoconj וְ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Coordinate relative particle, resuming the description of YHWHאֲשֶׁר (H834), here nearly demonstrative/resumptive, 'and [he] who [is]'; introduces the second title, sword. [source id 05HTJ]
חֶ֖רֶבthe sword ofN f sg construct · חֶרֶב (H2719)Predicate nominative (construct)חֶרֶב (H2719) 'sword'; construct, the second martial title for YHWH, paired with מָגֵן (shield) — defense and offense both embodied in him. [source id 05aUp]
גַּאֲוָתֶ֑ךָyour triumphN f sg construct + 2ms suffix · גַּאֲוָה (H1346)Genitive completing the construct chainגַּאֲוָה (H1346) 'majesty, pride' (cf. v.26, of YHWH's own majesty); here 'the sword of your triumph' — Israel's victories are YHWH's doing. [source id 05gTS]
וְיִכָּֽחֲשׁ֤וּand they shall cringeconj וְ + Niphal impf 3mp · כָּחַשׁ (H3584)Predicate verb (main clause, Niphal)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): a future, characteristic act of submissionכָּחַשׁ (H3584), Niphal 'to be found false, cringe, come submissively (in feigned obedience)'; pictures Israel's enemies forced into humiliated submission. [source id 05UPq]
אֹיְבֶ֨יךָ֙your enemiesQal ptc m pl construct + 2ms suffix (substantival) · אֹיֵב (H341)Subject of וְיִכָּחֲשׁוּ (substantival participle)→ Substantival participle of characterization — 'the ones-being-hostile to you': enmity as their fixed role, just as their cringing is their fixed end.אֹיֵב (H341), substantival participle plural with 2ms suffix, 'your enemies' (cf. v.27). [source id 05Wjr]
לָ֔ךְto youprep לְ + 2fs suffix · לָךְPrepositional phrase, indirect object/dativeלָךְ, preposition + 2fs suffix (poetic address to Israel as feminine); 'to you' — the enemies come cringing before Israel. [source id 05vQV]
וְאַתָּ֖הand youconj וְ + independent pron 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject, emphatic independent pronoun (contrastive)אַתָּה (H859), 2ms independent pronoun, emphatic 'but you' — contrasting Israel's triumphant tread with the enemies' cringing submission. [source id 05AHq]
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phraseעַל (H5921) 'upon'; introduces the location of Israel's triumphant tread. [source id 05A5h]
בָּמוֹתֵ֥ימוֹtheir high placesN f pl construct + 3mp suffix (archaic) · בָּמָה (H1116)Object of the preposition עַלבָּמָה (H1116) 'high place', plural with archaic 3mp suffix; treading on the enemies' cultic/strategic high places symbolizes total victory and their gods' impotence. [source id 05qcL]
תִדְרֹֽךְyou shall treadQal impf 2ms · דָּרַךְ (H1869)Predicate verb (main clause), closing the chapter→ Yiqtol: a decisive future act of triumph — the poem's final wordדָּרַךְ (H1869) 'to tread, march, trample'; the chapter's final verb — Israel's climactic, victorious dominion over its defeated foes. [source id 05DV1]