1
וַיַּ֨עַל מֹשֶׁ֜ה מֵֽעַרְבֹ֤ת מוֹאָב֙ אֶל הַ֣ר נְב֔וֹ רֹ֚אשׁ הַפִּסְגָּ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל פְּנֵ֣י יְרֵח֑וֹ וַיַּרְאֵ֨הוּ יְהוָ֧ה אֶת כָּל הָאָ֛רֶץ אֶת הַגִּלְעָ֖ד עַד דָּֽן
Then Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo, the top of Pisgah, which faces Jericho, and YHWH showed him all the land — Gilead as far as Dan.
The chapter opens with two wayyiqtol verbs (וַיַּעַל, וַיַּרְאֵהוּ) that carry the main narrative line forward from Moses' blessing of the tribes in ch. 33 into the final ascent and vision. The list of regions moving from Gilead (northeast) to Dan (far north) begins the panorama that will sweep the whole promised land in vv. 1-3.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וַיַּ֨עַלand he went upwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · עָלָה (H5927)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — opens the chapter's actionעָלָה (H5927) 'to go up, ascend'; the verb of Moses' final ascent, deliberately echoing his earlier ascents of Sinai/Horeb — this is the last 'going up' of his life.
מֹשֶׁ֜הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subjectמֹשֶׁה (H4872), the lawgiver's name, traditionally connected to מָשָׁה 'to draw out' (Exod 2:10); here in his final act.
מֵֽעַרְבֹ֤תfrom the plains ofprep מִן + N f pl constr · עֲרָבָה (H6160)Source/place-from prepositional phraseעֲרָבָה (H6160) 'desert-plain, steppe'; עַרְבוֹת מוֹאָב, the Moabite plains east of the Jordan opposite Jericho, Israel's staging camp (Num 22:1).
מוֹאָב֙MoabN proper · מוֹאָב (H4124)Genitive (construct chain with עַרְבֹת)מוֹאָב (H4124), the Transjordanian nation descended from Lot (Gen 19:37); here the region of Israel's final encampment.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phraseאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; marks the goal of Moses' ascent.
הַ֣רMountN m sg constr · הַר (H2022)Object of preposition אֶל (construct chain)הַר (H2022) 'mountain, hill-country'; in construct with נְבוֹ.
נְב֔וֹNeboN proper · נְבוֹ (H5015)Genitive (name of the mountain)נְבוֹ (H5015), a peak in the Abarim range east of the Jordan/Dead Sea, traditionally identified with Jebel Neba/Siyagha, offering a panoramic view of Canaan.
רֹ֚אשׁthe top ofN m sg constr · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Apposition to הַר נְבוֹ (construct chain)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head, top, summit'; in construct with הַפִּסְגָּה, identifying Nebo's summit as Pisgah.
הַפִּסְגָּ֔הPisgahart + N proper · הַפִּסְגָּה (H6449)Genitive (name of the summit)פִּסְגָּה (H6449), the specific ridge/summit of Nebo (cf. Deut 3:27; 32:49); possibly related to a root meaning 'to cleave, split' of the ridge-line.
אֲשֶׁ֖רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), the all-purpose Hebrew relative 'which/that/who', here introducing a clause locating Pisgah.
עַלfacingprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase within relative clauseעַל (H5921) 'upon, over'; with פְּנֵי idiomatic for 'facing, opposite'.
פְּנֵ֣יthe face ofN c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Construct chain forming idiom עַל־פְּנֵי 'facing'פָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; עַל־פְּנֵי is a fixed idiom meaning 'facing, in front of, opposite'.
יְרֵח֑וֹJerichoN proper · יְרֵחוֹ (H3405)Genitive (object of עַל־פְּנֵי)יְרֵחוֹ (H3405), the city of palms in the Jordan Valley opposite Nebo — the first city Israel would conquer under Joshua.
וַיַּרְאֵ֨הוּand he showed himwaw-consec + Hiphil wayyiqtol 3ms + 3ms suffix · רָאָה (H7200)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol Hiphil: causative narrative act — YHWH causes Moses to seeרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; Hiphil 'to cause to see, show' — YHWH grants Moses a supernatural panoramic vision of the whole land.
יְהוָ֧הYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God, here the subject who grants Moses the vision.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking הָאָרֶץ as definite direct object.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הָאָרֶץכֹּל/כָּל (H3605) 'all, whole, every'; in construct, 'all of'.
הָאָ֛רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Direct object of וַיַּרְאֵהוּאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; here the whole land of promise, object of the panoramic vision that follows.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (further object, in apposition)אֵת (H853) marking הַגִּלְעָד as a further definite object in apposition, specifying the land just named.
הַגִּלְעָ֖דGileadart + N proper · הַגִּלְעָד (H1568)Direct object (first region named, in apposition to הָאָרֶץ)גִּלְעָד (H1568), the hill-country east of the Jordan, allotted to Reuben, Gad, and half-Manasseh; the panorama's starting point.
עַדas far asprep · עַד (H5704)Terminal prepositional phraseעַד (H5704) 'as far as, until'; marks the northern limit of the Gilead view.
דָּֽןDanN proper · דָּן (H1835)Object of עַד (northern terminus)דָּן (H1835), Israel's northernmost tribal territory/city, proverbial as the northern extreme (cf. 'from Dan to Beersheba').
2
וְאֵת֙ כָּל נַפְתָּלִ֔י וְאֶת אֶ֥רֶץ אֶפְרַ֖יִם וּמְנַשֶּׁ֑ה וְאֵת֙ כָּל אֶ֣רֶץ יְהוּדָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיָּ֥ם הָאַחֲרֽוֹן
and all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah as far as the western sea,
The vision sweeps west and south through Naphtali, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Judah, reaching the Mediterranean ('the hindmost/western sea') — the list has no verb of its own, riding on וַיַּרְאֵהוּ of v.1.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְאֵת֙and [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (continuing series)וְ continues the list of objects seen; אֵת marks כָּל־נַפְתָּלִי as definite.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing נַפְתָּלִיכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; construct before the tribal name.
נַפְתָּלִ֔יNaphtaliN proper · נַפְתָּלִי (H5321)Genitive/object (tribal territory named)נַפְתָּלִי (H5321), northernmost Israelite tribe, territory west of the Sea of Galilee — the vision's northern sweep.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (continuing series)וְ + אֵת marking the next object, אֶרֶץ אֶפְרַיִם.
אֶ֥רֶץthe land ofN c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Construct governing אֶפְרַיִם וּמְנַשֶּׁהאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; construct heading the Ephraim-Manasseh territory.
אֶפְרַ֖יִםEphraimN proper · אֶפְרַיִם (H669)Genitive (first of two tribal names)אֶפְרַיִם (H669), Joseph's son, whose tribe held the central hill-country of Canaan.
וּמְנַשֶּׁ֑הand Manassehconj וְ + N proper · מְנַשֶּׁה (H4519)Genitive (second of two tribal names, coordinate)מְנַשֶּׁה (H4519), Joseph's elder son; half his tribe settled west of Jordan alongside Ephraim, the other half east.
וְאֵת֙and [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (continuing series)וְ + אֵת marking the next object, כָּל־אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָה.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָהכֹּל (H3605) 'all', construct before אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָה.
אֶ֣רֶץthe land ofN c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Construct governing יְהוּדָהאֶרֶץ (H776), construct heading Judah's territory.
יְהוּדָ֔הJudahN proper · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Genitive (southern tribal territory)יְהוּדָה (H3063), Jacob's fourth son, whose tribe held the southern hill-country reaching to the western sea — the vision's southward and westward sweep.
עַ֖דas far asprep · עַד (H5704)Terminal prepositional phraseעַד (H5704) 'as far as'; marks the western limit of the view.
הַיָּ֥םthe seaart + N m sg abs · יָם (H3220)Object of עַדיָם (H3220) 'sea'; here הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן, the 'hindmost/western' sea = the Mediterranean, viewed from the east as behind/west.
הָאַחֲרֽוֹןthe western/hindmostart + Adj m sg abs · אַחֲרוֹן (H314)Attributive adjective modifying הַיָּםאַחֲרוֹן (H314) 'hindmost, last, western' (Hebrew orients east-forward, so 'behind' = west); the standard MT term for the Mediterranean, in contrast to הַיָּם הַקַּדְמוֹנִי the Dead/eastern sea.
3
וְאֶת הַנֶּ֗גֶב וְֽאֶת הַכִּכָּ֞ר בִּקְעַ֧ת יְרֵח֛וֹ עִ֥יר הַתְּמָרִ֖ים עַד צֹֽעַר
and the Negev, and the plain — the valley of Jericho, the city of palms — as far as Zoar.
The list turns south to the Negev and the Jordan Valley plain around Jericho, closing with Zoar near the Dead Sea — the panorama has now circled from Gilead/Dan in the north to Zoar in the south, the full extent of the promised land in one sustained divine gaze.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (continuing series)וְ + אֵת marking the next object, הַנֶּגֶב.
הַנֶּ֗גֶבthe Negevart + N m sg abs · נֶגֶב (H5045)Direct object (continuing the list)נֶגֶב (H5045) 'south, dry land'; the arid southern region of Judah, here the panorama's southernmost point.
וְֽאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (continuing series)וְ + אֵת marking the next object, הַכִּכָּר.
הַכִּכָּ֞רthe plain/valleyart + N c sg abs · כִּכָּר (H3603)Direct object, further specified by the following construct chainכִּכָּר (H3603) lit. 'round, disk'; here 'the circle/plain' of the Jordan Valley near Jericho — the same term used of Sodom's plain (Gen 13:10).
בִּקְעַ֧תthe valley ofN f sg constr · בִּקְעָה (H1237)Construct chain, apposition to הַכִּכָּרבִּקְעָה (H1237) 'valley, plain, cleft'; here specifying the Jericho valley-plain.
יְרֵח֛וֹJerichoN proper · יְרֵחוֹ (H3405)Genitiveיְרֵחוֹ (H3405), see v.1; the valley plain around Jericho, called 'city of palms' below.
עִ֥ירcity ofN f sg constr · עִיר (H5892)Apposition to יְרֵחוֹ, epithetעִיר (H5892) 'city'; construct heading Jericho's epithet 'city of palms'.
הַתְּמָרִ֖יםthe palmsart + N m pl abs · תָּמָר (H8558)Genitive completing the epithet 'city of palms'תָּמָר (H8558) 'date-palm'; Jericho's traditional epithet (cf. Judg 1:16; 3:13), evoking its lush oasis setting.
עַדas far asprep · עַד (H5704)Terminal prepositional phraseעַד (H5704) marks the southward terminus of the panorama.
צֹֽעַרZoarN proper · צֹעַר (H6820)Object of עַד (southern terminus)צֹעַר (H6820), a town near the southeast end of the Dead Sea, refuge of Lot (Gen 19:22-23); marks the panorama's southern limit, closing the sweep begun with Gilead in the north.
4
וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֵלָ֗יו זֹ֤את הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִ֠שְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָ֨ם לְיִצְחָ֤ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹב֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לְזַרְעֲךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה הֶרְאִיתִ֣יךָ בְעֵינֶ֔יךָ וְשָׁ֖מָּה לֹ֥א תַעֲבֹֽר
And YHWH said to him, "This is the land that I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, saying, 'To your offspring I will give it.' I have let you see it with your own eyes, but you shall not cross over there."
YHWH's words interpret the vision just granted: the panorama IS the patriarchal-oath land, and Moses' seeing it 'with your own eyes' is explicitly distinguished from crossing into it — sight, not entry, is the form his participation in the promise takes.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וַיֹּ֨אמֶרand he saidwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (introduces direct speech)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance, introducing YHWH's direct addressאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; standard verb introducing direct discourse, here YHWH's final word to Moses.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶריְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God; speaker of the oath-fulfillment declaration that follows.
אֵלָ֗יוto himprep אֶל + 3ms suffix · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, indirect object (addressee)אֶל (H413) + 3ms suffix, 'to him' — Moses, the addressee.
זֹ֤אתthisdemonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Subject/predicate nominative of verbless clauseזֹאת (H2063) 'this' (f.); demonstrative pointing to the land just surveyed, predicate 'this is the land'.
הָאָ֨רֶץ֙the landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Predicate of verbless clause (identifying the vision with the promised land)אֶרֶץ (H776); the predicate of the identification: the land Moses just saw IS the land of the oath.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing the oath clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), introduces the relative clause recalling the patriarchal oath.
נִ֠שְׁבַּעְתִּיI sworeNiphal perf 1cs · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, binding past act — the patriarchal oath, now fulfilled by sightשָׁבַע (H7650), Niphal 'to swear an oath' (denominative from שֶׁבַע 'seven'); YHWH recalls his own oath to the patriarchs (Gen 12, 15, 22, 26, 28, 35), now consummated in Moses' vision.
לְאַבְרָהָ֨םto Abrahamprep לְ + N proper · אַבְרָהָם (H85)Indirect object (recipient of the oath)אַבְרָהָם (H85), the first patriarch, original recipient of the land promise (Gen 12:7).
לְיִצְחָ֤קto Isaacprep לְ + N proper · יִצְחָק (H3327)Indirect object (coordinate)יִצְחָק (H3327), second patriarch, heir of the promise (Gen 26:3).
וּֽלְיַעֲקֹב֙and to Jacobconj וְ + prep לְ + N proper · יַעֲקֹב (H3290)Indirect object (coordinate, third patriarch)יַעֲקֹב (H3290), third patriarch/Israel, to whom the promise was renewed (Gen 28:13; 35:12) — closing the patriarchal triad.
לֵאמֹ֔רsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct of manner/quotative frame introducing direct speech→ Infinitival: non-finite quotative marker introducing the oath's contentאָמַר (H559), inf. constr. with לְ, the standard 'saying' formula introducing quoted speech — here the content of the ancient oath itself.
לְזַרְעֲךָ֖to your seedprep לְ + N m sg constr + 2ms suffix · זֶרַע (H2233)Indirect object, fronted for emphasisזֶרַע (H2233) 'seed, offspring, descendants'; the promise's ultimate beneficiaries — Israel — fronted before the verb for emphasis.
אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּהI will give itQal impf 1cs + 3fs suffix · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb of the quoted oath (main clause)→ Yiqtol/volitional: the oath's promissory future — a solemn, binding commitmentנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the oath's core verb, its object suffix (3fs) referring back to הָאָרֶץ.
הֶרְאִיתִ֣יךָI have let you seeHiphil perf 1cs + 2ms suffix · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (main clause, resumes YHWH's speech to Moses)→ Perfective Hiphil: a completed causative act just accomplished — YHWH has granted the sightרָאָה (H7200), Hiphil 'to cause to see, show'; YHWH now addresses Moses directly, confirming the vision just granted — the promise fulfilled in sight, not in entry.
בְעֵינֶ֔יךָwith your eyesprep בְּ + N c dual constr + 2ms suffix · עַיִן (H5869)Adverbial/instrumental prepositional phraseעַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; dual construct + suffix, 'with your own eyes' — emphasizing direct personal sight as the mode of fulfillment allotted to Moses.
וְשָׁ֖מָּהbut thereconj וְ + adv שָׁם + directional ה · שָׁם (H8033)Adversative/contrastive fronted adverbial (locative)שָׁם (H8033) 'there' + directional ־ָה; fronted for contrast — 'but THERE (into the land itself) you shall not cross.'
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating the following verbלֹא (H3808), standard negative particle.
תַעֲבֹֽרyou shall crossQal impf 2ms · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb, negated (main clause)→ Yiqtol: modal/future prohibition — the permanent denial of entryעָבַר (H5674) 'to cross, pass over'; here crossing the Jordan into Canaan — the one thing forbidden Moses despite the full vision granted.
5
וַיָּ֨מָת שָׁ֜ם מֹשֶׁ֧ה עֶֽבֶד יְהוָ֛ה בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מוֹאָ֖ב עַל פִּ֥י יְהוָֽה
So Moses the servant of YHWH died there in the land of Moab, by the mouth of YHWH.
The verse pivots the chapter from vision to death in a single terse wayyiqtol. 'Servant of YHWH' is Moses' supreme title, and 'by the mouth of YHWH' (traditionally the 'death by the kiss') makes even his death an act of direct divine intimacy, not natural causes.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וַיָּ֨מָתand he diedwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · מוּת (H4191)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the central, climactic event of the chapterמוּת (H4191) 'to die'; the bare, unadorned notice of Moses' death — no cause given, matching the mystery surrounding his burial.
שָׁ֜םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Locative adverbשָׁם (H8033) 'there', referring back to the plains of Moab / Nebo of vv.1-4 — Moses dies where he stood, never crossing.
מֹשֶׁ֧הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subjectמֹשֶׁה (H4872), see v.1; named one final time as subject of his own death-notice.
עֶֽבֶדthe servant ofN m sg constr · עֶבֶד (H5650)Apposition to מֹשֶׁה (honorific title)עֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant, slave'; עֶבֶד־יְהוָה is Moses' supreme honorific title (cf. Josh 1:1; Deut 34:5), given nowhere else to a mere human with such consistency — the covenant-mediator's highest epithet.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive (construct with עֶבֶד)יְהוָה (H3068); completes the construct 'servant of YHWH'.
בְּאֶ֥רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Locative prepositional phraseאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land', construct with מוֹאָב, specifying the place of death.
מוֹאָ֖בMoabN proper · מוֹאָב (H4124)Genitiveמוֹאָב (H4124), see v.1; the foreign land, just outside Canaan, where Moses dies.
עַלbyprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, manner (idiom עַל־פִּי)עַל (H5921) 'upon'; with פִּי forms the idiom עַל־פִּי 'according to the mouth of, at the command of'.
פִּ֥יthe mouth ofN m sg constr · פֶּה (H6310)Construct chain forming idiom עַל־פִּיפֶּה (H6310) 'mouth'; עַל־פִּי יְהוָה lit. 'by the mouth of YHWH' — idiomatically 'at YHWH's command/word', traditionally elaborated by the rabbis (b. Bava Batra 17a; Deut. Rabbah) as Moses' death 'by the kiss' (מִיתַת נְשִׁיקָה), the gentlest possible death, God himself taking Moses' soul.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive (completes עַל־פִּי)יְהוָה (H3068); the phrase closes the verse with the divine name, underscoring that Moses' death, like his life, was wholly under YHWH's own word.
6
וַיִּקְבֹּ֨ר אֹת֤וֹ בַגַּיְ֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֔ב מ֖וּל בֵּ֣ית פְּע֑וֹר וְלֹֽא יָדַ֥ע אִישׁ֙ אֶת קְבֻ֣רָת֔וֹ עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה
And he buried him in the valley in the land of Moab, opposite Beth-peor, and no man knows his burial place to this day.
The unmarked 3ms subject of 'he buried' (traditionally taken as YHWH himself) and the flatly stated, permanent ignorance of the grave-site ('to this day') together forestall any possibility of a Moses-cult or pilgrimage shrine — a deliberate theological safeguard.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וַיִּקְבֹּ֨רand he buriedwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · קָבַר (H6912)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the burial, subject famously unspecifiedקָבַר (H6912) 'to bury'; the subject is unmarked 3ms — grammatically it could be YHWH (nearest antecedent, subject of the preceding divine actions) or an impersonal 'one buried him' = 'he was buried'; Jewish tradition (e.g. Rashi, following Sifre) takes God himself as the burier, a fitting climax to the intimate 'mouth of YHWH' death of v.5.
אֹת֤וֹhimobj marker + 3ms suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct objectאֵת (H853) + 3ms suffix, 'him' — Moses, direct object of the burial.
בַגַּיְ֙in the valleyprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · גַּיְא (H1516)Locative prepositional phraseגַּיְא (H1516) 'valley, ravine'; the unnamed valley near Beth-peor, deliberately vague — no marked grave-site.
בְּאֶ֣רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Locative prepositional phraseאֶרֶץ (H776), construct with מוֹאָב; repeats v.5's location.
מוֹאָ֔בMoabN proper · מוֹאָב (H4124)Genitiveמוֹאָב (H4124), see v.1.
מ֖וּלoppositeprep · מוּל (H4136)Locative prepositional phraseמוּל (H4136) 'in front of, opposite'; locates the valley relative to Beth-peor.
בֵּ֣יתBethN proper (construct) · בֵּית (H1047)Genitive (place name, first element)בֵּית (H1047) 'house of', first element of the place-name בֵּית פְּעוֹר, a Moabite site associated with the Baal-Peor apostasy of Num 25.
פְּע֑וֹרPeorN proper · פְּעוֹר (H1047)Genitive (place name, second element)פְּעוֹר, second element of Beth-peor — the site of Israel's idolatrous lapse (Num 25:3), now the landmark nearest Moses' unmarked grave, a somber echo.
וְלֹֽאand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negation of following verbלֹא (H3808) negates יָדַע; 'and no one knows'.
יָדַ֥עknowsQal perf 3ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (main clause, gnomic/stative)→ Perfective used gnomically: a standing state of ignorance, true 'to this day'יָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; perfect used with gnomic/present force — the grave's location remains unknown at the time of writing.
אִישׁ֙man/anyoneN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (indefinite, 'no man')אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; with negated verb, 'no man/no one' — total human ignorance of the grave-site.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marks קְבֻרָתוֹ as definite direct object.
קְבֻ֣רָת֔וֹhis burial placeN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · קְבוּרָה (H6900)Direct objectקְבוּרָה (H6900) 'grave, burial place', from קָבַר; the unmarked tomb is the chapter's most tantalizing detail, guarding against any cult of relics at Moses' grave (cf. Jude 9's tradition of angelic contest over his body).
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phraseעַד (H5704) 'until'; with הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה forms the standard 'to this day' formula marking the narrator's own present.
הַיּ֥וֹםthe dayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Object of עַד (temporal phrase)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; with הַזֶּה forms 'this day' — a formula elsewhere signaling later, retrospective narration, notably here since Moses cannot narrate his own death.
הַזֶּֽהthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַיּוֹםזֶה (H2088) 'this'; completes 'to this day', the classic mark of a note added from a later vantage point — part of the evidence behind the rabbinic debate over the Torah's final authorship (see v.10-12 note).
7
וּמֹשֶׁ֗ה בֶּן מֵאָ֧ה וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה בְּמֹת֑וֹ לֹֽא כָהֲתָ֥ה עֵינ֖וֹ וְלֹא נָ֥ס לֵחֹֽה
Now Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died; his eye was not dim, nor his vigor fled.
A parenthetical, non-sequential note (disjunctive וְ + noun, not wayyiqtol) steps outside the narrative flow to underscore that Moses' death was not the result of physical decline — his exact fulfillment of the 120-year limit of Gen 6:3 comes with undiminished strength, marking his end as sovereignly appointed rather than naturally caused.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וּמֹשֶׁ֗הnow Mosesconj וְ + N proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject, fronted (disjunctive topic shift to a summarizing note)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); the וְ marks a disjunctive shift to circumstantial/summarizing information about his age and vigor.
בֶּןson ofN m sg constr · בֵּן (H1121)Predicate (age idiom: 'son of X years')בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; idiomatic construct for stating age, 'a son of N years' = 'N years old'.
מֵאָ֧הa hundredcardinal number c sg abs · מֵאָה (H3967)Numeral, genitive completing age idiomמֵאָה (H3967) 'hundred'; first element of Moses' age, 120.
וְעֶשְׂרִ֛יםand twentyconj וְ + cardinal number c pl abs · עֶשְׂרִים (H6242)Numeral, coordinate with מֵאָהעֶשְׂרִים (H6242) 'twenty'; completing 120 — the very lifespan limit set for humanity in Gen 6:3, now fulfilled precisely in Moses.
שָׁנָ֖הyearsN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of measure (distributive singular after numeral)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; singular used distributively after a compound numeral.
בְּמֹת֑וֹwhen he diedprep בְּ + N m sg constr + 3ms suffix · מָוֶת (H4194)Temporal prepositional phraseמוֹת/מָוֶת (H4194) 'death'; here functioning as an infinitival noun with 3ms suffix, 'at his dying' — temporal clause giving Moses' age at death.
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negation of כָהֲתָהלֹא (H3808), negative particle.
כָהֲתָ֥הwas dimQal perf 3fs · כָּהָה (H3543)Predicate verb (negated, main clause)→ Perfective negated: a state that did NOT come to be — vigorous denial of the normal decline of old ageכָּהָה (H3543) 'to be dim, grow faint'; used of eyesight failing with age (cf. Gen 27:1; 1 Sam 3:2) — remarkably, this did not happen to Moses at 120.
עֵינ֖וֹhis eyeN c sg constr + 3ms suffix · עַיִן (H5869)Subject of כָהֲתָהעַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; subject of the negated verb — Moses' eyesight remained undimmed to the end.
וְלֹאnorconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negation of second clause, coordinateלֹא (H3808), negating the second predicate נָס.
נָ֥סhad fledQal perf 3ms · נוּס (H5127)Predicate verb (negated, coordinate main clause)→ Perfective negated: vigor had not departed — a second denial paired with the firstנוּס (H5127) 'to flee'; here metaphorically of vital force 'fleeing' the body — negated, it had not fled.
לֵחֹֽהhis vigorN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · לֵחַ (H3893)Subject of נָסלֵחַ (H3893), a rare word (hapax legomenon here) for 'freshness, vigor, natural moisture'; subject of נָס — Moses' physical vitality had not left him even at 120, an emphatic testimony to divine sustaining rather than mere longevity.
8
וַיִּבְכּוּ֩ בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל אֶת מֹשֶׁ֛ה בְּעַֽרְבֹ֥ת מוֹאָ֖ב שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים י֑וֹם וַֽיִּתְּמ֔וּ יְמֵ֥י בְכִ֖י אֵ֥בֶל מֹשֶֽׁה
And the sons of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days; then the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were completed.
The wayyiqtol chain resumes with the nation's formal thirty-day mourning (matching Aaron's in Num 20:29), framed by matching verbs (וַיִּבְכּוּ ... וַיִּתְּמוּ) that open and close the mourning period, after which the narrative can turn to the succession in v.9.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וַיִּבְכּוּ֩and they weptwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · בָּכָה (H1058)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the nation's collective mourningבָּכָה (H1058) 'to weep'; here the whole nation's ritual mourning for its leader.
בְנֵ֨יsons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Subject (construct chain)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct heading בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard collective 'children/sons of Israel'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֧לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (completes construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant nation, subject of the mourning.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853); note בָּכָה normally takes עַל or a bare object for the mourned person — here marks מֹשֶׁה as object of weeping.
מֹשֶׁ֛הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Direct object (object of mourning)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); the object of the nation's grief.
בְּעַֽרְבֹ֥תin the plains ofprep בְּ + N f pl constr · עֲרָבָה (H6160)Locative prepositional phraseעֲרָבָה (H6160), see v.1; the mourning takes place at the very site of Moses' final ascent and death.
מוֹאָ֖בMoabN proper · מוֹאָב (H4124)Genitiveמוֹאָב (H4124), see v.1.
שְׁלֹשִׁ֣יםthirtycardinal number c pl abs · שְׁלֹשִׁים (H7970)Numeral, adverbial accusative of durationשְׁלֹשִׁים (H7970) 'thirty'; the standard period of formal mourning (cf. Num 20:29 for Aaron), later fixed in Jewish law (sheloshim).
י֑וֹםdaysN m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive of measure (distributive singular after numeral)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; singular distributive completing the thirty-day count.
וַֽיִּתְּמ֔וּand they were completedwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · תָּמַם (H8552)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — closes the mourning periodתָּמַם (H8552) 'to be complete, finished'; marks the formal end of the thirty days of national mourning.
יְמֵ֥יthe days ofN m pl constr · יוֹם (H3117)Subject of וַיִּתְּמוּ (construct chain)יוֹם (H3117), plural construct heading 'days of weeping, mourning'.
בְכִ֖יweepingN m sg constr · בְּכִי (H1065)Genitive (construct chain, first element)בְּכִי (H1065) 'weeping', cognate to בָּכָה of v.8a — the noun form of the nation's tears.
אֵ֥בֶלmourning ofN m sg constr · אֵבֶל (H60)Genitive (construct chain, coordinate second element)אֵבֶל (H60) 'mourning, lamentation'; paired with בְּכִי in a construct chain 'the days of the weeping of the mourning for Moses' — a doubled expression of grief's completeness.
מֹשֶֽׁהMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Genitive (object of mourning, completes chain)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); this naming closes the mourning-notice, before the succession narrative turns to Joshua.
9
וִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בִּן נ֗וּן מָלֵא֙ ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֔ה כִּֽי סָמַ֥ךְ מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת יָדָ֖יו עָלָ֑יו וַיִּשְׁמְע֨וּ אֵלָ֤יו בְּנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַֽיַּעֲשׂ֔וּ כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת מֹשֶֽׁה
Now Joshua son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom, for Moses had laid his hands on him; and the sons of Israel listened to him and did as YHWH had commanded Moses.
The causal כִּי-clause looks back to Moses' earlier ordination of Joshua (Num 27:18-23), grounding his present endowment; the people's obedience (שָׁמַע ... וַיַּעֲשׂוּ) formally ratifies the transfer of leadership before the Torah turns to its closing epitaph.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֣עַand Joshuaconj וְ + N proper · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Subject, fronted (disjunctive, shift to Joshua)יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091) 'YHWH is salvation'; Moses' successor, introduced here as the narrative pivots to the future leadership.
בִּןson ofN m sg constr · בֵּן (H1121)Apposition (patronymic)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct heading Joshua's patronymic.
נ֗וּןNunN proper · נוּן (H5126)Genitive (father's name)נוּן (H5126), Joshua's father, otherwise unknown except as a patronymic marker.
מָלֵא֙full ofAdj m sg abs · מָלֵא (H4392)Predicate adjective (verbless clause)מָלֵא (H4392) 'full'; predicate adjective governing the following construct, 'full of the spirit of wisdom'.
ר֣וּחַthe spirit ofN c sg constr · רוּחַ (H7307)Genitive (object of מָלֵא, construct chain)רוּחַ (H7307) 'spirit, wind, breath'; construct heading 'spirit of wisdom' — endowment for leadership.
חָכְמָ֔הwisdomN f sg abs · חָכְמָה (H2451)Genitive (completes construct chain)חָכְמָה (H2451) 'wisdom'; the practical, governing wisdom needed for national leadership, distinct from Moses' prophetic uniqueness (cf. v.10).
כִּֽיforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing subordinate clauseכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; gives the ground/cause of Joshua's endowment.
סָמַ֥ךְhad laidQal perf 3ms · סָמַךְ (H5564)Predicate verb of causal clause→ Perfective, prior/pluperfect: the antecedent act (Num 27:18-23) that grounds Joshua's present endowmentסָמַךְ (H5564) 'to lean, lay, support'; the technical verb of ordination-by-hand-laying (cf. Num 27:18, 23), transferring authority/blessing from Moses to Joshua.
מֹשֶׁ֛הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subjectמֹשֶׁה (H4872); subject of the ordaining act, referring back to Num 27.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marks יָדָיו as direct object.
יָדָ֖יוhis handsN c dual constr + 3ms suffix · יָד (H3027)Direct objectיָד (H3027) 'hand'; dual + suffix, 'his (Moses') hands' — the physical instrument of the commissioning.
עָלָ֑יוupon himprep עַל + 3ms suffix · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase (goal of laying-on)עַל (H5921) 'upon' + suffix, 'upon him' (Joshua) — completes the ordination formula.
וַיִּשְׁמְע֨וּand they listenedwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · שָׁמַע (H8085)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause predicate, resumes narrative)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the people's response confirming Joshua's authorityשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, listen, obey'; here 'obeyed him' — Israel's practical ratification of the succession.
אֵלָ֤יוto himprep אֶל + 3ms suffix · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (object of שָׁמַע)אֶל (H413) + suffix, 'to him' (Joshua).
בְּנֵֽיsons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Subject (construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); construct heading בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, subject of the obedience.
יִשְׂרָאֵל֙IsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitiveיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); see v.8.
וַֽיַּעֲשׂ֔וּand they didwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (coordinate main clause predicate)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — obedience translated into actionעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; paired with שָׁמַע, the classic Hebrew idiom for faithful compliance — hearing followed by doing.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֛רas/just asprep כְּ + relative · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative conjunction introducing subordinate clauseכְּ + אֲשֶׁר (H834), 'according as, just as'; introduces the standard of their obedience — YHWH's command to Moses.
צִוָּ֥הhe had commandedPiel perf 3ms · צָוָה (H6680)Predicate verb of comparative clause→ Perfective, prior/pluperfect: a completed command that now governs present obedienceצָוָה (H6680), Piel 'to command'; frequent in Deuteronomy for YHWH's authoritative instruction, here specifically the succession command of Num 27 / Deut 31.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068); subject of the commanding — the ultimate source of Joshua's authority, transmitted through Moses.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marks מֹשֶׁה as the object of צִוָּה — 'commanded Moses'.
מֹשֶֽׁהMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Direct object of צִוָּהמֹשֶׁה (H4872); recipient of YHWH's command — this chapter's closing note on the succession completes the transfer of leadership legitimacy.
10
וְלֹֽא קָ֨ם נָבִ֥יא ע֛וֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל כְּמֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁר֙ יְדָע֣וֹ יְהוָ֔ה פָּנִ֖ים אֶל פָּנִֽים
And there has not arisen a prophet since in Israel like Moses, whom YHWH knew face to face,
The perfect קָם with gnomic/retrospective force ('has arisen') signals a vantage point later than Moses' own death, part of the evidence behind the rabbinic debate over who wrote the Torah's final verses. The verse both fulfills and complicates Deut 18:15's promise of a future 'prophet like Moses.'
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְלֹֽאand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negation, disjunctive opening (shift to summary epitaph)לֹא (H3808); opens the Torah's closing epitaph with a solemn negative.
קָ֨םhas arisenQal perf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb (negated, main clause)→ Perfective, gnomic/resultative: a state true from Moses' death up to the narrator's own present — 'has (ever) arisen'קוּם (H6965) 'to rise, stand up'; here of a prophet 'arising' in Israel — negated, no equal has appeared since.
נָבִ֥יאa prophetN m sg abs · נָבִיא (H5030)Subjectנָבִיא (H5030) 'prophet'; the term evokes Deut 18:15's promise of 'a prophet like you' — this verse deliberately echoes and complicates that promise (see chapter note).
ע֛וֹדagain/sinceadverb · עוֹד (H5750)Adverb modifying קָם (temporal/continuative)עוֹד (H5750) 'still, yet, again'; 'has not again arisen' — since Moses, up to the time of writing.
בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֖לin Israelprep בְּ + N proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Locative prepositional phraseיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the sphere within which no prophet has matched Moses.
כְּמֹשֶׁ֑הlike Mosesprep כְּ + N proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Comparative prepositional phraseמֹשֶׁה (H4872) with כְּ 'like'; the standard against which all subsequent prophets are measured and found wanting.
אֲשֶׁר֙whomrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing further characterizationאֲשֶׁר (H834), introduces the relative clause specifying Moses' unique intimacy with YHWH.
יְדָע֣וֹknew himQal perf 3ms + 3ms suffix · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, defining relationship — the intimate, ongoing 'knowing' that marked Moses' whole prophetic careerיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; here of intimate, direct relational knowledge — the same verb used of covenant/marital intimacy elsewhere, underscoring the exceptional closeness between YHWH and Moses.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068); subject of יְדָעוֹ — YHWH himself, not an intermediary, knew Moses directly.
פָּנִ֖יםfaceN c pl abs · פָּנִים (H6440)Adverbial accusative (first element of idiom)פָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; first half of the idiom פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים 'face to face', recalling Exod 33:11's description of Moses' unique unmediated access to YHWH.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Preposition linking the doubled noun in the idiomאֶל (H413) 'to'; links the repeated פָּנִים to form the idiom of direct, unmediated encounter.
פָּנִֽיםfaceN c pl abs · פָּנִים (H6440)Adverbial accusative (second element of idiom)פָּנִים (H6440); second element completing 'face to face' — the Torah's climactic testimony to Moses' unmatched prophetic status.
11
לְכָל הָ֨אֹת֜וֹת וְהַמּוֹפְתִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁלָחוֹ֙ יְהוָ֔ה לַעֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם לְפַרְעֹ֥ה וּלְכָל עֲבָדָ֖יו וּלְכָל אַרְצֽוֹ
with respect to all the signs and wonders that YHWH sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,
This verse is syntactically dependent on v.10 (a string of לְ-phrases of respect), listing the Exodus plagues as the objective content that makes Moses' 'face to face' knowledge of YHWH concretely verifiable in history.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
לְכָלfor allprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase continuing the comparison of v.10 (respect/regard)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; לְ here marks respect/regard, '(unequalled) with respect to all the signs...' continuing v.10's syntax.
הָ֨אֹת֜וֹתthe signsart + N c pl abs · אוֹת (H226)Genitive (object of לְכָל)אוֹת (H226) 'sign'; the miraculous signs of the Exodus narrative, paired here with מוֹפְתִים 'wonders' as a fixed hendiadys for the plagues and deliverance.
וְהַמּוֹפְתִ֗יםand the wondersconj וְ + art + N m pl abs · מוֹפֵת (H4159)Genitive, coordinateמוֹפֵת (H4159) 'wonder, portent'; paired with אוֹת throughout Exodus (e.g. Exod 7:3) to describe the plague-miracles.
אֲשֶׁ֤רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), introduces the clause specifying YHWH's commissioning of Moses.
שְׁלָחוֹ֙sent himQal perf 3ms + 3ms suffix · שָׁלַח (H7971)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: the completed, decisive commissioning act that inaugurated Moses' missionשָׁלַח (H7971) 'to send'; here of YHWH's commissioning of Moses at the burning bush (Exod 3-4) — the sending that produced the signs and wonders.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN proper (divine name) · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068); subject of שְׁלָחוֹ — the one who sent and empowered Moses.
לַעֲשׂ֖וֹתto doprep לְ + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Infinitive construct of purpose→ Infinitival: purpose/result of the sending — the mandate to perform the signsעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, perform'; infinitive of purpose, 'to do/perform' the signs and wonders.
בְּאֶ֣רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Locative prepositional phraseאֶרֶץ (H776), construct with מִצְרָיִם, locating the signs in Egypt.
מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitiveמִצְרַיִם (H4714), Egypt, the dual-form name of the land of bondage and the theater of the plagues.
לְפַרְעֹ֥הto Pharaohprep לְ + N proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Indirect object/dative of disadvantageפַּרְעֹה (H6547), the royal Egyptian title used as a proper name for the Exodus-era king; recipient/target of the signs.
וּלְכָלand to allconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate indirect-object phraseכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; construct heading 'all his servants'.
עֲבָדָ֖יוhis servantsN m pl constr + 3ms suffix · עֶבֶד (H5650)Genitive (completes construct chain)עֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant'; here Pharaoh's court/officials, the same word used honorifically of Moses in v.5 — a deliberate irony of usage.
וּלְכָלand to allconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate indirect-object phraseכֹּל (H3605); construct heading 'all his land', completing the triad Pharaoh/servants/land.
אַרְצֽוֹhis landN c sg constr + 3ms suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive (completes construct chain)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land' + suffix, 'his (Pharaoh's) land' — the whole of Egypt, encompassing the scope of the plagues' impact.
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וּלְכֹל֙ הַיָּ֣ד הַחֲזָקָ֔ה וּלְכֹ֖ל הַמּוֹרָ֣א הַגָּד֑וֹל אֲשֶׁר֙ עָשָׂ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְעֵינֵ֖י כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵֽל
and for all the strong hand, and for all the great terror that Moses performed before the eyes of all Israel.
The Torah's very last words shift the agency from YHWH (v.11's שְׁלָחוֹ יְהוָה) to Moses himself (עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה) as the one who publicly performed these mighty acts 'before the eyes of all Israel' — the entire Pentateuch closes on the image of Moses in full view of the people he served to the end.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וּלְכֹל֙and for allconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase continuing the comparison (coordinate with v.11)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; continues the string of לְ-phrases from v.11, now shifting to the 'strong hand' terminology.
הַיָּ֣דthe handart + N c sg abs · יָד (H3027)Genitive (object of וּלְכֹל)יָד (H3027) 'hand'; הַיָּד הַחֲזָקָה 'the strong hand' is a fixed Deuteronomic idiom for YHWH's power in the Exodus (cf. Deut 4:34; 5:15; 26:8).
הַחֲזָקָ֔הthe strongart + Adj f sg abs · חָזָק (H2389)Attributive adjective modifying הַיָּדחָזָק (H2389) 'strong, mighty'; standard epithet of YHWH's Exodus-power, here (uniquely) attributed by extension to Moses' own mediating acts.
וּלְכֹ֖לand for allconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate prepositional phraseכֹּל (H3605); construct heading 'all the great terror'.
הַמּוֹרָ֣אthe terrorart + N m sg abs · מוֹרָא (H4172)Genitive (object of וּלְכֹל)מוֹרָא (H4172) 'fear, terror, awe-inspiring act'; the second element of the fixed pair 'strong hand and great terror' (cf. Deut 4:34; 26:8), summarizing the Exodus's fearsome climax.
הַגָּד֑וֹלthe greatart + Adj m sg abs · גָּדוֹל (H1419)Attributive adjective modifying הַמּוֹרָאגָּדוֹל (H1419) 'great, mighty'; intensifies מוֹרָא — the awesome, terrifying scale of YHWH's Exodus acts performed through Moses.
אֲשֶׁר֙whichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing final clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), introduces the closing relative clause naming Moses as agent.
עָשָׂ֣הdid/performedQal perf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb of relative clause (the Torah's final finite verb)→ Perfective: the summary, completed verdict on Moses' entire public career — the very last verbal act named in the Torahעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, perform'; the Torah's climactic final predication of Moses — not YHWH this time but Moses himself as the visible agent, whom Israel watched perform these acts.
מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject (final naming of Moses in the Torah)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); named one last time as the Torah closes — subject of its final clause.
לְעֵינֵ֖יbefore the eyes ofprep לְ + N c dual constr · עַיִן (H5869)Locative/witness prepositional phrase (final phrase of the Torah)עַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; dual construct in the idiom לְעֵינֵי 'before the eyes of, in the sight of' — emphasizing public, witnessed spectacle, not private miracle.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing יִשְׂרָאֵלכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; construct before יִשְׂרָאֵל, the final word's penultimate element.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (the Torah's final word)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the Torah's very last word — Moses' entire ministry, from the burning bush to this final overlook, was performed in full view of the covenant people he led and served.