Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 31דברים 31

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Moses, at 120, hands leadership to Joshua and deposits the torah as Israel's abiding law and witness. YHWH announces, with certainty rather than mere warning, that Israel will forsake him and be met with a hidden face — yet still commands a song of testimony to be written, taught, and sung, so that even under judgment Israel is never left without a word from its God.

Translation & textual notes

Deuteronomy 31 is textually well preserved in the Masoretic tradition; the Qumran fragments (4QDeut h, q) support MT against only minor orthographic variation. The chapter's most-discussed crux is v. 1: MT's vayyelekh Mosheh ('and Moses went') is rendered by the LXX as 'and Moses finished speaking' (kai synetelesen Mouses lalon), implying a Hebrew Vorlage vayekhal Mosheh ledabber. Many critics prefer this reading as original, since 'went' names no destination and sits awkwardly as the transition from the covenant curses of ch. 30 into the farewell narrative of ch. 31; MT's form may reflect scribal metathesis or a later smoothing. In v. 11, lera'ot et-penei YHWH ('to appear before YHWH,' lit. 'to see the face of YHWH') is traditionally listed among the Tiqqune Sopherim, scribal softenings of anthropomorphic language, though the Niphal pointing leaves the bare consonantal text ambiguous as to whether an actual change occurred. The internal contrast between Qal tavo ('you shall enter,' v. 7) and Hiphil tavi ('you shall bring,' v. 23) is a genuine grammatical distinction, not a corruption, marking a deliberate shift from Joshua accompanying the people to Joshua leading them. Versification follows the standard MT throughout, with no MT/LXX chapter-division divergence within ch. 31.

1

וַיֵּ֖לֶךְ מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיְדַבֵּ֛ר אֶת הַדְּבָרִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה אֶל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

So Moses went and spoke these words to all Israel.

Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וַיֵּ֖לֶךְand he wentQal wayyiqtol 3ms · יָלַךְ (H3212)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceיָלַךְ (H3212), variant of הָלַךְ 'to go, walk'; opens the chapter's narrative frame as Moses goes to address Israel.
מֹשֶׁ֑הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיֵּלֶךְמֹשֶׁה (H4872), proper name; the chapter's speaker throughout, 120 years old (v. 2), delivering his farewell charge.
וַיְדַבֵּ֛רand he spokePiel wayyiqtol 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (coordinate with וַיֵּלֶךְ)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceדִּבֶּר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; introduces Moses' direct-address farewell discourse that runs through the chapter.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking a definite direct object; untranslated in English.
הַדְּבָרִ֥יםthe wordsart + N m pl abs · דָּבָר (H1697)Direct object of וַיְדַבֵּרדָּבָר (H1697) 'word, matter'; the content of Moses' farewell speech, specified by the demonstrative הָאֵלֶּה.
הָאֵ֖לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַדְּבָרִיםאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; points forward to the speech Moses is about to deliver.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; introduces the audience of Moses' address.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing יִשְׂרָאֵלכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; in construct with יִשְׂרָאֵל, 'all Israel' — the whole covenant nation as audience.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement of כָּל (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant people; addressed corporately as Moses' public farewell audience.
2

וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֗ם בֶּן מֵאָה֩ וְעֶשְׂרִ֨ים שָׁנָ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ הַיּ֔וֹם לֹא אוּכַ֥ל ע֖וֹד לָצֵ֣את וְלָב֑וֹא וַֽיהוָה֙ אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֔י לֹ֥א תַעֲבֹ֖ר אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּ֥ן הַזֶּֽה

And he said to them, 'I am a hundred and twenty years old today; I am no longer able to go out and come in. And YHWH has said to me, You shall not cross this Jordan.'

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidQal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces Moses' direct speech to the people, continuing from v. 1.
אֲלֵהֶ֗םto themprep + 3mp suffix · אֶל (H413)Indirect object (addressee) of וַיֹּאמֶראֶל (H413) 'to' with 3mp suffix; the addressee is 'all Israel' from v. 1.
בֶּןa son ofN m sg constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct head of age expression ('son of 120 years' = 120 years old)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; idiomatically opens an age formula, 'son of N years' = 'N years old'.
מֵאָה֩a hundredcardinal number c sg abs · מֵאָה (H3967)Genitive complement in construct chain (age formula)מֵאָה (H3967) 'hundred'; first element of '120' in the age formula.
וְעֶשְׂרִ֨יםand twentyconj + cardinal number c pl · עֶשְׂרִים (H6242)Coordinate with מֵאָה, completing '120'עֶשְׂרִים (H6242) 'twenty'; combined with מֵאָה שָׁנָה, 'a hundred and twenty years' — Moses' age, matching 34:7.
שָׁנָ֤הyearsN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Absolute noun completing the age formula (distributive singular)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; singular used idiomatically after numerals in Hebrew age expressions.
אָנֹכִי֙Iindependent pron 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject (resumptive, emphatic)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic 1cs pronoun 'I'; restates the subject after the age clause, stressing Moses' own testimony.
הַיּ֔וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal adverbial accusativeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; with article as adverbial 'today' — marks the immediacy of Moses' final address.
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verb אוּכַללֹא (H3808), the standard negative particle for indicative verbs.
אוּכַ֥לI am ableQal impf 1cs · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: imperfective — present capacity, here negatedיָכֹל (H3201) 'to be able'; Moses declares his failing capacity to lead — physical, not spiritual, limitation (cf. 34:7).
ע֖וֹדstill, any longeradverb · עוֹד (H5750)Adverbial modifier of אוּכַל ('no longer able')עוֹד (H5750) 'still, yet, again'; with the negation, 'no longer'.
לָצֵ֣אתto go outprep לְ + Qal inf constr · יָצָא (H3318)Complementary infinitive of אוּכַל→ Infinitive: complementary, naming the activity Moses can no longer performיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; paired with בּוֹא, a merism for a leader's full active duties (cf. Num 27:17).
וְלָב֑וֹאand to come inconj + prep לְ + Qal inf constr · בּוֹא (H935)Complementary infinitive of אוּכַל, coordinate with לָצֵאת→ Infinitive: complementary, completing the merism 'go out and come in'בּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; with יָצָא forms the idiom for a leader's active command, now ceded.
וַֽיהוָה֙and YHWHconj + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of אָמַר (new clause)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God; the divine speaker whose word to Moses is quoted.
אָמַ֣רhas saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause, perfective — reported prior speech)→ Perfective: a completed, prior divine utterance now recalledאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces YHWH's earlier word to Moses (3:27), quoted as grounds for the transition.
אֵלַ֔יto meprep + 1cs suffix · אֶל (H413)Indirect object (addressee) of אָמַראֶל (H413) 'to' with 1cs suffix; marks Moses as recipient of YHWH's word.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verb תַעֲבֹרלֹא (H3808), negative particle; with the imperfect forms a durative statement about Moses' fate.
תַעֲבֹ֖רyou shall crossQal impf 2ms · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb of the quoted divine speech (negated)→ Yiqtol: modal/future — a negated verdict about Moses' fateעָבַר (H5674) 'to cross, pass over'; YHWH's verdict that Moses will not cross the Jordan (cf. 3:27), the crux triggering the succession.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated in English.
הַיַּרְדֵּ֥ןthe Jordanart + N proper · יַרְדֵּן (H3383)Direct object of תַעֲבֹריַרְדֵּן (H3383), the Jordan River; the boundary Moses himself may not cross, though Israel will.
הַזֶּֽהthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַיַּרְדֵּןזֶה (H2088) 'this'; deictic, pointing to the Jordan as the immediate geographic reality before them.
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יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהֶ֜יךָ ה֣וּא עֹבֵ֣ר לְפָנֶ֗יךָ הֽוּא יַשְׁמִ֞יד אֶת הַגּוֹיִ֥ם הָאֵ֛לֶּה מִלְּפָנֶ֖יךָ וִֽירִשְׁתָּ֑ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ ה֚וּא עֹבֵ֣ר לְפָנֶ֔יךָ כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה

YHWH your God, he is crossing before you; he will destroy these nations from before you, and you will dispossess them. Joshua, he is crossing before you, just as YHWH has spoken.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
יְהוָ֨הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject (casus pendens, resumed by הוּא)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; fronted for emphasis as the one who crosses ahead of Israel.
אֱלֹהֶ֜יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2ms suffix, 'your God'; in apposition to יְהוָה, personalizing the covenant relationship.
ה֣וּאheindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronoun, emphaticהוּא (H1931) 'he'; resumes the fronted subject יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ with emphasis — YHWH himself, not Moses, leads the crossing.
עֹבֵ֣רis crossingQal ptc m sg abs · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate participle (present/ongoing action)→ Participle: durative — an ongoing, present-tense actionעָבַר (H5674) 'to cross'; the participle stresses YHWH's crossing as a present reality, contrasting Moses' inability (v. 2).
לְפָנֶ֗יךָbefore youprep לְ + N c pl constr + 2ms suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Locative prepositional phrase modifying עֹבֵרפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; with לְ, 'before, ahead of' — YHWH goes in advance of the people.
הֽוּאheindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronoun (new clause, emphatic)הוּא (H1931) 'he'; again emphatic, YHWH as subject of the destroying action.
יַשְׁמִ֞ידhe will destroyHiphil impf 3ms · שָׁמַד (H8045)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future/modal — YHWH's coming decisive actionשָׁמַד (H8045) Hiphil 'to destroy, exterminate'; YHWH's promised conquest of the nations of Canaan.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated in English.
הַגּוֹיִ֥םthe nationsart + N m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Direct object of יַשְׁמִידגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; the Canaanite peoples YHWH will dispossess before Israel.
הָאֵ֛לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַגּוֹיִםאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; specifies the Canaanite nations currently occupying the land.
מִלְּפָנֶ֖יךָfrom before youcompound prep מִן+לְ + N c pl constr + 2ms suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Ablative prepositional phrase modifying יַשְׁמִידפָּנִים (H6440) in the compound מִלִּפְנֵי 'from before'; the nations are cleared out of Israel's path.
וִֽירִשְׁתָּ֑םand you will dispossess themconj + Qal weqatal 2ms + 3mp suffix · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Weqatal continuing the main line (result of YHWH's destruction)→ Weqatal: consequential future — Israel's resulting possession of the landיָרַשׁ (H3423) 'to possess, dispossess'; the land grant follows directly from YHWH's military action.
יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַJoshuaN proper · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Subject (casus pendens, resumed by הוּא)יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091), Moses' successor; introduced as the human leader who will also cross before the people.
ה֚וּאheindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronounהוּא (H1931) 'he'; resumes יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, paralleling the YHWH clause above — both YHWH and Joshua 'cross before' Israel.
עֹבֵ֣רis crossingQal ptc m sg abs · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate participle (present/ongoing action)→ Participle: durative — ongoing action, paralleling YHWH's own crossingעָבַר (H5674) 'to cross'; Joshua's role mirrors YHWH's — a human agent enacting the divine initiative.
לְפָנֶ֔יךָbefore youprep לְ + N c pl constr + 2ms suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Locative prepositional phrase modifying עֹבֵרפָּנִים (H6440); 'before, ahead of' — Joshua's leadership position paralleling YHWH's.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֖רjust asprep כְּ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative subordinating conjunction introducing דִּבֶּר יְהוָהאֲשֶׁר (H834) with כְּ, 'just as, according as'; grounds the promise in YHWH's prior word.
דִּבֶּ֥רhe has spokenPiel perf 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb of subordinate clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed, prior divine declarationדִּבֶּר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; refers to YHWH's earlier promises (e.g., 1:38; 3:28) now being fulfilled.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of דִּבֶּריְהוָה (H3068); the divine speaker whose earlier word guarantees the present commissioning.
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וְעָשָׂ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לָהֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֗ה לְסִיח֥וֹן וּלְע֛וֹג מַלְכֵ֥י הָאֱמֹרִ֖י וּלְאַרְצָ֑ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִשְׁמִ֖יד אֹתָֽם

And YHWH will do to them as he did to Sihon and Og, kings of the Amorites, and to their land, whom he destroyed.

Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְעָשָׂ֤הand he will doconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Weqatal continuing main line (future)→ Weqatal: future consequential actionעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; YHWH's future action against the Canaanite nations.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וְעָשָׂהיְהוָה (H3068); subject of the promised action.
לָהֶ֔םto themprep + 3mp suffix · לְIndirect object (the Canaanite nations)לְ 'to, for' with 3mp suffix; refers back to הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה of v. 3.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֣רjust asprep כְּ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative subordinating conjunctionאֲשֶׁר (H834) with כְּ, 'just as'; introduces the precedent of Sihon and Og.
עָשָׂ֗הhe didQal perf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb of subordinate clause (perfective, precedent)→ Perfective: a completed past act cited as precedentעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; the earlier defeat of Sihon and Og (2:26-3:11) as guarantee for the future.
לְסִיח֥וֹןto Sihonprep + N proper · סִיחוֹן (H5511)Indirect object of עָשָׂהסִיחוֹן (H5511), the Amorite king of Heshbon defeated in Deut 2.
וּלְע֛וֹגand to Ogconj + prep + N proper · עוֹג (H5747)Coordinate indirect objectעוֹג (H5747), king of Bashan defeated in Deut 3.
מַלְכֵ֥יkings ofN m pl constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Apposition to Sihon and Og, construct headמֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; in apposition, identifying Sihon and Og's royal office.
הָאֱמֹרִ֖יthe Amoriteart + gentilic N m sg abs · אֱמֹרִי (H567)Genitive complement of מַלְכֵי (construct chain)אֱמֹרִי (H567), gentilic 'Amorite'; the ethnic identity of Sihon and Og's kingdoms.
וּלְאַרְצָ֑םand to their landconj + prep + N c sg constr + 3mp suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Coordinate indirect objectאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; their territory, also given to Israel (2:31-3:17).
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhomrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause modifying Sihon and Ogאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle 'who, which'.
הִשְׁמִ֖ידhe destroyedHiphil perf 3ms · שָׁמַד (H8045)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed act of destructionשָׁמַד (H8045) Hiphil 'to destroy'; echoes יַשְׁמִיד of v. 3 — the same verb for future and past action.
אֹתָֽםthemobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of הִשְׁמִידאֵת (H853) with 3mp suffix, referring to Sihon, Og, and their kingdoms.
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וּנְתָנָ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה לִפְנֵיכֶ֑ם וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֣ם לָהֶ֔ם כְּכָל הַמִּצְוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּ֖יתִי אֶתְכֶֽם

And YHWH will give them up before you, and you shall do to them according to all the commandment that I have commanded you.

Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וּנְתָנָ֥םand he will give themconj + Qal weqatal 3ms + 3mp suffix · נָתַן (H5414)Weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; YHWH delivers the nations into Israel's power.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וּנְתָנָםיְהוָה (H3068); subject of the giving.
לִפְנֵיכֶ֑םbefore youprep + N c pl constr + 2mp suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Locative prepositional phrase modifying וּנְתָנָםפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; 'before you' — Israel encounters the nations already delivered into their hand.
וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֣םand you shall doconj + Qal weqatal 2mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Weqatal continuing main line (command)→ Weqatal: volitional force — Israel's obligated responseעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; Israel's required action toward the conquered nations.
לָהֶ֔םto themprep + 3mp suffix · לְIndirect object (the nations)לְ 'to' with 3mp suffix, referring to the defeated nations.
כְּכָלaccording to allprep כְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Adverbial standard-of-comparison phrase modifying וַעֲשִׂיתֶםכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; with כְּ, 'according to all' — full conformity to command.
הַמִּצְוָ֔הthe commandmentart + N f sg abs · מִצְוָה (H4687)Genitive complement in construct chain (object of כְּכָל)מִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment'; likely the conquest/herem instructions of chs. 7 and 20.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הַמִּצְוָהאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle 'which'.
צִוִּ֖יתִיI have commandedPiel perf 1cs · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed act of commandצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; Moses as mediator of YHWH's instructions to Israel.
אֶתְכֶֽםyouobj marker + 2mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of צִוִּיתִיאֵת (H853) with 2mp suffix, referring to the Israelites Moses has instructed.
6

חִזְק֣וּ וְאִמְצ֔וּ אַל תִּֽירְא֥וּ וְאַל תַּעַרְצ֖וּ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם כִּ֣י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ ה֚וּא הַהֹלֵ֣ךְ עִמָּ֔ךְ לֹ֥א יַרְפְּךָ֖ וְלֹ֥א יַעַזְבֶֽךָּ

Be strong and courageous; do not fear and do not be terrified of them, for YHWH your God, he is the one who goes with you; he will not fail you nor forsake you.

Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
חִזְק֣וּbe strongQal impv 2mp · חָזַק (H2388)Imperative (main command)→ Volitional: imperative summons to courageחָזַק (H2388) 'to be strong'; first term of the paired formula חִזְקוּ וְאִמְצוּ that structures this chapter's exhortations (vv. 6, 7, 23).
וְאִמְצ֔וּand be courageousconj + Qal impv 2mp · אָמַץ (H553)Coordinate imperative→ Volitional: imperative summons to courageאָמַץ (H553) 'to be strong, courageous'; paired with חָזַק as a fixed exhortation formula recurring three times in this chapter.
אַלdo notnegative particle · אַל (H408)Negates the following jussive תִּירְאוּאַל (H408), negative particle used with jussive/volitive forms (prohibition), distinct from indicative לֹא.
תִּֽירְא֥וּyou shall fearQal jussive 2mp · יָרֵא (H3372)Predicate verb (prohibition with אַל)→ Jussive: prohibitive volitional — 'do not fear'יָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear'; the negated emotion Israel must not feel before the coming conquest.
וְאַלand do notconj + negative particle · אַל (H408)Coordinate negation, negates תַּעַרְצוּאַל (H408), negative particle with volitives.
תַּעַרְצ֖וּyou shall be terrifiedQal jussive 2mp · עָרַץ (H6206)Coordinate predicate verb (prohibition)→ Jussive: prohibitive volitional — 'do not be terrified'עָרַץ (H6206) 'to tremble, be terrified'; intensifies יָרֵא, together forbidding both fear and dread.
מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑םbefore themprep + N c pl constr + 3mp suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Ablative/locative phrase modifying both prohibited verbsפָּנִים (H6440) 'face', with מִן 'from before' — the object of the forbidden fear is the Canaanite nations.
כִּ֣יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the commandכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; introduces YHWH's presence as the reason not to fear.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject (casus pendens, resumed by הוּא)יְהוָה (H3068); fronted as the ground of courage.
אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2ms suffix; personalizes the covenant relationship.
ה֚וּאheindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronounהוּא (H1931) 'he'; resumes יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ with emphasis.
הַהֹלֵ֣ךְthe one who goesart + Qal ptc m sg abs · הָלַךְ (H1980)Substantival participle, predicate complement identifying YHWH's role→ Participle: durative — YHWH's ongoing accompanying presenceהָלַךְ (H1980) 'to walk, go'; substantival participle 'the one going' — YHWH personally accompanies Israel, complementing the crossing motif of v. 3.
עִמָּ֔ךְwith youprep + 2fs suffix · עִם (H5973)Complement of הַהֹלֵךְעִם (H5973) 'with'; the 2fs suffix (an archaic/dialectal form addressing collective Israel) marks YHWH's companionship.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יַרְפְּךָלֹא (H3808), indicative negative particle.
יַרְפְּךָ֖he will fail youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suffix · רָפָה (H7503)Predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: future/durative — a promise of continual presenceרָפָה (H7503) Hiphil 'to slacken, abandon, let drop'; part of the paired promise לֹא יַרְפְּךָ וְלֹא יַעַזְבֶךָּ echoed by YHWH in v. 8 and behind Josh 1:5.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Coordinate negation, negates יַעַזְבֶךָּלֹא (H3808), negative particle.
יַעַזְבֶֽךָּhe will forsake youQal impf 3ms + 2ms suffix · עָזַב (H5800)Coordinate predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: future/durative — completing the promise of unfailing presenceעָזַב (H5800) 'to leave, forsake'; paired with רָפָה in this chapter's programmatic assurance formula, repeated for Joshua in v. 8 (cf. Josh 1:5; Heb 13:5).
7

וַיִּקְרָ֨א מֹשֶׁ֜ה לִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֵלָ֜יו לְעֵינֵ֣י כָל יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל חֲזַ֣ק וֶאֱמָץ֒ כִּ֣י אַתָּ֗ה תָּבוֹא֙ אֶת הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֔ה אֶל הָאָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֧ע יְהוָ֛ה לַאֲבֹתָ֖ם לָתֵ֣ת לָהֶ֑ם וְאַתָּ֖ה תַּנְחִילֶ֥נָּה אוֹתָֽם

And Moses called to Joshua and said to him in the sight of all Israel, 'Be strong and courageous, for you shall enter with this people into the land that YHWH swore to their fathers to give them, and you shall allot it to them as an inheritance.'

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
וַיִּקְרָ֨אand he calledQal wayyiqtol 3ms · קָרָא (H7121)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceקָרָא (H7121) 'to call'; Moses summons Joshua publicly.
מֹשֶׁ֜הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיִּקְרָאמֹשֶׁה (H4872); the speaker.
לִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֗עַto Joshuaprep + N proper · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Indirect object of וַיִּקְרָאיְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091); the one summoned, about to be publicly commissioned.
וַיֹּ֨אמֶרand he saidQal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces Moses' charge to Joshua.
אֵלָ֜יוto himprep + 3ms suffix · אֶל (H413)Indirect object (addressee) of וַיֹּאמֶראֶל (H413) with 3ms suffix, referring to Joshua.
לְעֵינֵ֣יin the eyes ofprep + N c dual constr · עַיִן (H5869)Locative/manner phrase ('in the sight of', modifying the speech-act)עַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; idiom 'before the eyes of' = publicly, in the sight of.
כָלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing יִשְׂרָאֵלכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; the commissioning is done publicly before the whole nation.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֘לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); Joshua's authority is established in full public view.
חֲזַ֣קbe strongQal impv 2ms · חָזַק (H2388)Imperative (main command, to Joshua)→ Volitional: imperative summons to courageחָזַק (H2388); the formula now addressed specifically to Joshua as incoming leader.
וֶאֱמָץ֒and be courageousconj + Qal impv 2ms · אָמַץ (H553)Coordinate imperative→ Volitional: imperative summons to courageאָמַץ (H553); second delivery of the paired formula, now to Joshua personally.
כִּ֣יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the commandכִּי (H3588) 'for'; introduces the reason — Joshua's coming task.
אַתָּ֗הyouindependent pron 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (emphatic)אַתָּה (H859), emphatic 2ms pronoun; stresses that Joshua personally will lead the entry.
תָּבוֹא֙you will enterQal impf 2ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future — Joshua's coming taskבּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter' (Qal, intransitive); Joshua enters WITH the people (see next word, H854), distinct from the causative תָּבִיא 'you will bring' of v. 23.
אֶתwithprep · אֵת (H854)Comitative prepositional phrase ('with this people')אֵת (H854) 'with' (comitative preposition, distinct from the object-marker אֵת H853); Joshua enters the land together WITH the people, not merely leading them as object.
הָעָ֣םthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Object of comitative אֶת (accompanying תָּבוֹא)עַם (H5971) 'people'; Israel, whom Joshua accompanies into the land.
הַזֶּ֔הthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying הָעָםזֶה (H2088) 'this'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying תָּבוֹאאֶל (H413) 'to, into'; the destination of the entry.
הָאָ֕רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of prep אֶלאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the land of promise.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָאָרֶץאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
נִשְׁבַּ֧עhe sworeNiphal perf 3ms · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed, binding divine oathשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear'; the land-oath sworn to the patriarchs, the ultimate ground of the promise.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of נִשְׁבַּעיְהוָה (H3068); the oath-swearing God.
לַאֲבֹתָ֖םto their fathersprep + N m pl constr + 3mp suffix · אָב (H1)Indirect object of נִשְׁבַּעאָב (H1) 'father'; the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, recipients of the original land oath.
לָתֵ֣תto giveprep לְ + Qal inf constr · נָתַן (H5414)Purpose/epexegetical infinitive of נִשְׁבַּע→ Infinitive: purpose — specifying the content of the oathנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; specifies the content of YHWH's oath — giving the land.
לָהֶ֑םto themprep + 3mp suffix · לְIndirect object of לָתֵתלְ 'to' with 3mp suffix, referring to the fathers/their descendants.
וְאַתָּ֖הand youconj + independent pron 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (emphatic, contrastive)אַתָּה (H859), emphatic; Joshua as the human agent who will fulfill the divine oath.
תַּנְחִילֶ֥נָּהyou will allot itHiphil impf 2ms + 3fs suffix · נָחַל (H5157)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future — Joshua's task of land distributionנָחַל (H5157) Hiphil 'to cause to inherit, allot'; Joshua's specific task of apportioning the land (cf. Josh 13-21).
אוֹתָֽםthemobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of תַּנְחִילֶנָּה (the people receiving the inheritance)אֵת (H853) with 3mp suffix, referring to the sons of Israel as recipients of the land-inheritance.
8

וַֽיהוָ֞ה ה֣וּא הַהֹלֵ֣ךְ לְפָנֶ֗יךָ ה֚וּא יִהְיֶ֣ה עִמָּ֔ךְ לֹ֥א יַרְפְּךָ֖ וְלֹ֣א יַֽעַזְבֶ֑ךָּ לֹ֥א תִירָ֖א וְלֹ֥א תֵחָֽת

And YHWH, he is the one who goes before you; he will be with you; he will not fail you nor forsake you. Do not fear and do not be dismayed.

Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
וַֽיהוָ֞הand YHWHconj + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject (casus pendens, resumed by הוּא)יְהוָה (H3068); the chapter's third delivery of the reassurance formula, now spoken by YHWH's word (through Moses) directly concerning Joshua.
ה֣וּאheindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronounהוּא (H1931) 'he'; resumes יְהוָה with emphasis.
הַהֹלֵ֣ךְthe one who goesart + Qal ptc m sg abs · הָלַךְ (H1980)Substantival participle, predicate complement→ Participle: durative — YHWH's ongoing accompanying presenceהָלַךְ (H1980) 'to go'; repeats the identical phrase of v. 6, now specifically assuring Joshua rather than the people.
לְפָנֶ֗יךָbefore youprep + N c pl constr + 2ms suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Complement of הַהֹלֵךְפָּנִים (H6440); YHWH precedes Joshua just as he precedes the nation.
ה֚וּאheindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronoun (new clause)הוּא (H1931) 'he'.
יִהְיֶ֣הhe will beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future — a promise of continual presenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; YHWH's promised ongoing presence with Joshua.
עִמָּ֔ךְwith youprep + 2fs suffix · עִם (H5973)Complement of יִהְיֶהעִם (H5973) 'with'.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יַרְפְּךָלֹא (H3808).
יַרְפְּךָ֖he will fail youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suffix · רָפָה (H7503)Predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: future/durative — a promise of continual presenceרָפָה (H7503) Hiphil 'to slacken, abandon'; identical promise as v. 6, now given to Joshua directly (cf. Josh 1:5).
וְלֹ֣אand notconj + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Coordinate negation, negates יַעַזְבֶךָּלֹא (H3808).
יַֽעַזְבֶ֑ךָּhe will forsake youQal impf 3ms + 2ms suffix · עָזַב (H5800)Coordinate predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: future/durative — completing the promiseעָזַב (H5800) 'to leave, forsake'; the promise's second half, matching v. 6, applied now to Joshua.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates תִירָאלֹא (H3808).
תִירָ֖אyou shall fearQal impf 2ms · יָרֵא (H3372)Predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: durative prohibition — 'do not fear'יָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear'; addressed to Joshua personally, echoing the people's prohibition in v. 6.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Coordinate negation, negates תֵחָתלֹא (H3808).
תֵחָֽתyou shall be dismayedNiphal impf 2ms · חָתַת (H2865)Coordinate predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: durative prohibition — 'do not be dismayed'חָתַת (H2865) Niphal 'to be shattered, dismayed'; completes the pair with יָרֵא, forbidding both fear and despair as Joshua assumes command.
9

וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב מֹשֶׁה֮ אֶת הַתּוֹרָ֣ה הַזֹּאת֒ וַֽיִּתְּנָ֗הּ אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים֙ בְּנֵ֣י לֵוִ֔י הַנֹּ֣שְׂאִ֔ים אֶת אֲר֖וֹן בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֑ה וְאֶל כָּל זִקְנֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

And Moses wrote this torah and gave it to the priests, the sons of Levi, who carry the ark of the covenant of YHWH, and to all the elders of Israel.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וַיִּכְתֹּ֣בand he wroteQal wayyiqtol 3ms · כָּתַב (H3789)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceכָּתַב (H3789) 'to write'; the pivotal act — Moses personally writes the torah down, opening the chapter's central deposit narrative.
מֹשֶׁה֮MosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיִּכְתֹּבמֹשֶׁה (H4872); the writer.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
הַתּוֹרָ֣הthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Direct object of וַיִּכְתֹּבתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'; the written Deuteronomic law, physically inscribed and about to be deposited.
הַזֹּאת֒thisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַתּוֹרָהזֹאת (H2063) 'this'.
וַֽיִּתְּנָ֗הּand he gave itconj + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms + 3fs suffix · נָתַן (H5414)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, coordinate main verb→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the written torah is handed over to institutional custodians.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Indirect object marker (recipient)אֶל (H413) 'to'.
הַכֹּהֲנִים֙the priestsart + N m pl abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Indirect object of וַיִּתְּנָהּכֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest'; the Levitical priesthood, custodians of the written torah alongside the ark.
בְּנֵ֣יsons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Apposition to הַכֹּהֲנִים, construct headבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; identifies the priests' tribal lineage.
לֵוִ֔יLeviN proper · לֵוִי (H3878)Genitive complement (construct chain)לֵוִי (H3878), the tribe of priests and cultic personnel.
הַנֹּ֣שְׂאִ֔יםwho carryart + Qal ptc m pl abs · נָשָׂא (H5375)Substantival participle in apposition, identifying the priests' role→ Participle: durative — the priests' ongoing office of bearing the arkנָשָׂא (H5375) 'to carry, lift'; substantival participle describing the priests' ongoing cultic function as ark-bearers.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of הַנֹּשְׂאִים)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
אֲר֖וֹןthe ark ofN c sg constr · אָרוֹן (H727)Direct object of הַנֹּשְׂאִים, construct headאָרוֹן (H727) 'ark, chest'; the ark of the covenant, beside which the torah will be deposited (v. 26).
בְּרִ֣יתthe covenant ofN f sg constr · בְּרִית (H1285)Genitive complement in construct chainבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant'; the Sinai/Horeb covenant, whose tablets/torah the ark houses.
יְהוָ֑הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive complement (construct chain)יְהוָה (H3068); the covenant's divine party.
וְאֶלand toconj + prep · אֶל (H413)Coordinate indirect object markerאֶל (H413) 'to', coordinated with the priests as a second recipient group.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing זִקְנֵיכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
זִקְנֵ֖יthe elders ofadj/noun m pl constr · זָקֵן (H2205)Genitive complement, construct head governing יִשְׂרָאֵלזָקֵן (H2205) 'elder, old'; substantivized, the lay tribal leadership sharing custodianship of the torah with the priests.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478).
10

וַיְצַ֥ו מֹשֶׁ֖ה אוֹתָ֣ם לֵאמֹ֑ר מִקֵּ֣ץ שֶׁ֣בַע שָׁנִ֗ים בְּמֹעֵ֛ד שְׁנַ֥ת הַשְּׁמִטָּ֖ה בְּחַ֥ג הַסֻּכּֽוֹת

And Moses commanded them, saying, 'At the end of seven years, at the appointed time of the year of release, at the Feast of Booths,

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וַיְצַ֥וand he commandedPiel wayyiqtol 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; introduces the specific instruction for the septennial public reading.
מֹשֶׁ֖הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיְצַומֹשֶׁה (H4872).
אוֹתָ֣םthemobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of וַיְצַו (the priests and elders)אֵת (H853) with 3mp suffix, referring back to the priests and elders of v. 9.
לֵאמֹ֑רsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Complementary infinitive introducing direct speech→ Infinitive: introduces quoted discourseאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; standard formula introducing direct quotation.
מִקֵּ֣ץat the end ofprep + N m sg constr · קֵץ (H7093)Temporal prepositional phraseקֵץ (H7093) 'end'; marks the periodic interval for the public reading.
שֶׁ֣בַעsevencardinal number f sg abs · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Genitive complement in construct chainשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven'; the sabbatical cycle.
שָׁנִ֗יםyearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Absolute noun completing the numeral phraseשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; 'seven years' = the sabbatical cycle of Deut 15.
בְּמֹעֵ֛דat the appointed time ofprep + N m sg constr · מוֹעֵד (H4150)Temporal prepositional phrase in apposition, specifying the occasionמוֹעֵד (H4150) 'appointed time, festival'; the sabbatical year is marked by a fixed festal occasion.
שְׁנַ֥תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive complement, construct headשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', construct with הַשְּׁמִטָּה.
הַשְּׁמִטָּ֖הthe releaseart + N f sg abs · שְׁמִטָּה (H8059)Genitive complement in construct chainשְׁמִטָּה (H8059) 'release, remission'; the sabbatical year of debt/land release legislated in Deut 15:1-11.
בְּחַ֥גat the feast ofprep + N m sg constr · חַג (H2282)Temporal prepositional phrase, further specifying the occasionחַג (H2282) 'feast, pilgrimage festival'; identifies the precise moment within the sabbatical year.
הַסֻּכּֽוֹתBoothsart + N f pl abs · סֻכָּה (H5521)Genitive complement in construct chainסֻכָּה (H5521) 'booth, shelter'; the autumn pilgrimage Feast of Booths (16:13-15), when all Israel gathered — the ideal occasion for public torah reading.
11

בְּב֣וֹא כָל יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לֵרָאוֹת֙ אֶת פְּנֵי֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ בַּמָּק֖וֹם אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִבְחָ֑ר תִּקְרָ֞א אֶת הַתּוֹרָ֥ה הַזֹּ֛את נֶ֥גֶד כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּאָזְנֵיהֶֽם

When all Israel comes to appear before YHWH your God in the place that he will choose, you shall read this torah before all Israel, in their ears.

Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
בְּב֣וֹאwhen comesprep בְּ + Qal inf constr · בּוֹא (H935)Temporal infinitive construct clause→ Infinitive: temporal — 'when/as Israel comes'בּוֹא (H935) 'to come'; with בְּ, a temporal clause marking the recurring pilgrimage occasion.
כָלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing יִשְׂרָאֵל, subject of בְּבוֹאכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֗לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement; logical subject of the infinitiveיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478).
לֵרָאוֹת֙to appearprep לְ + Niphal inf constr · רָאָה (H7200)Purpose infinitive of בְּבוֹא→ Infinitive: purpose — the goal of the pilgrimageרָאָה (H7200) Niphal 'to appear, be seen'; the passive/reflexive Niphal softens the older idiom 'to see YHWH's face' into 'to appear before' him.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (retained from the underlying accusative idiom 'to see the face of')אֵת (H853); the accusative marker preserved despite the Niphal pointing of לֵרָאוֹת — a probable tiqqun sopherim softening 'to see YHWH's face' to 'appear before' him.
פְּנֵי֙the face ofN c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Direct object (retained accusative), construct headפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; construct with יְהוָה, object of the underlying verb of seeing.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive complement (construct chain)יְהוָה (H3068).
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2ms suffix.
בַּמָּק֖וֹםin the placeprep + art + N m sg abs · מָקוֹם (H4725)Locative prepositional phraseמָקוֹם (H4725) 'place'; the central-sanctuary formula characteristic of Deuteronomy (cf. 12:5, 11).
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying בַּמָּקוֹםאֲשֶׁר (H834).
יִבְחָ֑רhe will chooseQal impf 3ms · בָּחַר (H977)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Yiqtol: future/habitual — YHWH's ongoing prerogative of choiceבָּחַר (H977) 'to choose'; the chosen central sanctuary (implicitly Jerusalem), where YHWH places his name.
תִּקְרָ֞אyou shall readQal impf 2ms · קָרָא (H7121)Predicate verb (main clause, command force)→ Yiqtol: modal — a durative, recurring obligationקָרָא (H7121) 'to call, read aloud'; the central command of the passage — public recitation of the torah every seventh year.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
הַתּוֹרָ֥הthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Direct object of תִּקְרָאתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'; the same written document deposited in vv. 9, 24-26.
הַזֹּ֛אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַתּוֹרָהזֹאת (H2063).
נֶ֥גֶדbeforeprep · נֶגֶד (H5048)Locative prepositional phrase modifying תִּקְרָאנֶגֶד (H5048) 'in front of, before'; the reading is done publicly, facing the assembly.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing יִשְׂרָאֵלכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the whole nation as audience.
בְּאָזְנֵיהֶֽםin their earsprep + N f dual constr + 3mp suffix · אֹזֶן (H241)Locative/manner phrase in apposition, emphasizing audible proclamationאֹזֶן (H241) 'ear'; 'in their ears' underscores that the torah is to be heard aloud, not merely read silently.
12

הַקְהֵ֣ל אֶת הָעָ֗ם הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֤ים וְהַנָּשִׁים֙ וְהַטַּ֔ף וְגֵרְךָ֖ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בִּשְׁעָרֶ֑יךָ לְמַ֨עַן יִשְׁמְע֜וּ וּלְמַ֣עַן יִלְמְד֗וּ וְיָֽרְאוּ֙ אֶת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם וְשָֽׁמְר֣וּ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת אֶת כָּל דִּבְרֵ֖י הַתּוֹרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת

Assemble the people — the men, the women, and the little ones, and your sojourner who is in your gates — that they may hear, and that they may learn and fear YHWH your God, and be careful to do all the words of this torah.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
הַקְהֵ֣לassembleHiphil impv 2ms · קָהַל (H6950)Imperative (main command)→ Volitional: imperative summons to assemblyקָהַל (H6950) Hiphil 'to assemble, convoke'; the programmatic verb for the septennial reading — root of קָהָל 'assembly, congregation'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הָעָ֗םthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Direct object of הַקְהֵלעַם (H5971) 'people'; the whole community, specified by the following list.
הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֤יםthe menart + N m pl abs · אִישׁ (H376)Apposition to הָעָם, first member of the listאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; the adult males, first category of the fourfold audience list.
וְהַנָּשִׁים֙and the womenconj + art + N f pl abs · אִשָּׁה (H802)Coordinate apposition, second memberאִשָּׁה (H802) 'woman'; explicit inclusion of women in the covenant-hearing audience.
וְהַטַּ֔ףand the little onesconj + art + N m sg abs · טַף (H2945)Coordinate apposition, third memberטַף (H2945) 'little ones, children'; even the youngest are to be present at the reading.
וְגֵרְךָ֖and your sojournerconj + N m sg constr + 2ms suffix · גֵּר (H1616)Coordinate apposition, fourth memberגֵּר (H1616) 'sojourner, resident alien'; the non-Israelite resident is likewise included — this fourfold list recurs in Deuteronomy's inclusive vision (cf. 29:10-11).
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhorelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying גֵּרְךָאֲשֶׁר (H834).
בִּשְׁעָרֶ֑יךָin your gatesprep + N m pl constr + 2ms suffix · שַׁעַר (H8179)Locative prepositional phraseשַׁעַר (H8179) 'gate'; idiom for 'within your towns/settlements'.
לְמַ֨עַןso thatprep · לְמַעַן (H4616)Purpose subordinating conjunction introducing יִשְׁמְעוּלְמַעַן (H4616) 'in order that'; introduces the fourfold purpose of the assembly: hear, learn, fear, do.
יִשְׁמְע֜וּthey may hearQal impf 3mp · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of purpose clause→ Yiqtol: purpose/volitional — the assembly's first aimשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear'; the first verb of the chapter's programmatic sequence hear-learn-fear-do.
וּלְמַ֣עַןand so thatconj + prep · לְמַעַן (H4616)Coordinate purpose conjunction introducing יִלְמְדוּלְמַעַן (H4616).
יִלְמְד֗וּthey may learnQal impf 3mp · לָמַד (H3925)Coordinate predicate verb of purpose clause→ Yiqtol: purpose/volitional — the assembly's second aimלָמַד (H3925) 'to learn'; hearing leads to learning — internalization of the torah.
וְיָֽרְאוּ֙and fearconj + Qal weqatal 3cp · יָרֵא (H3372)Coordinate predicate verb of purpose clause→ Weqatal: purpose continuation — the assembly's third aimיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear'; reverent fear of YHWH is the theological goal of hearing and learning.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of וְיָרְאוּ)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Direct object of וְיָרְאוּיְהוָה (H3068); the object of reverent fear.
אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔םyour GodN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2mp suffix.
וְשָֽׁמְר֣וּand be carefulconj + Qal weqatal 3cp · שָׁמַר (H8104)Coordinate predicate verb of purpose clause→ Weqatal: purpose continuation — the assembly's fourth aimשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, observe, be careful'; the culminating purpose — hearing and learning issue in obedient practice.
לַעֲשׂ֔וֹתto doprep לְ + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Complementary infinitive of וְשָׁמְרוּ→ Infinitive: complementary, specifying the content of 'keeping'עָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; 'keep to do' = careful, active obedience.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing דִּבְרֵיכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
דִּבְרֵ֖יthe words ofN m pl constr · דָּבָר (H1697)Genitive complement, construct headדָּבָר (H1697) 'word'; the totality of the torah's content, none of it optional.
הַתּוֹרָ֥הthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Genitive complement in construct chainתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'.
הַזֹּֽאתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַתּוֹרָהזֹאת (H2063).
13

וּבְנֵיהֶ֞ם אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹֽא יָדְע֗וּ יִשְׁמְעוּ֙ וְלָ֣מְד֔וּ לְיִרְאָ֖ה אֶת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם כָּל הַיָּמִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתֶּ֤ם חַיִּים֙ עַל הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתֶּ֜ם עֹבְרִ֧ים אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּ֛ן שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ

And their children, who have not known, shall hear and learn to fear YHWH your God, all the days that you live on the land that you are crossing the Jordan there to possess.

Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
וּבְנֵיהֶ֞םand their childrenconj + N m pl constr + 3mp suffix · בֵּן (H1121)Subject of יִשְׁמְעוּ (coordinate with those assembled in v. 12)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the generation not yet born or too young to have witnessed the covenant events.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhorelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying וּבְנֵיהֶםאֲשֶׁר (H834).
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יָדְעוּלֹא (H3808).
יָדְע֗וּhave knownQal perf 3cp · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective, negated)→ Perfective: negated state — a lack of prior experiential knowledgeיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; these children have not personally known/experienced the covenant events their parents witnessed.
יִשְׁמְעוּ֙they shall hearQal impf 3mp · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future/purpose — the children's own hearingשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear'; the reading's benefit extends to the next generation who did not personally experience the events.
וְלָ֣מְד֔וּand learnconj + Qal weqatal 3cp · לָמַד (H3925)Coordinate predicate verb continuing main line→ Weqatal: future/purpose continuationלָמַד (H3925) 'to learn'; paired with שָׁמַע as in v. 12, now applied to the rising generation.
לְיִרְאָ֖הto fearprep לְ + Qal inf constr · יָרֵא (H3372)Purpose infinitive of the preceding verbs→ Infinitive: purpose — the goal of hearing and learningיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear'; the reverent fear of YHWH, goal of the reading for children as for adults.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Direct object of לְיִרְאָהיְהוָה (H3068).
אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑םyour GodN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2mp suffix.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הַיָּמִים (temporal accusative)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
הַיָּמִ֗יםthe daysart + N m pl abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive complement in construct chain; temporal accusativeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; 'all the days' = throughout the duration of life in the land.
אֲשֶׁ֨רthatrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הַיָּמִיםאֲשֶׁר (H834).
אַתֶּ֤םyouindependent pron 2mp · אַתֶּם (H859)Subject of the verbless clause (with חַיִּים)אַתֶּם (H859), 2mp pronoun.
חַיִּים֙livingadjective m pl abs · חַי (H2416)Predicate adjective of verbless clauseחַי (H2416) 'alive, living'; predicate describing continuous life in the land.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phrase modifying חַיִּיםעַל (H5921) 'on, upon'.
הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔הthe landart + N f sg abs · אֲדָמָה (H127)Object of prep עַלאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, land, soil'; the promised land as the arena of covenant life.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָאֲדָמָהאֲשֶׁר (H834).
אַתֶּ֜םyouindependent pron 2mp · אַתֶּם (H859)Subject of the participial clauseאַתֶּם (H859).
עֹבְרִ֧יםare crossingQal ptc m pl abs · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate participle (imminent action)→ Participle: durative/imminent — the crossing about to occurעָבַר (H5674) 'to cross'; the participle marks the crossing as imminent, about to happen.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הַיַּרְדֵּ֛ןthe Jordanart + N proper · יַרְדֵּן (H3383)Direct object of עֹבְרִיםיַרְדֵּן (H3383); the boundary about to be crossed.
שָׁ֖מָּהthereadverb + directional he · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial phrase of destination modifying עֹבְרִים / לְרִשְׁתָּהּשָׁם (H8033) 'there', with directional ה, 'thither, to there'.
לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּto possess itprep לְ + Qal inf constr + 3fs suffix · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Purpose infinitive of עֹבְרִים→ Infinitive: purpose — the goal of the crossingיָרַשׁ (H3423) 'to possess, dispossess'; the purpose of the crossing — taking possession of the land.
14

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֗ה הֵ֣ן קָרְב֣וּ יָמֶיךָ֮ לָמוּת֒ קְרָ֣א אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ וְהִֽתְיַצְּב֛וּ בְּאֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵ֖ד וַאֲצַוֶּ֑נּוּ וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ מֹשֶׁה֙ וִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ וַיִּֽתְיַצְּב֖וּ בְּאֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד

And YHWH said to Moses, 'Behold, your days are drawing near to die; call Joshua, and present yourselves at the tent of meeting, that I may commission him.' And Moses and Joshua went and presented themselves at the tent of meeting.

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
וַיֹּ֨אמֶרand he saidQal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; opens YHWH's direct speech to Moses, initiating the tent-commissioning scene.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶריְהוָה (H3068); the divine speaker.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Indirect object marker (addressee)אֶל (H413) 'to'.
מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of prep אֶל (addressee)מֹשֶׁה (H4872).
הֵ֣ןbeholdinterjection · הֵן (H2005)Attention-drawing particle introducing the announcementהֵן (H2005) 'behold, lo'; marks the solemn announcement of Moses' approaching death.
קָרְב֣וּhave drawn nearQal perf 3cp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (main clause, perfective)→ Perfective: a state now reached — imminenceקָרַב (H7126) 'to draw near, approach'; Moses' death is now imminent.
יָמֶיךָ֮your daysN m pl constr + 2ms suffix · יוֹם (H3117)Subject of קָרְבוּיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; 'your days' = the span of your life.
לָמוּת֒to dieprep לְ + Qal inf constr · מוּת (H4191)Epexegetical infinitive of קָרְבוּ→ Infinitive: epexegetical — specifying what the days draw near toמוּת (H4191) 'to die'; specifies the nature of the approaching end — Moses' death, not the crossing itself, prevents him from entering the land.
קְרָ֣אcallQal impv 2ms · קָרָא (H7121)Imperative (main command)→ Volitional: imperative summonsקָרָא (H7121) 'to call'; YHWH instructs Moses to summon Joshua for the formal commissioning.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַJoshuaN proper · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Direct object of קְרָאיְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091); the successor about to be formally commissioned before YHWH.
וְהִֽתְיַצְּב֛וּand present yourselvesconj + Hitpael impv 2mp · יָצַב (H3320)Coordinate imperative (plural, addressing both Moses and Joshua)→ Volitional: imperative summons to appearיָצַב (H3320) Hitpael 'to station, present oneself'; both Moses and Joshua are to stand before YHWH at the tent.
בְּאֹ֥הֶלat the tent ofprep + N m sg constr · אֹהֶל (H168)Locative prepositional phrase, construct headאֹהֶל (H168) 'tent'; construct with מוֹעֵד.
מוֹעֵ֖דmeetingN m sg abs · מוֹעֵד (H4150)Genitive complement in construct chainמוֹעֵד (H4150) 'appointed time/place'; 'tent of meeting' — the site of divine-human encounter.
וַאֲצַוֶּ֑נּוּthat I may commission himconj + Piel wayyiqtol (cohortative force) 1cs + 3ms suffix · צִוָּה (H6680)Purpose/result clause following the imperatives→ Volitional: purpose — YHWH's intent to commission Joshua directlyצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command, commission'; YHWH himself charges Joshua, grounding Moses' own commissioning of him in vv. 7-8, 23.
וַיֵּ֤לֶךְand he wentQal wayyiqtol 3ms · יָלַךְ (H3212)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb, resuming narrative)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceיָלַךְ (H3212), variant of הָלַךְ; narrative resumes with Moses and Joshua's compliance.
מֹשֶׁה֙MosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיֵּלֶךְ (compound subject with Joshua)מֹשֶׁה (H4872).
וִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֔עַand Joshuaconj + N proper · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Coordinate subjectיְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091).
וַיִּֽתְיַצְּב֖וּand they presented themselvesconj + Hitpael wayyiqtol 3mp · יָצַב (H3320)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, coordinate main verb→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceיָצַב (H3320) Hitpael 'to station oneself'; Moses and Joshua obey, standing before YHWH at the tent.
בְּאֹ֥הֶלat the tent ofprep + N m sg constr · אֹהֶל (H168)Locative prepositional phrase, construct headאֹהֶל (H168) 'tent'.
מוֹעֵֽדmeetingN m sg abs · מוֹעֵד (H4150)Genitive complement in construct chainמוֹעֵד (H4150); repeats the phrase, marking the fulfillment of YHWH's command.
15

וַיֵּרָ֧א יְהוָ֛ה בָּאֹ֖הֶל בְּעַמּ֣וּד עָנָ֑ן וַיַּעֲמֹ֛ד עַמּ֥וּד הֶעָנָ֖ן עַל פֶּ֥תַח הָאֹֽהֶל

And YHWH appeared in the tent in a pillar of cloud, and the pillar of cloud stood at the entrance of the tent.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וַיֵּרָ֧אand he appearedNiphal wayyiqtol 3ms · רָאָה (H7200)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceרָאָה (H7200) Niphal 'to appear, be seen'; YHWH's theophanic manifestation at the tent.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיֵּרָאיְהוָה (H3068).
בָּאֹ֖הֶלin the tentprep + art + N m sg abs · אֹהֶל (H168)Locative prepositional phraseאֹהֶל (H168) 'tent'; the tent of meeting.
בְּעַמּ֣וּדin a pillar ofprep + N m sg constr · עַמּוּד (H5982)Locative/manner prepositional phrase, construct headעַמּוּד (H5982) 'pillar, column'; the visible form of YHWH's theophanic presence.
עָנָ֑ןcloudN m sg abs · עָנָן (H6051)Genitive complement in construct chainעָנָן (H6051) 'cloud'; the pillar of cloud, familiar from the wilderness theophanies (Exod 13:21-22; 33:9-10).
וַיַּעֲמֹ֛דand it stoodconj + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · עָמַד (H5975)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, coordinate main verb→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceעָמַד (H5975) 'to stand'; the cloud takes its customary position, signaling the onset of divine speech (cf. Exod 33:9).
עַמּ֥וּדthe pillar ofN m sg constr · עַמּוּד (H5982)Subject of וַיַּעֲמֹד, construct headעַמּוּד (H5982) 'pillar'.
הֶעָנָ֖ןthe cloudart + N m sg abs · עָנָן (H6051)Genitive complement in construct chainעָנָן (H6051) 'cloud'.
עַלatprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phrase modifying וַיַּעֲמֹדעַל (H5921) 'on, at'.
פֶּ֥תַחthe entrance ofN m sg constr · פֶּתַח (H6607)Object of prep עַל, construct headפֶּתַח (H6607) 'opening, entrance'; the doorway of the tent, the customary site of theophany.
הָאֹֽהֶלthe tentart + N m sg abs · אֹהֶל (H168)Genitive complement in construct chainאֹהֶל (H168) 'tent'.
16

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל מֹשֶׁ֔ה הִנְּךָ֥ שֹׁכֵ֖ב עִם אֲבֹתֶ֑יךָ וְקָם֩ הָעָ֨ם הַזֶּ֜ה וְזָנָ֣ה אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹהֵ֣י נֵֽכַר הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר ה֤וּא בָא שָׁ֨מָּה֙ בְּקִרְבּ֔וֹ וַעֲזָבַ֕נִי וְהֵפֵר֙ אֶת בְּרִיתִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּרַ֖תִּי אִתּֽוֹ

And YHWH said to Moses, 'Behold, you are about to lie down with your fathers; and this people will rise and whore after the foreign gods of the land where they are going, in its midst, and will forsake me and break my covenant that I made with them.'

Word-by-word analysis· 28 words
וַיֹּ֤אמֶרand he saidQal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces YHWH's dark oracle to Moses at the tent — the chapter's theological center.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶריְהוָה (H3068).
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Indirect object marker (addressee)אֶל (H413).
מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of prep אֶל (addressee)מֹשֶׁה (H4872).
הִנְּךָ֥behold youinterjection + 2ms suffix · הִנֵּה (H2009)Presentative particle introducing verbless/participial clauseהִנֵּה (H2009) 'behold' with 2ms suffix; introduces the solemn announcement of Moses' impending death.
שֹׁכֵ֖בabout to lie downQal ptc m sg abs · שָׁכַב (H7901)Predicate participle of verbless clause (imminent future)→ Participle: imminent — a euphemistic near-future deathשָׁכַב (H7901) 'to lie down'; euphemism for death, 'lying down with the fathers' = joining the ancestors in death.
עִםwithprep · עִם (H5973)Complement of שֹׁכֵבעִם (H5973) 'with'.
אֲבֹתֶ֑יךָyour fathersN m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אָב (H1)Object of prep עִםאָב (H1) 'father'; the ancestors, in the idiom for death and burial with one's kin.
וְקָם֩and it will riseconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Weqatal continuing main line (future)→ Weqatal: future consequential action — the people's coming apostasyקוּם (H6965) 'to rise, arise'; the people's apostasy begins to 'rise' immediately after Moses' death.
הָעָ֨םthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Subject of וְקָםעַם (H5971) 'people'; Israel, the subject of the coming apostasy.
הַזֶּ֜הthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying הָעָםזֶה (H2088) 'this'.
וְזָנָ֣הand it will whoreconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · זָנָה (H2181)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionזָנָה (H2181) 'to be a prostitute, commit fornication'; figurative for covenant infidelity — worship of other gods as marital betrayal of YHWH.
אַחֲרֵ֣יafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Prepositional phrase modifying וְזָנָהאַחַר (H310) 'after'; 'whore after' = pursue in unfaithful devotion.
אֱלֹהֵ֣יthe gods ofN m pl constr · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Genitive complement, construct headאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'god(s)'; here plural referring to foreign deities.
נֵֽכַרforeignN m sg constr · נֵכָר (H5236)Genitive complement in construct chainנֵכָר (H5236) 'foreignness'; construct 'gods of the foreignness of the land' = the foreign gods of the land.
הָאָ֗רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive complement in construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the land Israel is about to enter, with its resident Canaanite deities.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhererelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָאָרֶץאֲשֶׁר (H834).
ה֤וּאitindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of the participial clause (referring collectively to הָעָם)הוּא (H1931) 'he'; resumptive, referring collectively to 'this people' as it goes into the land.
בָאis goingQal ptc m sg abs · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate participle (imminent/durative action)→ Participle: imminent — the people's coming entry into the landבּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; describes the people's entry into the very land where they will apostatize.
שָׁ֨מָּה֙thereadverb + directional he · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial phrase of destination modifying בָאשָׁם (H8033) 'there', with directional ה.
בְּקִרְבּ֔וֹin its midstprep + N m sg constr + 3ms suffix · קֶרֶב (H7130)Locative prepositional phrase modifying וְזָנָה (the setting of the apostasy)קֶרֶב (H7130) 'midst, inward part'; 'in its midst' = while living within the land.
וַעֲזָבַ֕נִיand it will forsake meconj + Qal weqatal 3ms + 1cs suffix · עָזַב (H5800)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionעָזַב (H5800) 'to leave, forsake'; the same verb YHWH uses positively of himself toward Israel (vv. 6, 8) is now turned — Israel abandons YHWH.
וְהֵפֵר֙and it will breakconj + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · פָּרַר (H6565)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil 'to break, annul'; covenant-breaking language, the culmination of the people's apostasy.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
בְּרִיתִ֔יmy covenantN f sg constr + 1cs suffix · בְּרִית (H1285)Direct object of וְהֵפֵרבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant' with 1cs suffix, YHWH's own covenant, the one about to be broken.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying בְּרִיתִיאֲשֶׁר (H834).
כָּרַ֖תִּיI cutQal perf 1cs · כָּרַת (H3772)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed, foundational actכָּרַת (H3772) 'to cut'; idiom 'cut a covenant' = make a covenant, referring to the Horeb/Sinai covenant.
אִתּֽוֹwith himprep + 3ms suffix · אֵת (H854)Complement of כָּרַתִּיאֵת (H854) 'with' (comitative preposition); the covenant partner, referring collectively to the people.
17

וְחָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֣י ב֣וֹ בַיּוֹם הַ֠הוּא וַעֲזַבְתִּ֞ים וְהִסְתַּרְתִּ֨י פָנַ֤י מֵהֶם֙ וְהָיָ֣ה לֶֽאֱכֹ֔ל וּמְצָאֻ֛הוּ רָע֥וֹת רַבּ֖וֹת וְצָר֑וֹת וְאָמַר֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא הֲלֹ֗א עַ֣ל כִּֽי אֵ֤ין אֱלֹהַי֙ בְּקִרְבִּ֔י מְצָא֖וּנִי הָרָע֥וֹת הָאֵֽלֶּה

And my anger will burn against it in that day, and I will forsake them and hide my face from them, and it will become food for devouring; and many evils and troubles will find it, and it will say in that day, 'Is it not because my God is not in my midst that these evils have found me?'

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
וְחָרָ֣הand it will burnconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · חָרָה (H2734)Weqatal continuing main line (future)→ Weqatal: future consequential action — YHWH's coming wrathחָרָה (H2734) 'to burn, be kindled'; idiom for anger — YHWH's wrath ignites in response to the apostasy.
אַפִּ֣יmy angerN m sg constr + 1cs suffix · אַף (H639)Subject of וְחָרָהאַף (H639) 'nose, anger'; the physical seat of anger in Hebrew idiom, 'my anger will burn'.
ב֣וֹagainst itprep + 3ms suffix · בְּLocative/hostile prepositional phrase modifying וְחָרָהבְּ 'against, in' with 3ms suffix, referring to 'this people' (collective singular).
בַיּוֹםin the dayprep + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; 'in that day' = at the time of the apostasy.
הַ֠הוּאthatart + independent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Attributive demonstrative-like modifier of בַיּוֹםהוּא (H1931), used adjectivally with the article as 'that' — 'that day'.
וַעֲזַבְתִּ֞יםand I will forsake themconj + Qal weqatal 1cs + 3mp suffix · עָזַב (H5800)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionעָזַב (H5800) 'to leave, forsake'; YHWH's reciprocal abandonment answering Israel's own forsaking of him (v. 16).
וְהִסְתַּרְתִּ֨יand I will hideconj + Hiphil weqatal 1cs · סָתַר (H5641)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionסָתַר (H5641) Hiphil 'to hide'; הִסְתִּיר פָּנִים 'to hide the face' is the chapter's theological center, repeated in v. 18 — withdrawal of divine favor.
פָנַ֤יmy faceN c pl constr + 1cs suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Direct object of וְהִסְתַּרְתִּיפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; the object of the hiding — YHWH's favorable presence withdrawn from a rebellious people.
מֵהֶם֙from themprep + 3mp suffix · מִןAblative prepositional phrase modifying וְהִסְתַּרְתִּימִן 'from' with 3mp suffix.
וְהָיָ֣הand it will becomeconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the consequence of the hidden face — vulnerability.
לֶֽאֱכֹ֔לto be devouredprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָכַל (H398)Predicate complement of וְהָיָה→ Infinitive: result — the outcome of YHWH's hidden faceאָכַל (H398) 'to eat, consume'; 'become for eating/devouring' — exposed to destruction without divine protection.
וּמְצָאֻ֛הוּand they will find itconj + Qal weqatal 3cp + 3ms suffix · מָצָא (H4672)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionמָצָא (H4672) 'to find'; the evils 'find' the people — an idiom for calamities overtaking someone.
רָע֥וֹתevilsN f pl abs · רָעָה (H7451)Subject of וּמְצָאֻהוּרָעָה (H7451) 'evil, calamity'; the coming disasters personified as active agents finding the people.
רַבּ֖וֹתmanyadjective f pl abs · רַב (H7227)Attributive adjective modifying רָעוֹתרַב (H7227) 'much, many'.
וְצָר֑וֹתand troublesconj + N f pl abs · צָרָה (H6869)Coordinate subject of וּמְצָאֻהוּצָרָה (H6869) 'trouble, distress'; paired with רָעוֹת for comprehensive disaster.
וְאָמַר֙and it will sayconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; the people's own future self-diagnosis of their suffering.
בַּיּ֣וֹםin the dayprep + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'.
הַה֔וּאthatart + independent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Attributive demonstrative-like modifier of בַּיּוֹםהוּא (H1931), 'that' — 'that day'.
הֲלֹ֗אis it notinterrogative particle + negative particle · הֲ...לֹאRhetorical interrogative introducing the people's self-diagnosisהֲ interrogative + לֹא negative; rhetorical question expecting an affirmative answer — 'is it not [because]...'.
עַ֣לbecause ofprep · עַל (H5921)Causal prepositional phrase, resumed/explained by the following כִּי clauseעַל (H5921) here causal, 'on account of', anticipating the כִּי clause.
כִּֽיthatconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal/epexegetical conjunction completing עַל, introducing the reasonכִּי (H3588) 'that, because'; completes עַל...כִּי — the people's own (mistaken) explanation.
אֵ֤יןthere is notnegative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negates the existential clause (God's presence)אַיִן (H369) 'there is not'; negates the presence of God — the people diagnose the symptom without the cause.
אֱלֹהַי֙my GodN m pl constr + 1cs suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Subject of the existential clauseאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 1cs suffix; ironic — the people who forsook YHWH for foreign gods (v. 16) now cry that 'my God' is absent.
בְּקִרְבִּ֔יin my midstprep + N m sg constr + 1cs suffix · קֶרֶב (H7130)Locative prepositional phraseקֶרֶב (H7130) 'midst'; the people notice YHWH's felt absence without recognizing their own culpability.
מְצָא֖וּנִיhave found meQal perf 3cp + 1cs suffix · מָצָא (H4672)Predicate verb of the quoted clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed state of calamity, as perceived by the speakerמָצָא (H4672) 'to find'; echoes וּמְצָאֻהוּ of v. 17a, now voiced in the people's own first-person complaint.
הָרָע֥וֹתthe evilsart + N f pl abs · רָעָה (H7451)Subject of מְצָאוּנִירָעָה (H7451) 'evil, calamity'.
הָאֵֽלֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הָרָעוֹתאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'.
18

וְאָנֹכִ֗י הַסְתֵּ֨ר אַסְתִּ֤יר פָּנַי֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא עַ֥ל כָּל הָרָעָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה כִּ֣י פָנָ֔ה אֶל אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲחֵרִֽים

And I, I will surely hide my face in that day, because of all the evil that it has done, for it has turned to other gods.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְאָנֹכִ֗יand Iconj + independent pron 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject (emphatic, resumptive)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic 1cs pronoun; YHWH stresses his own decisive action of hiding his face.
הַסְתֵּ֨רsurelyHiphil inf abs · סָתַר (H5641)Infinitive absolute intensifying the following finite verb→ Infinitive: absolute, emphatic — intensifies certaintyסָתַר (H5641) Hiphil inf abs 'to hide'; paired with the finite verb for emphasis, 'I will surely hide'.
אַסְתִּ֤ירI will hideHiphil impf 1cs · סָתַר (H5641)Predicate verb (main clause), intensified by preceding infinitive absolute→ Yiqtol: emphatic future — certain divine withdrawalסָתַר (H5641) Hiphil 'to hide'; the second occurrence of 'hiding my face' in two verses, doubly emphasized by the infinitive absolute — the chapter's theological low point.
פָּנַי֙my faceN c pl constr + 1cs suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Direct object of אַסְתִּירפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'.
בַּיּ֣וֹםin the dayprep + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'.
הַה֔וּאthatart + independent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Attributive demonstrative-like modifier of בַּיּוֹםהוּא (H1931), 'that'.
עַ֥לbecause ofprep · עַל (H5921)Causal prepositional phrase modifying אַסְתִּירעַל (H5921) 'on account of'.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הָרָעָהכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
הָרָעָ֖הthe evilart + N f sg abs · רָעָה (H7451)Genitive complement in construct chainרָעָה (H7451) 'evil'; here Israel's own wrongdoing, not the calamity that befalls them (contrast v. 17).
אֲשֶׁ֣רthatrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָרָעָהאֲשֶׁר (H834).
עָשָׂ֑הit has doneQal perf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed act — the people's own wrongdoingעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; the people's committed evil, the actual grounds (unlike their own mistaken diagnosis in v. 17) for YHWH's hidden face.
כִּ֣יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing further groundsכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'.
פָנָ֔הit has turnedQal perf 3ms · פָּנָה (H6437)Predicate verb of causal clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed act — the definitive turning to idolatryפָּנָה (H6437) 'to turn'; the decisive act of apostasy — turning away from YHWH toward other gods.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying פָנָהאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'.
אֱלֹהִ֖יםgodsN m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Object of prep אֶלאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'gods'; here plural, foreign deities.
אֲחֵרִֽיםotheradjective m pl abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying אֱלֹהִיםאַחֵר (H312) 'other'; the standard Deuteronomic label for illicit deities, 'other gods'.
19

וְעַתָּ֗ה כִּתְב֤וּ לָכֶם֙ אֶת הַשִּׁירָ֣ה הַזֹּ֔את וְלַמְּדָ֥הּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל שִׂימָ֣הּ בְּפִיהֶ֑ם לְמַ֨עַן תִּהְיֶה לִּ֜י הַשִּׁירָ֥ה הַזֹּ֛את לְעֵ֖ד בִּבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

And now, write for yourselves this song, and teach it to the sons of Israel; put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the sons of Israel.

Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
וְעַתָּ֗הand nowconj + adverb · עַתָּה (H6258)Temporal adverb marking a new commandעַתָּה (H6258) 'now'; transition marker introducing the command to write the song.
כִּתְב֤וּwriteQal impv 2mp · כָּתַב (H3789)Imperative (main command, addressed to Moses and Joshua)→ Volitional: imperative summonsכָּתַב (H3789) 'to write'; plural imperative — both Moses and Joshua are commanded to compose the song (cf. v. 22).
לָכֶם֙for yourselvesprep + 2mp suffix · לְDative of interest/reflexive modifying כִּתְבוּלְ 'for, to' with 2mp suffix; reflexive/ethical dative, 'write for yourselves'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הַשִּׁירָ֣הthe songart + N c sg abs · שִׁירָה (H7892)Direct object of כִּתְבוּשִׁירָה (H7892) 'song'; the poem of Deut 32, distinct from the torah itself — a separate mnemonic composition.
הַזֹּ֔אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַשִּׁירָהזֹאת (H2063) 'this'.
וְלַמְּדָ֥הּand teach itconj + Piel impv 2ms + 3fs suffix · לָמַד (H3925)Coordinate imperative (singular, addressed to Moses)→ Volitional: imperative summonsלָמַד (H3925) Piel 'to teach'; Moses is charged to instruct the people in the song directly.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
בְּנֵיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Direct object of וְלַמְּדָהּ, construct headבֵּן (H1121) 'son'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478).
שִׂימָ֣הּput itQal impv 2ms + 3fs suffix · שִׂים (H7760)Coordinate imperative→ Volitional: imperative summonsשִׂים (H7760) 'to put, place'; vivid idiom, 'put the song in their mouths' = ensure it is memorized and orally transmitted.
בְּפִיהֶ֑םin their mouthsprep + N m sg constr + 3mp suffix · פֶּה (H6310)Locative prepositional phrase, complement of שִׂימָהפֶּה (H6310) 'mouth'; the song is to be memorized and recited, not merely written.
לְמַ֨עַןso thatprep · לְמַעַן (H4616)Purpose subordinating conjunction introducing תִּהְיֶהלְמַעַן (H4616) 'in order that'.
תִּהְיֶהit may beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of purpose clause→ Yiqtol: purpose — the song's intended functionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; states the song's purpose — to serve as a witness.
לִּ֜יfor meprep + 1cs suffix · לְDative complement of תִּהְיֶהלְ 'for' with 1cs suffix; the song serves YHWH's own interest as witness.
הַשִּׁירָ֥הthe songart + N c sg abs · שִׁירָה (H7892)Subject of תִּהְיֶהשִׁירָה (H7892) 'song'.
הַזֹּ֛אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַשִּׁירָהזֹאת (H2063).
לְעֵ֖דas a witnessprep + N m sg abs · עֵד (H5707)Predicate complement of תִּהְיֶהעֵד (H5707) 'witness'; key vocabulary — the song functions as a legal-covenantal witness against Israel.
בִּבְנֵ֥יagainst the sons ofprep + N m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Adversative locative phrase, construct headבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the preposition בְּ here bears the adversative sense 'against'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the very people the song will one day testify against.
20

כִּֽי אֲבִיאֶ֜נּוּ אֶֽל הָאֲדָמָ֣ה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתִּי לַאֲבֹתָ֗יו זָבַ֤ת חָלָב֙ וּדְבַ֔שׁ וְאָכַ֥ל וְשָׂבַ֖ע וְדָשֵׁ֑ן וּפָנָ֞ה אֶל אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ וַעֲבָד֔וּם וְנִ֣אֲצ֔וּנִי וְהֵפֵ֖ר אֶת בְּרִיתִֽי

For I will bring them into the land that I swore to their fathers, flowing with milk and honey, and they will eat and be satisfied and grow fat, and turn to other gods and serve them, and spurn me and break my covenant.

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
כִּֽיforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the song's necessityכִּי (H3588) 'for'; explains why the song-witness is needed — because prosperity itself will trigger apostasy.
אֲבִיאֶ֜נּוּI will bring themHiphil impf 1cs + 3ms suffix · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future — YHWH's coming act of bringing Israel inבּוֹא (H935) Hiphil 'to bring, cause to come'; YHWH himself brings the people into the land, contrasting the Qal 'enter' of Joshua/people in v. 7.
אֶֽלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying אֲבִיאֶנּוּאֶל (H413) 'to'.
הָאֲדָמָ֣הthe landart + N f sg abs · אֲדָמָה (H127)Object of prep אֶלאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, land'.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָאֲדָמָהאֲשֶׁר (H834).
נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתִּיI sworeNiphal perf 1cs · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed, binding divine oathשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear'; the patriarchal land-oath, the same grounding cited in v. 7.
לַאֲבֹתָ֗יוto their fathersprep + N m pl constr + 3ms suffix · אָב (H1)Indirect object of נִשְׁבַּעְתִּיאָב (H1) 'father'; the patriarchs (suffix agrees with the collective singular 'this people').
זָבַ֤תflowing withQal ptc f sg constr · זוּב (H2100)Substantival participle in apposition, describing הָאֲדָמָה→ Participle: durative — an ongoing, characteristic abundanceזוּב (H2100) 'to flow'; participle describing the land's fertility, part of the classic Deuteronomic formula 'flowing with milk and honey'.
חָלָב֙milkN m sg abs · חָלָב (H2461)Object of the participle זָבַתחָלָב (H2461) 'milk'; symbol of pastoral abundance.
וּדְבַ֔שׁand honeyconj + N m sg abs · דְּבַשׁ (H1706)Coordinate object of זָבַתדְּבַשׁ (H1706) 'honey'; with חָלָב, the stock description of the land's fertility (cf. 6:3; 8:8).
וְאָכַ֥לand it will eatconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Weqatal continuing main line (future)→ Weqatal: future consequential actionאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; the first of the prosperity-verbs that will precede the apostasy.
וְשָׂבַ֖עand be satisfiedconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · שָׂבַע (H7646)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionשָׂבַע (H7646) 'to be satisfied, full'.
וְדָשֵׁ֑ןand grow fatconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · דָּשֵׁן (H1878)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionדָּשֵׁן (H1878) 'to grow fat'; completes the triad eat-be satisfied-grow fat, prosperity that (cf. 32:15) breeds complacent rebellion.
וּפָנָ֞הand it will turnconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · פָּנָה (H6437)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionפָּנָה (H6437) 'to turn'; the same verb as v. 18 — prosperity leads directly to apostasy.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying וּפָנָהאֶל (H413).
אֱלֹהִ֤יםgodsN m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Object of prep אֶלאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'gods'.
אֲחֵרִים֙otheradjective m pl abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying אֱלֹהִיםאַחֵר (H312) 'other'.
וַעֲבָד֔וּםand serve themconj + Qal weqatal 3cp + 3mp suffix · עָבַד (H5647)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionעָבַד (H5647) 'to serve, worship'; active cultic devotion to the foreign gods.
וְנִ֣אֲצ֔וּנִיand spurn meconj + Piel weqatal 3cp + 1cs suffix · נָאַץ (H5006)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionנָאַץ (H5006) Piel 'to spurn, despise'; strong verb of contempt directed at YHWH himself.
וְהֵפֵ֖רand breakconj + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · פָּרַר (H6565)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil 'to break, annul'; repeats v. 16's verb — the covenant broken.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
בְּרִיתִֽיmy covenantN f sg constr + 1cs suffix · בְּרִית (H1285)Direct object of וְהֵפֵרבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant' with 1cs suffix, broken for the second time in this oracle (cf. v. 16).
21

וְ֠הָיָה כִּֽי תִמְצֶ֨אןָ אֹת֜וֹ רָע֣וֹת רַבּוֹת֮ וְצָרוֹת֒ וְ֠עָנְתָה הַשִּׁירָ֨ה הַזֹּ֤את לְפָנָיו֙ לְעֵ֔ד כִּ֛י לֹ֥א תִשָּׁכַ֖ח מִפִּ֣י זַרְע֑וֹ כִּ֧י יָדַ֣עְתִּי אֶת יִצְר֗וֹ אֲשֶׁ֨ר ה֤וּא עֹשֶׂה֙ הַיּ֔וֹם בְּטֶ֣רֶם אֲבִיאֶ֔נּוּ אֶל הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִשְׁבָּֽעְתִּי

And it will be, when many evils and troubles find them, that this song will testify before them as a witness, for it will not be forgotten from the mouth of their seed; for I know their inclination which they are already forming today, before I bring them into the land that I swore.

Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
וְ֠הָיָהand it will beconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Weqatal opening a new conditional/temporal main clause→ Weqatal: future — introduces the scenarioהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; 'and it will be [that]...' introduces a future temporal clause.
כִּֽיwhenconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Temporal/conditional conjunction introducing תִמְצֶאןָכִּי (H3588) 'when, if'; temporal here, 'when many evils find them'.
תִמְצֶ֨אןָthey will findQal impf 3fp · מָצָא (H4672)Predicate verb of temporal clause→ Yiqtol: future — the calamities' arrivalמָצָא (H4672) 'to find'; feminine plural agreeing with רָעוֹת רַבּוֹת וְצָרוֹת, the subject.
אֹת֜וֹitobj marker + 3ms suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of תִמְצֶאןָ (referring to the people, collective singular)אֵת (H853) with 3ms suffix, referring to Israel as a collective singular entity.
רָע֣וֹתevilsN f pl abs · רָעָה (H7451)Subject of תִמְצֶאןָרָעָה (H7451) 'evil, calamity'.
רַבּוֹת֮manyadjective f pl abs · רַב (H7227)Attributive adjective modifying רָעוֹתרַב (H7227) 'much, many'.
וְצָרוֹת֒and troublesconj + N f pl abs · צָרָה (H6869)Coordinate subject of תִמְצֶאןָצָרָה (H6869) 'trouble, distress'.
וְ֠עָנְתָהand it will testifyconj + Qal weqatal 3fs · עָנָה (H6030)Weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential action — the song's function activatedעָנָה (H6030) 'to answer, testify'; the song will 'answer/testify' — legal-forensic sense of bearing witness against the people.
הַשִּׁירָ֨הthe songart + N c sg abs · שִׁירָה (H7892)Subject of וְעָנְתָהשִׁירָה (H7892) 'song'; the same song commanded in v. 19.
הַזֹּ֤אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַשִּׁירָהזֹאת (H2063).
לְפָנָיו֙before itprep + N c pl constr + 3ms suffix · פָּנִים (H6440)Locative prepositional phrase, complement of וְעָנְתָהפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; 'before it' = in the presence of the people, as a courtroom witness confronts the accused.
לְעֵ֔דas a witnessprep + N m sg abs · עֵד (H5707)Predicate complement of וְעָנְתָהעֵד (H5707) 'witness'; repeats the key term of v. 19, now describing the song's active future function.
כִּ֛יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the song's durabilityכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates תִשָּׁכַחלֹא (H3808).
תִשָּׁכַ֖חit will be forgottenNiphal impf 3fs · שָׁכַח (H7911)Predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Yiqtol: future/durative — the song's permanenceשָׁכַח (H7911) Niphal 'to be forgotten'; the song's oral, memorized form (v. 19) guarantees it will persist across generations.
מִפִּ֣יfrom the mouth ofprep + N m sg constr · פֶּה (H6310)Locative/ablative prepositional phrase modifying תִשָּׁכַחפֶּה (H6310) 'mouth'; 'from the mouth of' = out of the oral tradition/memory of.
זַרְע֑וֹits seedN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · זֶרַע (H2233)Genitive complement in construct chainזֶרַע (H2233) 'seed, offspring'; the song will be transmitted orally across all future generations.
כִּ֧יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing YHWH's grounds for certaintyכִּי (H3588) 'for'; introduces the reason the apostasy and its witness-song are necessary.
יָדַ֣עְתִּיI knowQal perf 1cs · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (main clause, perfective)→ Perfective: a settled, certain state of knowledgeיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; YHWH's perfect foreknowledge of Israel's character, grounding the certainty of the predicted apostasy.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
יִצְר֗וֹits inclinationN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · יֵצֶר (H3336)Direct object of יָדַעְתִּייֵצֶר (H3336) 'inclination, formed intent' (from יָצַר 'to form'); key theological term — Israel's inborn bent, later central in rabbinic anthropology (יֵצֶר הָרַע).
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying יִצְרוֹאֲשֶׁר (H834).
ה֤וּאitindependent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of the participial clause (referring collectively to Israel)הוּא (H1931) 'he/it'; resumptive, referring to Israel collectively.
עֹשֶׂה֙is formingQal ptc m sg abs · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate participle (present/ongoing action)→ Participle: durative — an already-present tendencyעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; the people's inclination is already at work 'today,' even before entering the land.
הַיּ֔וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal adverbial accusativeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; even now, prior to entry, Israel's rebellious bent is already evident.
בְּטֶ֣רֶםbeforeprep + adverb · טֶרֶם (H2962)Temporal subordinating conjunction introducing אֲבִיאֶנּוּטֶרֶם (H2962) 'not yet'; with בְּ, 'before'.
אֲבִיאֶ֔נּוּI bring it inHiphil impf 1cs + 3ms suffix · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb of temporal clause→ Yiqtol: future — the still-future entry into the landבּוֹא (H935) Hiphil 'to bring in'; repeats v. 20's verb — the people's corruption precedes even the gift of the land.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying אֲבִיאֶנּוּאֶל (H413).
הָאָ֖רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of prep אֶלאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָאָרֶץאֲשֶׁר (H834).
נִשְׁבָּֽעְתִּיI sworeNiphal perf 1cs · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed, binding divine oathשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear'; the patriarchal oath, repeated a third time in this chapter (vv. 7, 20).
22

וַיִּכְתֹּ֥ב מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת הַשִּׁירָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא וַֽיְלַמְּדָ֖הּ אֶת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

And Moses wrote this song that day, and taught it to the sons of Israel.

Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וַיִּכְתֹּ֥בand he wroteQal wayyiqtol 3ms · כָּתַב (H3789)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceכָּתַב (H3789) 'to write'; Moses immediately obeys the command of v. 19, composing the song.
מֹשֶׁ֛הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיִּכְתֹּבמֹשֶׁה (H4872).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הַשִּׁירָ֥הthe songart + N c sg abs · שִׁירָה (H7892)Direct object of וַיִּכְתֹּבשִׁירָה (H7892) 'song'.
הַזֹּ֖אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַשִּׁירָהזֹאת (H2063).
בַּיּ֣וֹםon the dayprep + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; immediate compliance, 'that very day'.
הַה֑וּאthatart + independent pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Attributive demonstrative-like modifier of בַּיּוֹםהוּא (H1931), 'that'.
וַֽיְלַמְּדָ֖הּand he taught itconj + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms + 3fs suffix · לָמַד (H3925)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, coordinate main verb→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceלָמַד (H3925) Piel 'to teach'; Moses fulfills both halves of the command in v. 19 (write and teach).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Direct object of וַיְלַמְּדָהּ, construct headבֵּן (H1121) 'son'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478).
23

וַיְצַ֞ו אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בִּן נ֗וּן וַיֹּאמֶר֮ חֲזַ֣ק וֶֽאֱמָץ֒ כִּ֣י אַתָּ֗ה תָּבִיא֙ אֶת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶל הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתִּי לָהֶ֑ם וְאָנֹכִ֖י אֶֽהְיֶ֥ה עִמָּֽךְ

And he commanded Joshua son of Nun, and said, 'Be strong and courageous, for you shall bring the sons of Israel into the land that I swore to them, and I will be with you.'

Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וַיְצַ֞וand he commandedPiel wayyiqtol 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; subject is YHWH (continuing the theophany of v. 15) — the third and climactic delivery of the commissioning formula, now directly from YHWH himself.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַJoshuaN proper · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Direct object of וַיְצַויְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091).
בִּןson ofN m sg constr · בֵּן (H1121)Apposition to יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, construct headבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; full patronymic identification, 'Joshua son of Nun'.
נ֗וּןNunN proper · נוּן (H5126)Genitive complement (construct chain)נוּן (H5126), Joshua's father.
וַיֹּאמֶר֮and he saidconj + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence, coordinate main verb→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces YHWH's direct speech to Joshua.
חֲזַ֣קbe strongQal impv 2ms · חָזַק (H2388)Imperative (main command)→ Volitional: imperative summons to courageחָזַק (H2388); the third and final delivery of this chapter's threefold formula, here spoken by YHWH himself directly to Joshua.
וֶֽאֱמָץ֒and be courageousconj + Qal impv 2ms · אָמַץ (H553)Coordinate imperative→ Volitional: imperative summons to courageאָמַץ (H553); completing the paired formula for the third time.
כִּ֣יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the commandכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
אַתָּ֗הyouindependent pron 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (emphatic)אַתָּה (H859), emphatic 2ms pronoun.
תָּבִיא֙you shall bringHiphil impf 2ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future — Joshua's coming taskבּוֹא (H935) Hiphil 'to bring, cause to come'; distinct from the Qal 'enter with' of v. 7 — here Joshua actively leads the people in, as YHWH himself does (v. 20).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Direct object of תָּבִיא, construct headבֵּן (H1121) 'son'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478).
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying תָּבִיאאֶל (H413).
הָאָ֖רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of prep אֶלאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הָאָרֶץאֲשֶׁר (H834).
נִשְׁבַּ֣עְתִּיI sworeNiphal perf 1cs · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed, binding divine oathשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear'; the fourth reference to the patriarchal oath in this chapter (vv. 7, 20, 21, 23).
לָהֶ֑םto themprep + 3mp suffix · לְIndirect object of נִשְׁבַּעְתִּילְ 'to' with 3mp suffix, referring to the fathers.
וְאָנֹכִ֖יand Iconj + independent pron 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject (emphatic, resumptive)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic 1cs pronoun; YHWH's own personal promise of presence to Joshua.
אֶֽהְיֶ֥הI will beQal impf 1cs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future — a promise of continual presenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; YHWH's direct promise, echoing v. 8's third-person 'he will be with you,' now spoken in the first person by YHWH himself.
עִמָּֽךְwith youprep + 2fs suffix · עִם (H5973)Complement of אֶהְיֶהעִם (H5973) 'with'.
24

וַיְהִ֣י כְּכַלּ֣וֹת מֹשֶׁ֗ה לִכְתֹּ֛ב אֶת דִּבְרֵ֥י הַתּוֹרָֽה הַזֹּ֖את עַל סֵ֑פֶר עַ֖ד תֻּמָּֽם

And it came to pass, when Moses had finished writing the words of this torah on a scroll, to their completion,

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וַיְהִ֣יand it came to passconj + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb, temporal formula)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, happen'; standard narrative formula introducing a new temporal clause, 'and it happened when...'
כְּכַלּ֣וֹתwhen finishingprep כְּ + Piel inf constr · כָּלָה (H3615)Temporal infinitive construct clause→ Infinitive: temporal — 'when Moses finished'כָּלָה (H3615) Piel 'to complete, finish'; marks the completion of the written torah, matching the earlier writing notice of v. 9.
מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Logical subject of the infinitive כְּכַלּוֹתמֹשֶׁה (H4872).
לִכְתֹּ֛בwritingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · כָּתַב (H3789)Complementary infinitive of כְּכַלּוֹת→ Infinitive: complementary, specifying the activity completedכָּתַב (H3789) 'to write'; specifies what Moses finished — the writing of the torah.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
דִּבְרֵ֥יthe words ofN m pl constr · דָּבָר (H1697)Direct object of לִכְתֹּב, construct headדָּבָר (H1697) 'word'; the full content of the torah, now completely inscribed.
הַתּוֹרָֽהthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Genitive complement in construct chainתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'.
הַזֹּ֖אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַתּוֹרָהזֹאת (H2063).
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phrase modifying לִכְתֹּבעַל (H5921) 'on, upon'.
סֵ֑פֶרa scrollN m sg abs · סֵפֶר (H5612)Object of prep עַלסֵפֶר (H5612) 'scroll, document'; the physical writing surface — this torah is a genuine written book, not merely oral tradition.
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal/extent prepositional phrase modifying כְּכַלּוֹתעַד (H5704) 'until, as far as'.
תֻּמָּֽםtheir completionQal inf constr + 3mp suffix · תָּמַם (H8552)Object of prep עַד→ Infinitive: extent — marking the full completion of the writingתָּמַם (H8552) 'to be complete, finished'; 'until their completion' emphasizes the torah was written in full, to its very end — nothing omitted.
25

וַיְצַ֤ו מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת הַלְוִיִּ֔ם נֹ֥שְׂאֵ֛י אֲר֥וֹן בְּרִית יְהוָ֖ה לֵאמֹֽר

And Moses commanded the Levites, who carry the ark of the covenant of YHWH, saying,

Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וַיְצַ֤וand he commandedPiel wayyiqtol 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; Moses instructs the Levitical ark-bearers about depositing the newly-completed scroll.
מֹשֶׁה֙MosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיְצַומֹשֶׁה (H4872).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הַלְוִיִּ֔םthe Levitesart + gentilic N m pl abs · לֵוִי (H3881)Direct object of וַיְצַולֵוִי (H3881), gentilic 'Levite'; the tribe entrusted with the ark and the newly-completed scroll.
נֹ֥שְׂאֵ֛יwho carryQal ptc m pl constr · נָשָׂא (H5375)Substantival participle in apposition, identifying the Levites' role→ Participle: durative — the Levites' ongoing office of bearing the arkנָשָׂא (H5375) 'to carry'; repeats the identical description of v. 9.
אֲר֥וֹןthe ark ofN c sg constr · אָרוֹן (H727)Direct object of נֹשְׂאֵי, construct headאָרוֹן (H727) 'ark'.
בְּרִיתthe covenant ofN f sg constr · בְּרִית (H1285)Genitive complement in construct chainבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant'.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive complement (construct chain)יְהוָה (H3068).
לֵאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Complementary infinitive introducing direct speech→ Infinitive: introduces quoted discourseאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; standard formula introducing direct quotation.
26

לָקֹ֗חַ אֵ֣ת סֵ֤פֶר הַתּוֹרָה֙ הַזֶּ֔ה וְשַׂמְתֶּ֣ם אֹת֔וֹ מִצַּ֛ד אֲר֥וֹן בְּרִית יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם וְהָֽיָה שָׁ֥ם בְּךָ֖ לְעֵֽד

Take this book of the torah, and put it beside the ark of the covenant of YHWH your God, that it may be there as a witness against you.

Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
לָקֹ֗חַtakeQal inf abs (imperatival use) · לָקַח (H3947)Infinitive absolute functioning as imperative (main command)→ Infinitive: absolute with imperatival force — a solemn commandלָקַח (H3947) 'to take'; infinitive absolute used imperativally, giving the command extra solemnity.
אֵ֣ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
סֵ֤פֶרthe book ofN m sg constr · סֵפֶר (H5612)Direct object of לָקֹחַ, construct headסֵפֶר (H5612) 'book, scroll'; the physical scroll completed in v. 24.
הַתּוֹרָה֙the torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Genitive complement in construct chainתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'.
הַזֶּ֔הthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying סֵפֶרזֶה (H2088) 'this'.
וְשַׂמְתֶּ֣םand put itconj + Qal weqatal 2mp · שִׂים (H7760)Weqatal continuing main line (command)→ Weqatal: volitional/command forceשִׂים (H7760) 'to put, place'; the physical deposit of the scroll.
אֹת֔וֹitobj marker + 3ms suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of וְשַׂמְתֶּםאֵת (H853) with 3ms suffix, referring to the scroll.
מִצַּ֛דat the side ofprep + N m sg constr · צַד (H6654)Locative prepositional phrase, construct headצַד (H6654) 'side'; the scroll is placed BESIDE (not inside) the ark, distinct from the tablets housed within it.
אֲר֥וֹןthe ark ofN c sg constr · אָרוֹן (H727)Genitive complement in construct chainאָרוֹן (H727) 'ark'.
בְּרִיתthe covenant ofN f sg constr · בְּרִית (H1285)Genitive complement in construct chainבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant'.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive complement (construct chain)יְהוָה (H3068).
אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑םyour GodN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2mp suffix.
וְהָֽיָהthat it may beconj + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Weqatal continuing main line (purpose/result)→ Weqatal: purpose/result — the deposit's intended functionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; states the purpose of the deposit — ongoing witness.
שָׁ֥םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Locative adverb modifying וְהָיָהשָׁם (H8033) 'there'; referring to its position beside the ark.
בְּךָ֖against youprep + 2ms suffix · בְּAdversative prepositional phrase modifying לְעֵדבְּ 'against, in' with 2ms suffix; adversative sense, matching בִּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל of v. 19.
לְעֵֽדas a witnessprep + N m sg abs · עֵד (H5707)Predicate complement of וְהָיָהעֵד (H5707) 'witness'; the scroll itself now joins the song as a second witness against Israel.
27

כִּ֣י אָנֹכִ֤י יָדַ֨עְתִּי֙ אֶֽת מֶרְיְךָ֔ וְאֶֽת עָרְפְּךָ֖ הַקָּשֶׁ֑ה הֵ֣ן בְּעוֹדֶנִּי֩ חַ֨י עִמָּכֶ֜ם הַיּ֗וֹם מַמְרִ֤ים הֱיִתֶם֙ עִם יְהֹוָ֔ה וְאַ֖ף כִּי אַחֲרֵ֥י מוֹתִֽי

For I know your rebellion and your stiff neck; behold, while I am still alive with you today, you have been rebellious against YHWH — how much more after my death!

Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
כִּ֣יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the previous commandכִּי (H3588) 'for'; explains why the torah must serve as a witness — Moses already knows Israel's rebellious character.
אָנֹכִ֤יIindependent pron 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject (emphatic)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic 1cs pronoun; Moses stresses his own personal, firsthand knowledge.
יָדַ֨עְתִּי֙I knowQal perf 1cs · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (main clause, perfective)→ Perfective: a settled, certain state of knowledgeיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; Moses echoes YHWH's own words of knowledge in v. 21 (יָדַעְתִּי אֶת יִצְרוֹ) — both divine and human witnesses agree on Israel's character.
אֶֽת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
מֶרְיְךָ֔your rebellionN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · מְרִי (H4805)Direct object of יָדַעְתִּימְרִי (H4805) 'rebellion, defiance'; Israel's persistent covenant disobedience, well-attested throughout the wilderness narratives.
וְאֶֽתand [obj]conj + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Coordinate direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi, coordinated.
עָרְפְּךָ֖your neckN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · עֹרֶף (H6203)Coordinate direct object of יָדַעְתִּיעֹרֶף (H6203) 'neck, back of the neck'; 'stiff neck' is a standing Deuteronomic idiom for stubborn refusal to submit (cf. 9:6, 13).
הַקָּשֶׁ֑הstiffart + adjective m sg abs · קָשֶׁה (H7186)Attributive adjective modifying עָרְפְּךָקָשֶׁה (H7186) 'hard, stiff, stubborn'; completes the idiom עֹרֶף קָשֶׁה, 'stiff-necked'.
הֵ֣ןbeholdinterjection · הֵן (H2005)Attention-drawing particle introducing the a fortiori argumentהֵן (H2005) 'behold, lo'; introduces the a fortiori logic — if rebellious now, how much more later.
בְּעוֹדֶנִּי֩while I am stillprep + adverb + 1cs suffix · עוֹד (H5750)Temporal circumstantial phrase modifying the main clauseעוֹד (H5750) 'still, yet' with 1cs suffix; 'while I am still...' — Moses' living presence as a restraining influence, soon to be removed.
חַ֨יaliveadjective m sg abs · חַי (H2416)Predicate adjective completing the circumstantial clauseחַי (H2416) 'alive, living'.
עִמָּכֶ֜םwith youprep + 2mp suffix · עִם (H5973)Complement of חַיעִם (H5973) 'with'.
הַיּ֗וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal adverbial accusativeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; emphasizing the present moment as the least-corrupt period, before Moses' death.
מַמְרִ֤יםrebelliousHiphil ptc m pl abs · מָרָה (H4784)Predicate participle with הֱיִתֶם→ Participle: durative/characteristic — an established pattern of rebellionמָרָה (H4784) Hiphil 'to be rebellious, defiant'; participle describing Israel's characteristic behavior, cognate with מֶרְיְךָ above.
הֱיִתֶם֙you have beenQal perf 2mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause, perfective) with participle מַמְרִים→ Perfective: a settled, established pattern documented in the pastהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; with the participle, 'you have been (continually) rebellious' — a durative/habitual perfect.
עִםagainstprep · עִם (H5973)Adversative/relational prepositional phrase modifying מַמְרִיםעִם (H5973) 'with'; here in a hostile/adversative sense, 'against YHWH', following מָרָה's typical construction.
יְהֹוָ֔הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Object of prep עִםיְהוָה (H3068).
וְאַ֖ףand how much moreconj + adverb · אַף (H637)Intensifying adverb introducing the a fortiori clauseאַף (H637) 'also, moreover'; with כִּי, אַף כִּי forms an a fortiori expression, 'how much more.'
כִּיwhenconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Temporal conjunction completing וְאַף (a fortiori construction)כִּי (H3588) 'when'; completes אַף כִּי, 'how much more when...'
אַחֲרֵ֥יafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase modifying the implied verbאַחַר (H310) 'after'.
מוֹתִֽיmy deathN m sg constr + 1cs suffix · מָוֶת (H4194)Object of prep אַחֲרֵימָוֶת (H4194) 'death'; the a fortiori climax — if rebellious even with Moses alive, how much worse once his restraining presence is gone.
28

הַקְהִ֧ילוּ אֵלַ֛י אֶת כָּל זִקְנֵ֥י שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֖ם וְשֹׁטְרֵיכֶ֑ם וַאֲדַבְּרָ֣ה בְאָזְנֵיהֶ֗ם אֵ֚ת הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה וְאָעִ֣ידָה בָּ֔ם אֶת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֶת הָאָֽרֶץ

Assemble to me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to witness against them.

Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
הַקְהִ֧ילוּassembleHiphil impv 2mp · קָהַל (H6950)Imperative (main command)→ Volitional: imperative summons to assemblyקָהַל (H6950) Hiphil 'to assemble'; echoes the verb of v. 12, now gathering leadership specifically rather than the whole nation.
אֵלַ֛יto meprep + 1cs suffix · אֶל (H413)Directional prepositional phrase modifying הַקְהִילוּאֶל (H413) 'to' with 1cs suffix, Moses himself.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing זִקְנֵיכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
זִקְנֵ֥יthe elders ofadj/noun m pl constr · זָקֵן (H2205)Genitive complement, construct headזָקֵן (H2205) 'elder'; substantivized, the tribal leadership.
שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֖םyour tribesN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · שֵׁבֶט (H7626)Genitive complement in construct chainשֵׁבֶט (H7626) 'tribe, staff'; the twelve tribal divisions of Israel.
וְשֹׁטְרֵיכֶ֑םand your officersconj + Qal ptc m pl constr + 2mp suffix · שֹׁטֵר (H7860)Coordinate direct object of הַקְהִילוּשֹׁטֵר (H7860) 'officer, official'; administrative officials who assist the elders, paired throughout Deuteronomy (cf. 16:18).
וַאֲדַבְּרָ֣הthat I may speakconj + Piel cohortative 1cs · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Purpose/cohortative clause following the imperative→ Volitional: cohortative — Moses' stated purposeדִּבֶּר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; Moses' purpose in assembling the leadership — a final, formal address.
בְאָזְנֵיהֶ֗םin their earsprep + N f dual constr + 3mp suffix · אֹזֶן (H241)Locative/manner prepositional phrase modifying וַאֲדַבְּרָהאֹזֶן (H241) 'ear'; emphasizing direct, audible address, as in v. 11.
אֵ֚ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הַדְּבָרִ֣יםthe wordsart + N m pl abs · דָּבָר (H1697)Direct object of וַאֲדַבְּרָהדָּבָר (H1697) 'word'; the content of Moses' final address, likely the Song that follows in ch. 32.
הָאֵ֔לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַדְּבָרִיםאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'.
וְאָעִ֣ידָהand I may call to witnessconj + Hiphil cohortative 1cs · עוּד (H5749)Coordinate cohortative clause→ Volitional: cohortative — Moses' second stated purposeעוּד (H5749) Hiphil 'to call to witness, testify'; cognate with עֵד — Moses formally invokes cosmic witnesses.
בָּ֔םagainst themprep + 3mp suffix · בְּAdversative prepositional phrase, object of וְאָעִידָהבְּ 'against, in' with 3mp suffix, referring to the assembled leaders/people.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הַשָּׁמַ֖יִםthe heavensart + N m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Direct object of וְאָעִידָה (first cosmic witness)שָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens'; invoked as an eternal, cosmic witness to the covenant, per ancient Near Eastern treaty convention (cf. 4:26; 30:19; 32:1).
וְאֶתand [obj]conj + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Coordinate direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi, coordinated.
הָאָֽרֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Coordinate direct object of וְאָעִידָה (second cosmic witness)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; with שָׁמַיִם, the classic merism of covenant-witness invocation.
29

כִּ֣י יָדַ֗עְתִּי אַחֲרֵ֤י מוֹתִי֙ כִּֽי הַשְׁחֵ֣ת תַּשְׁחִת֔וּן וְסַרְתֶּ֣ם מִן הַדֶּ֔רֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּ֖יתִי אֶתְכֶ֑ם וְקָרָ֨את אֶתְכֶ֤ם הָֽרָעָה֙ בְּאַחֲרִ֣ית הַיָּמִ֔ים כִּֽי תַעֲשׂ֤וּ אֶת הָרַע֙ בְּעֵינֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לְהַכְעִיס֖וֹ בְּמַעֲשֵׂ֥ה יְדֵיכֶֽם

For I know that after my death you will surely act corruptly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you, and evil will befall you in the end of days, because you will do evil in the eyes of YHWH, to provoke him with the work of your hands.

Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
כִּ֣יforconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the assembly commandכִּי (H3588) 'for'; explains why Moses must speak these final words to the leadership.
יָדַ֗עְתִּיI knowQal perf 1cs · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (main clause, perfective)→ Perfective: a settled, certain state of knowledgeיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; a third instance of this key verb in the chapter (vv. 21, 27, 29), each grounding a certainty about Israel's future failure.
אַחֲרֵ֤יafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase modifying the following clauseאַחַר (H310) 'after'.
מוֹתִי֙my deathN m sg constr + 1cs suffix · מָוֶת (H4194)Object of prep אַחֲרֵימָוֶת (H4194) 'death'.
כִּֽיthatconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Object/content clause conjunction completing יָדַעְתִּיכִּי (H3588) 'that'; introduces the content of Moses' knowledge.
הַשְׁחֵ֣תsurelyHiphil inf abs · שָׁחַת (H7843)Infinitive absolute intensifying the following finite verb→ Infinitive: absolute, emphatic — intensifies certaintyשָׁחַת (H7843) Hiphil inf abs 'to corrupt, destroy'; paired with the finite verb for emphasis.
תַּשְׁחִת֔וּןyou will act corruptlyHiphil impf 2mp + paragogic nun · שָׁחַת (H7843)Predicate verb (main clause), intensified by preceding infinitive absolute→ Yiqtol: emphatic future — certain future corruptionשָׁחַת (H7843) Hiphil 'to corrupt, ruin, act corruptly'; the finite verb intensified by its own infinitive absolute — total moral collapse anticipated.
וְסַרְתֶּ֣םand you will turn asideconj + Qal weqatal 2mp · סוּר (H5493)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionסוּר (H5493) 'to turn aside, depart'; abandoning the prescribed path of obedience.
מִןfromprep · מִן (H4480)Ablative prepositional phrase modifying וְסַרְתֶּםמִן (H4480) 'from'.
הַדֶּ֔רֶךְthe wayart + N c sg abs · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Object of prep מִןדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, path'; figurative for the prescribed course of covenant obedience.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing clause modifying הַדֶּרֶךְאֲשֶׁר (H834).
צִוִּ֖יתִיI commandedPiel perf 1cs · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of relative clause (perfective)→ Perfective: a completed act of commandצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; Moses' own mediated instruction.
אֶתְכֶ֑םyouobj marker + 2mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of צִוִּיתִיאֵת (H853) with 2mp suffix.
וְקָרָ֨אתand it will befallconj + Qal weqatal 3fs · קָרָא (H7122)Coordinate weqatal continuing main line→ Weqatal: future consequential actionקָרָא (H7122) 'to meet, befall' (a different root from קָרָא 'to call/read', H7121) — 'to happen upon, encounter'.
אֶתְכֶ֤םyouobj marker + 2mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of וְקָרָאתאֵת (H853) with 2mp suffix.
הָֽרָעָה֙the evilart + N f sg abs · רָעָה (H7451)Subject of וְקָרָאתרָעָה (H7451) 'evil, calamity'; the disaster that will overtake the people.
בְּאַחֲרִ֣יתin the end ofprep + N f sg constr · אַחֲרִית (H319)Temporal prepositional phrase, construct headאַחֲרִית (H319) 'end, latter part'; the fixed idiom אַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים 'the end of days,' an eschatological/future-oriented phrase in covenant and prophetic literature.
הַיָּמִ֔יםthe daysart + N m pl abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive complement in construct chainיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; completing אַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, 'in the latter days' — an extended future horizon.
כִּֽיbecauseconjunction · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing grounds for the coming evilכִּי (H3588) 'because'.
תַעֲשׂ֤וּyou will doQal impf 2mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb of causal clause→ Yiqtol: future — the people's coming wrongdoingעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; the specific committed wrongdoing that triggers the calamity.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
הָרַע֙the evilart + adjective m sg abs · רַע (H7451)Direct object of תַעֲשׂוּרַע (H7451) 'evil, bad'; substantivized adjective, 'that which is evil'.
בְּעֵינֵ֣יin the eyes ofprep + N c dual constr · עַיִן (H5869)Locative/evaluative prepositional phrase modifying תַעֲשׂוּעַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; idiom 'in the eyes of' = in the judgment/assessment of.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive complement (construct chain)יְהוָה (H3068); the evaluative standard being violated.
לְהַכְעִיס֖וֹto provoke himprep לְ + Hiphil inf constr + 3ms suffix · כָּעַס (H3707)Purpose infinitive of תַעֲשׂוּ→ Infinitive: purpose/result — provocation of divine angerכָּעַס (H3707) Hiphil 'to provoke to anger'; the effective result of Israel's idolatrous practice.
בְּמַעֲשֵׂ֥הwith the work ofprep + N m sg constr · מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639)Instrumental prepositional phrase modifying לְהַכְעִיסוֹ, construct headמַעֲשֶׂה (H4639) 'work, deed'; the means of provocation.
יְדֵיכֶֽםyour handsN c dual constr + 2mp suffix · יָד (H3027)Genitive complement in construct chainיָד (H3027) 'hand'; 'the work of your hands' — idiom for idols, manufactured objects of false worship (cf. 4:28).
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וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר מֹשֶׁ֗ה בְּאָזְנֵי֙ כָּל קְהַ֣ל יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶת דִּבְרֵ֥י הַשִּׁירָ֖ה הַזֹּ֑את עַ֖ד תֻּמָּֽם

And Moses spoke in the ears of all the assembly of Israel the words of this song, until they were completed.

Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֣רand he spokePiel wayyiqtol 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceדִּבֶּר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; Moses now recites/delivers the completed Song publicly.
מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיְדַבֵּרמֹשֶׁה (H4872).
בְּאָזְנֵי֙in the ears ofprep + N f dual constr · אֹזֶן (H241)Locative/manner prepositional phraseאֹזֶן (H241) 'ear'; emphasizing audible, public delivery, as in vv. 11, 28.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing קְהַלכֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
קְהַ֣לthe assembly ofN m sg constr · קָהָל (H6951)Genitive complement, construct head governing יִשְׂרָאֵלקָהָל (H6951) 'assembly, congregation'; cognate with הַקְהֵל of vv. 12, 28 — the fully gathered nation now hears the Song.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi.
דִּבְרֵ֥יthe words ofN m pl constr · דָּבָר (H1697)Direct object of וַיְדַבֵּר, construct headדָּבָר (H1697) 'word'; the full text of the Song.
הַשִּׁירָ֖הthe songart + N c sg abs · שִׁירָה (H7892)Genitive complement in construct chainשִׁירָה (H7892) 'song'; the poem of Deut 32, now fully performed for the first time.
הַזֹּ֑אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַשִּׁירָהזֹאת (H2063).
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal/extent prepositional phrase modifying וַיְדַבֵּרעַד (H5704) 'until'.
תֻּמָּֽםtheir completionQal inf constr + 3mp suffix · תָּמַם (H8552)Object of prep עַד→ Infinitive: extent — marking the full recitation of the song's wordsתָּמַם (H8552) 'to be complete'; the Song, like the torah scroll in v. 24, is delivered in full — nothing omitted, matching the identical phrase there.