1
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֖ה אֶל בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כְּכֹ֛ל אֲשֶׁר צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת מֹשֶֽׁה
And Moses spoke to the sons of Israel according to all that YHWH had commanded Moses.
A wayyiqtol continues the unbroken narrative sequence from Numbers 29; in English/LXX-based versification this verse is 29:40, the closing notice of the festival-offerings unit, while the MT counts it as the opening verse of ch. 30.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וַיֹּ֥אמֶרand he saidwaw-consec + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say, speak'; here the verb of authoritative transmission — Moses relays what follows as a communication from YHWH, not his own word.
מֹשֶׁ֖הMosesNp · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶרמֹשֶׁה (H4872), proper name of Israel's lawgiver and mediator; the addressee-turned-speaker of the vow legislation to follow.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; introduces the recipients of Moses' address.
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Object of preposition אֶל (construct head)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct plural in the standing idiom בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'the Israelites'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelNp · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (construct with בְּנֵי)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant name of Jacob's descendants.
כְּכֹ֛לaccording to allprep כְּ + N m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Adverbial prepositional phrase (standard of compliance)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; with כְּ forms the correlative כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר 'according to all that...', a stereotyped formula of exact compliance.
אֲשֶׁרthatrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing the relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle 'who, which, that'; introduces the clause naming YHWH's command.
צִוָּ֥הcommandedPiel perf 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, authoritative act of commandצִוָּה (H6680) Piel of √צוה 'to command, charge'; the standard verb for divine legislative instruction throughout the Pentateuch.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHNp · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of צִוָּהיְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name (Tetragrammaton) of Israel's God.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking the definite direct object מֹשֶׁה; untranslated.
מֹשֶֽׁהMosesNp · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Direct object of צִוָּהמֹשֶׁה (H4872); the recipient of YHWH's command, marked here by the preceding אֵת.
2
וַיְדַבֵּ֤ר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶל רָאשֵׁ֣י הַמַּטּ֔וֹת לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר זֶ֣ה הַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֖ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָֽה
And Moses spoke to the heads of the tribes of the sons of Israel, saying, This is the word that YHWH has commanded.
A second, more formal wayyiqtol (דָּבַר rather than אָמַר) marks the true start of the chapter's legal content, addressed now specifically to the tribal heads who must administer it.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֤רand he spokewaw-consec + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance, introducing the vow legislation properדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; a formal address, marking the legal instruction as distinct from the general אָמַר of v.1.
מֹשֶׁה֙MosesNp · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subjectמֹשֶׁה (H4872); again the speaker, now addressing tribal leadership specifically.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (addressee)
רָאשֵׁ֣יthe heads ofN m pl constr · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Object of preposition (construct head)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head'; construct pl. 'heads, chiefs' — the tribal leaders as intermediaries for the law.
הַמַּטּ֔וֹתthe tribesart + N m pl abs · מַטֶּה (H4294)Genitive (construct with רָאשֵׁי)מַטֶּה (H4294) 'staff; tribe' — a tribe as headed by its staff-bearing chief; with the article, the familiar tribal units.
לִבְנֵ֥יof the sons ofprep לְ + N m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Second genitive, specifying the tribesבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; further specifies 'the tribes of the Israelites'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelNp · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitiveיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant name of Jacob's descendants (see v.1).
לֵאמֹ֑רsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct introducing direct speech→ Infinitive: quotative, opening direct discourseאָמַר (H559) Qal infinitive construct with לְ; the standard formula introducing quoted speech.
זֶ֣הthisdemonstrative pron ms · זֶה (H2088)Demonstrative pronoun, subject of nominal clauseזֶה (H2088) demonstrative 'this'; opens the nominal clause introducing the topic of the following law.
הַדָּבָ֔רthe wordart + N m sg abs · דָּבָר (H1697)Predicate nominativeדָּבָר (H1697) 'word, thing, matter'; here 'the matter, regulation' introducing the legal topic (vows) about to be detailed.
אֲשֶׁ֖רthatrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
צִוָּ֥הhas commandedPiel perf 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: a completed act of command, the legal authority behind what followsצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'.
יְהוָֽהYHWHNp · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068), the Tetragrammaton (see v.1).
3
אִישׁ֩ כִּֽי יִדֹּ֨ר נֶ֜דֶר לַֽיהוָ֗ה אֽוֹ הִשָּׁ֤בַע שְׁבֻעָה֙ לֶאְסֹ֤ר אִסָּר֙ עַל נַפְשׁ֔וֹ לֹ֥א יַחֵ֖ל דְּבָר֑וֹ כְּכָל הַיֹּצֵ֥א מִפִּ֖יו יַעֲשֶֽׂה
If a man vows a vow to YHWH, or swears an oath to bind an obligation upon himself, he shall not profane his word; according to all that proceeds from his mouth he shall do.
Asyndetic casuistic opening (אִישׁ כִּי) sets the paradigm the rest of the chapter varies: a vow, once spoken, binds its speaker absolutely — the standard against which the woman's conditional cases will be measured.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
אִישׁ֩a manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Casus pendens / topic (resumed by suffixes below)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; opens the casuistic formula for the male vower (contrast אִשָּׁה of v.4).
כִּֽיwhenconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional/temporal conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588); conditional 'if, when', the standard opener of casuistic law.
יִדֹּ֨רvowsQal impf 3ms · נָדַר (H5087)Predicate verb of protasis→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — a hypothetical, potentially recurring future actנָדַר (H5087) 'to vow'; taken with the cognate accusative נֶדֶר that follows.
נֶ֜דֶרa vowN m sg abs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Cognate accusative (direct object)נֶדֶר (H5088) 'vow', from √נדר; a voluntary, binding promise to God — the chapter's key term.
לַֽיהוָ֗הto YHWHprep לְ + Np · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object (dative of the vow's recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); every vow is directed to YHWH — inherently a religious, not merely social, act.
אֽוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or', introducing the alternative case of an oath.
הִשָּׁ֤בַעswearsNiphal inf abs · שָׁבַע (H7650)Infinitive absolute functioning as a finite verb, continuing יִדֹּר→ Infinitive absolute: continuative — carries forward the modal force of the preceding yiqtolשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear an oath'; the ordinary stem for swearing (reflexive-passive, 'to bind oneself by seven').
שְׁבֻעָה֙an oathN f sg abs · שְׁבֻעָה (H7621)Cognate accusativeשְׁבֻעָה (H7621) 'oath', from √שבע 'seven'; treated alongside the vow as equally binding.
לֶאְסֹ֤רto bindprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָסַר (H631)Infinitive construct expressing purpose/result→ Infinitive: purpose — the intended legal effect of the oathאָסַר (H631) Qal 'to bind, tie'; here metaphorical, of binding oneself under obligation.
אִסָּר֙a binding obligationN m sg abs · אִסָּר (H632)Cognate accusative (object of לֶאְסֹר)אִסָּר (H632) 'binding obligation, prohibition'; a rare noun nearly confined to this chapter, denoting a self-imposed abstention or bond distinct from, yet paired with, נֶדֶר.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phraseעַל (H5921) 'upon, against'; with נֶפֶשׁ, the standing idiom for a self-imposed obligation.
נַפְשׁ֔וֹhis soulN common sg constr + suff 3ms · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of preposition עַלנֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'soul, self, life'; אָסַר אִסָּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹ 'to bind an obligation on oneself' frames the vow as self-binding.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating יַחֵל
יַחֵ֖לhe shall profaneHiphil impf 3ms · חָלַל (H2490)Predicate verb of apodosis (prohibition)→ Yiqtol: modal/deontic — a binding prohibitionחָלַל (H2490) Hiphil 'to profane, treat as common'; יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ 'he shall not violate his word' — the governing principle for the man's own vow.
דְּבָר֑וֹhis wordN m sg constr + suff 3ms · דָּבָר (H1697)Direct object of יַחֵלדָּבָר (H1697) 'word'; his spoken commitment, which must not be treated as void.
כְּכָלaccording to allprep כְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Adverbial prepositional phraseכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; with כְּ, 'according to everything', introducing the relative clause of full compliance.
הַיֹּצֵ֥אthat goes outart + Qal ptc ms abs · יָצָא (H3318)Substantival participle, object of כְּכָל (relative-equivalent)→ Participle: durative/characteristic — 'whatever proceeds/issues'יָצָא (H3318) Qal participle 'to go out'; הַיֹּצֵא מִפִּיו 'what comes out of his mouth', i.e. his spoken word.
מִפִּ֖יוfrom his mouthprep מִן + N m sg constr + suff 3ms · פֶּה (H6310)Prepositional phrase modifying הַיֹּצֵאפֶּה (H6310) 'mouth'; the source of the utterance.
יַעֲשֶֽׂהhe shall doQal impf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb, main clause of the man's obligation→ Yiqtol: modal/deontic — legal obligation to performעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make, perform'; he must carry out exactly what he spoke.
4
וְאִשָּׁ֕ה כִּֽי תִדֹּ֥ר נֶ֖דֶר לַיהוָ֑ה וְאָסְרָ֥ה אִסָּ֛ר בְּבֵ֥ית אָבִ֖יהָ בִּנְעֻרֶֽיהָ
And if a woman vows a vow to YHWH and binds an obligation, in her father's house, in her youth,
The parallel wə-topic (וְאִשָּׁה) to v.3's אִישׁ signals a structurally matched but legally distinct case; the protasis is suspended across vv.4-5 until the father's response is narrated.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְאִשָּׁ֕הand a womanwaw + N f sg abs · אִשָּׁה (H802)Casus pendens / new topic, coordinated with אִישׁ of v.3אִשָּׁה (H802) 'woman'; introduces the parallel but distinct case — her vow subject to male ratification, unlike the man's.
כִּֽיwhenconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction
תִדֹּ֥רshe vowsQal impf 3fs · נָדַר (H5087)Predicate verb of protasis→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — hypothetical future actנָדַר (H5087) 'to vow', 3fs.
נֶ֖דֶרa vowN m sg abs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Cognate accusativeנֶדֶר (H5088) 'vow' (see v.3).
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + Np · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect objectיְהוָה (H3068); the recipient of the vow, as in v.3.
וְאָסְרָ֥הand bindswaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Weqatal continuing the protasis→ Weqatal: continuation of the modal/future sequenceאָסַר (H631) Qal 'to bind'; she also binds herself, paralleling the man's formula in v.3.
אִסָּ֛רan obligationN m sg abs · אִסָּר (H632)Cognate accusativeאִסָּר (H632) 'binding obligation' (see v.3).
בְּבֵ֥יתin the house ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Locative prepositional phrase, temporal-status markerבַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; 'her father's house' marks her legal status as an unmarried dependent.
אָבִ֖יהָher fatherN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אָב (H1)Genitive (construct)אָב (H1) 'father'; the authority whose ratification governs her vow (vv.5-6).
בִּנְעֻרֶֽיהָin her youthprep בְּ + N common pl constr + suff 3fs · נְעוּרִים (H5271)Temporal prepositional phrase, defining her legal statusנְעוּרִים (H5271) 'youth, girlhood' (plural of state); marks her as a young unmarried woman, the first of the four female cases the chapter treats.
5
וְשָׁמַ֨ע אָבִ֜יהָ אֶת נִדְרָ֗הּ וֶֽאֱסָרָהּ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָֽסְרָ֣ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֔הּ וְהֶחֱרִ֥ישׁ לָ֖הּ אָבִ֑יהָ וְקָ֨מוּ֙ כָּל נְדָרֶ֔יהָ וְכָל אִסָּ֛ר אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָ֥ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֖הּ יָקֽוּם
and her father hears her vow and her obligation which she has bound upon herself, and her father says nothing to her, then all her vows shall stand, and every obligation which she has bound upon herself shall stand.
The שָׁמַע-hinge appears for the first time: the father's non-response (וְהֶחֱרִישׁ) on the day of hearing is treated as legally decisive, defaulting to confirmation (וְקָמוּ) without any explicit word of ratification required.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וְשָׁמַ֨עand hearswaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Weqatal, protasis (temporal hinge)→ Weqatal: introduces the hinge condition — the hearing that opens the father's window to actשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal 'to hear'; the שָׁמַע-hinge is the legal trigger throughout ch.30 — action or inaction is measured from the moment of hearing.
אָבִ֜יהָher fatherN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אָב (H1)Subject of וְשָׁמַעאָב (H1) 'father'; the ratifying authority over the daughter's vow.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marking the definite direct object נִדְרָהּ.
נִדְרָ֗הּher vowN m sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Direct object of שָׁמַענֶדֶר (H5088) with 3fs suffix; the daughter's vow, now subject to the father's hearing.
וֶֽאֱסָרָהּ֙and her obligationwaw + N m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִסָּר (H632)Coordinate direct objectאִסָּר (H632) with 3fs suffix; paired with נֶדֶר as the two forms of self-binding speech the father may ratify or void.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing modifying clause
אָֽסְרָ֣הshe has boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: a completed act, already accomplished before the father's hearingאָסַר (H631) Qal perfect 3fs 'she bound'.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֔הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of preposition עַלנֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'soul, self'; object of עַל in the self-binding idiom (see v.3).
וְהֶחֱרִ֥ישׁand is silentwaw-consec + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · חָרַשׁ (H2790)Weqatal, apodosis (father's inaction functioning as default confirmation)→ Weqatal: the decisive non-act — silence functions legally as ratificationחָרַשׁ (H2790) Hiphil 'to be silent, hold one's peace'; the father's silence (not annulling on the day he hears) is legally equivalent to confirmation — the positive pole of the הֵפֵר/הֵקִים pair.
לָ֖הּto herprep לְ + suff 3fsPrepositional phrase (dative of respect)לְ + 3fs suffix; 'in respect to her', idiomatic with הֶחֱרִישׁ.
אָבִ֑יהָher fatherN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אָב (H1)Subject of וְהֶחֱרִישׁ (resumed)אָב (H1) 'father', resumed as subject of the ratifying verb הֶחֱרִישׁ.
וְקָ֨מוּ֙then they shall standwaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3cp · קוּם (H6965)Weqatal, main clause: legal consequence→ Weqatal: consequential/result — the legal effect of the father's silenceקוּם (H6965) Qal 'to stand, arise, be valid'; the technical legal term for a vow's remaining in force, paired antonymically with הֵפֵר 'to annul'.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct head of subjectכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'.
נְדָרֶ֔יהָher vowsN m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Genitive (construct with כָּל), subject of וְקָמוּנֶדֶר plural with 3fs suffix.
וְכָלand everywaw + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate construct headכֹּל (H3605) 'all', coordinated with the preceding כָּל.
אִסָּ֛רobligationN m sg abs · אִסָּר (H632)Genitive, second subjectאִסָּר (H632), again paired with נֶדֶר.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֥הshe boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), again in the עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom of self-binding.
יָקֽוּםshall standQal impf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, main clause (resumptive singular verb with compound subject)→ Yiqtol: modal/legal future — the binding validity of her vowקוּם (H6965) Qal 'to stand, be valid, take effect'.
6
וְאִם הֵנִ֨יא אָבִ֣יהָ אֹתָהּ֮ בְּי֣וֹם שָׁמְעוֹ֒ כָּל נְדָרֶ֗יהָ וֶֽאֱסָרֶ֛יהָ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָ֥ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֖הּ לֹ֣א יָק֑וּם וַֽיהוָה֙ יִֽסְלַח לָ֔הּ כִּי הֵנִ֥יא אָבִ֖יהָ אֹתָֽהּ
But if her father restrains her on the day he hears it, none of her vows or her obligations which she has bound upon herself shall stand; and YHWH will forgive her, because her father restrained her.
הֵנִיא functions here as a synonym for הֵפֵר; the verse's second half grounds YHWH's forgiveness explicitly in the father's legitimate exercise of authority (כִּי הֵנִיא), absolving the daughter of guilt for a vow she does not fulfill.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וְאִםbut ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction introducing the contrary caseאִם (H518) 'if'; contrasted with the default of v.5, introducing the father's active annulment.
הֵנִ֨יאrestrainsHiphil perf 3ms · נוּא (H5106)Predicate verb of protasis→ Perfective: a decisive, completed act of prohibitionנוּא (H5106) Hiphil 'to hinder, restrain, discourage, forbid'; here synonymous with הֵפֵר 'annul' for the father's veto (cf. vv.9,12).
אָבִ֣יהָher fatherN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אָב (H1)Subjectאָב (H1) 'father', subject of הֵנִיא.
אֹתָהּ֮her [obj]obj marker + suff 3fs · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with suffixאֵת (H853) + 3fs suffix, direct object 'her'.
בְּי֣וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (construct head)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; בְּיוֹם + infinitive is the chapter's same-day rule — annulment (or confirmation) must occur on the very day of hearing.
שָׁמְעוֹ֒his hearingQal inf constr + suff 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct with subject suffix, object of בְּיוֹם→ Infinitive: temporal, marking the precise triggering momentשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix; the shift from 3fs (her vow) to 3ms (his hearing) marks the transfer of legal agency to the father.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct head, subjectכֹּל (H3605) 'all', construct head of the compound subject.
נְדָרֶ֗יהָher vowsN m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Genitiveנֶדֶר (H5088) plural with 3fs suffix, 'her vows'.
וֶֽאֱסָרֶ֛יהָand her obligationswaw + N m pl constr + suff 3fs · אִסָּר (H632)Coordinate genitiveאִסָּר (H632) plural with suffix.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֥הshe boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), in the recurring עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating יָקוּם
יָק֑וּםshall standQal impf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, apodosis→ Yiqtol: modal/legal — negated future, the vow voidedקוּם (H6965) 'to stand, be valid'; negated here — the annulled vow has no legal force.
וַֽיהוָה֙and YHWHwaw + Np · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject, new clauseיְהוָה (H3068); it is God, not the father, who forgives the woman for the unperformed vow he voided.
יִֽסְלַחwill forgiveQal impf 3ms · סָלַח (H5545)Predicate verb, main clause→ Yiqtol: modal/assured future — divine forgiveness following the father's lawful annulmentסָלַח (H5545) Qal 'to forgive, pardon'; used only of God as subject. Because the annulment was the father's legitimate act, she incurs no guilt but nonetheless receives divine pardon for the unperformed vow.
לָ֔הּherprep לְ + suff 3fsObject of preposition (indirect object of יִסְלַח)לְ + 3fs suffix.
כִּיbecauseconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction
הֵנִ֥יאrestrainedHiphil perf 3ms · נוּא (H5106)Predicate verb of causal clause→ Perfective: completed causal groundנוּא (H5106) Hiphil, repeated for emphasis, grounding the forgiveness.
אָבִ֖יהָher fatherN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אָב (H1)Subjectאָב (H1) 'father', subject of the causal clause's הֵנִיא.
אֹתָֽהּher [obj]obj marker + suff 3fs · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with suffix
7
וְאִם הָי֤וֹ תִֽהְיֶה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וּנְדָרֶ֖יהָ עָלֶ֑יהָ א֚וֹ מִבְטָ֣א שְׂפָתֶ֔יהָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָסְרָ֖ה עַל נַפְשָֽׁהּ
And if she indeed becomes a wife while her vows are upon her, or the rash utterance of her lips by which she has bound an obligation upon herself,
The emphatic infinitive-absolute construction (הָיוֹ תִהְיֶה) marks the transition to marriage as the decisive legal event that shifts ratifying authority from father to husband.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְאִםand ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunctionאִם (H518); introduces the new case: the woman who marries while vows are still outstanding on her.
הָי֤וֹindeedQal inf abs · הָיָה (H1961)Infinitive absolute strengthening תִּהְיֶה→ Infinitive absolute: emphatic — certainty/eventuality of becomingהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; infinitive absolute + finite verb of the same root is an emphatic construction, 'if she should indeed become [a wife]'.
תִֽהְיֶה֙she becomesQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of protasis→ Yiqtol: modal/future — hypothetical marriageהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be, become'; here idiomatically 'to become [married] to a man'.
לְאִ֔ישׁto a husbandprep לְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Predicate complement (dative of the man she marries)אִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband'; הָיְתָה לְאִישׁ is the idiom 'to become a man's wife, to marry'.
וּנְדָרֶ֖יהָand her vowswaw + N m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Subject of the nominal clause עָלֶיהָנֶדֶר (H5088) plural with suffix; the vows she made before marriage, still outstanding.
עָלֶ֑יהָare upon herprep עַל + suff 3fs · עַל (H5921)Predicate (prepositional phrase as predicate of the nominal clause)עַל (H5921) + 3fs suffix; 'remain upon her' — the vow's obligation still rests on her at the time of marriage.
א֚וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunction
מִבְטָ֣אthe utterance ofN m sg constr · מִבְטָא (H4008)Construct head, coordinate subjectמִבְטָא (H4008) 'utterance, rash speech', from √בטא 'to speak rashly'; a term for spoken, possibly impulsive, self-obligation.
שְׂפָתֶ֔יהָher lipsN f dual constr + suff 3fs · שָׂפָה (H8193)Genitive (construct with מִבְטָא)שָׂפָה (H8193) 'lip', dual with suffix; 'the utterance of her lips' emphasizes the spoken, verbal nature of the obligation.
אֲשֶׁ֥רby whichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֖הshe has boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר (H631) Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָֽׁהּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), object of עַל in the self-binding idiom.
8
וְשָׁמַ֥ע אִישָׁ֛הּ בְּי֥וֹם שָׁמְע֖וֹ וְהֶחֱרִ֣ישׁ לָ֑הּ וְקָ֣מוּ נְדָרֶ֗יהָ וֶֽאֱסָרֶ֛הָ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָ֥ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֖הּ יָקֻֽמוּ
and her husband hears it, on the day he hears it, and says nothing to her, then her vows shall stand, and her obligations which she bound upon herself shall stand.
The father's role from v.5 is now filled by the husband, with the same שָׁמַע / הֶחֱרִישׁ / קוּם sequence repeated almost verbatim, formally establishing the transfer of authority at marriage.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְשָׁמַ֥עand hearswaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Weqatal, protasis→ Weqatal: hinge conditionשָׁמַע (H8085); the husband now occupies the ratifying role formerly held by the father — legal authority transfers at marriage.
אִישָׁ֛הּher husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subjectאִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband' + 3fs suffix; the husband as the woman's new legal authority.
בְּי֥וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; opens the same-day formula בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ.
שָׁמְע֖וֹhis hearingQal inf constr + suff 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct + suffix, object of בְּיוֹם→ Infinitive: temporal marker of the same-day ruleשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix.
וְהֶחֱרִ֣ישׁand is silentwaw-consec + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · חָרַשׁ (H2790)Weqatal, apodosis (default confirmation)→ Weqatal: decisive non-act functioning as ratificationחָרַשׁ (H2790) Hiphil 'to be silent'.
לָ֑הּto herprep לְ + suff 3fsPrepositional phraseלְ + 3fs suffix.
וְקָ֣מוּthen they shall standwaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3cp · קוּם (H6965)Weqatal, main clause result→ Weqatal: legal consequenceקוּם (H6965) Qal 'to stand, be valid'.
נְדָרֶ֗יהָher vowsN m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Subject of וְקָמוּנֶדֶר (H5088) plural with suffix, 'her vows'.
וֶֽאֱסָרֶ֛הָand her obligationswaw + N m pl constr + suff 3fs · אִסָּר (H632)Coordinate subjectאִסָּר (H632) plural with suffix.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֥הshe boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), in the עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom.
יָקֻֽמוּshall standQal impf 3mp · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, resumptive plural agreeing with compound subject→ Yiqtol: modal/legal future validityקוּם (H6965) Qal imperfect 3mp.
9
וְ֠אִם בְּי֨וֹם שְׁמֹ֣עַ אִישָׁהּ֮ יָנִ֣יא אוֹתָהּ֒ וְהֵפֵ֗ר אֶת נִדְרָהּ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלֶ֔יהָ וְאֵת֙ מִבְטָ֣א שְׂפָתֶ֔יהָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָסְרָ֖ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֑הּ וַיהוָ֖ה יִֽסְלַֽח לָֽהּ
But if, on the day her husband hears it, he restrains her and annuls her vow that is upon her, and the rash utterance of her lips which she bound upon herself, then YHWH will forgive her.
Note the compounded direct objects (נִדְרָהּ and מִבְטָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ) explicitly covering both formal vow and rash utterance, tightening the parallel with v.6's father case.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
וְ֠אִםbut ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction, contrary case
בְּי֨וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (construct head)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; the same-day formula, here with the subject אִישָׁהּ following rather than a suffix.
שְׁמֹ֣עַhearingQal inf constr · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct, object of בְּיוֹם→ Infinitive: temporal, marking the same-day ruleשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal infinitive construct, here followed by explicit subject אִישָׁהּ rather than a suffix.
אִישָׁהּ֮her husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the infinitive שְׁמֹעַאִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband' + 3fs suffix, subject of the infinitive שְׁמֹעַ.
יָנִ֣יאrestrainsHiphil impf 3ms · נוּא (H5106)Predicate verb, protasis→ Yiqtol: modal — hypothetical act of restraint, matching the same-day conditionנוּא (H5106) Hiphil 'to hinder, restrain'.
אוֹתָהּ֒her [obj]obj marker + suff 3fs · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with suffix
וְהֵפֵ֗רand annulswaw-consec + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · פָּרַר (H6565)Weqatal continuing the protasis, specifying the content of restraint→ Weqatal: the decisive legal act of annulmentפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil 'to break, annul, frustrate'; the technical legal term for voiding a vow, antonym of הֵקִים 'to confirm'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
נִדְרָהּ֙her vowN m sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Direct object of וְהֵפֵרנֶדֶר (H5088) with 3fs suffix, direct object of וְהֵפֵר.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
עָלֶ֔יהָis upon herprep עַל + suff 3fs · עַל (H5921)Predicate of relative clauseעַל (H5921) + 3fs suffix.
וְאֵת֙and [obj]waw + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (second object)וְ joins a second direct object; אֵת marks מִבְטָא as definite.
מִבְטָ֣אthe utterance ofN m sg constr · מִבְטָא (H4008)Direct object (construct head), second object of הֵפֵרמִבְטָא (H4008) 'rash utterance'.
שְׂפָתֶ֔יהָher lipsN f dual constr + suff 3fs · שָׂפָה (H8193)Genitive (construct)שָׂפָה (H8193) 'lip', dual with suffix (see v.7).
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֖הshe boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֑הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), in the עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom.
וַיהוָ֖הand YHWHwaw + Np · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject, apodosisיְהוָה (H3068).
יִֽסְלַֽחwill forgiveQal impf 3ms · סָלַח (H5545)Predicate verb, main clause→ Yiqtol: modal/assured future — divine forgiveness following the husband's lawful annulmentסָלַח (H5545) Qal 'to forgive'; as in v.6, God's pardon follows the husband's legitimate veto.
לָֽהּherprep לְ + suff 3fsObject of preposition (indirect object)לְ + 3fs suffix, indirect object of יִסְלַח.
10
וְנֵ֥דֶר אַלְמָנָ֖ה וּגְרוּשָׁ֑ה כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָ֥ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֖הּ יָק֥וּם עָלֶֽיהָ
But the vow of a widow or a divorced woman — everything which she has bound upon herself shall stand against her.
This verse breaks the chapter's conditional pattern entirely — no protasis of hearing/silence is given, because no male authority exists to ratify or annul; her vow simply 'stands upon her' by default, the chapter's clearest statement of independent female legal agency.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְנֵ֥דֶרand the vow ofwaw + N m sg constr · נֶדֶר (H5088)Subject (construct head), new topicנֶדֶר (H5088), construct; introduces the exception case — no male authority remains to annul.
אַלְמָנָ֖הa widowN f sg abs · אַלְמָנָה (H490)Genitive (construct with נֵדֶר)אַלְמָנָה (H490) 'widow'; a woman with no husband, and implicitly independent of her father's house.
וּגְרוּשָׁ֑הor a divorced womanwaw + Qal pass ptc fs abs · גָּרַשׁ (H1644)Coordinate genitive, substantival passive participle→ Passive participle: a resultant state from a completed act — 'one who has been driven out'גָּרַשׁ (H1644) Qal passive participle 'driven out, divorced'; like the widow, she has no husband or father with authority over her vow — the chapter's stated exception.
כֹּ֛לall/everythingN m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Subject (resumptive, in apposition to the construct chain)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֥הshe has boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), in the עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom.
יָק֥וּםshall standQal impf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, main clause→ Yiqtol: modal/legal future — unconditional validity, no annulment possibleקוּם (H6965) Qal 'to stand, be valid'; here without any conditional clause of ratification — the widow's/divorcée's vow simply stands.
עָלֶֽיהָupon herprep עַל + suff 3fs · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase modifying יָקוּםעַל (H5921) + 3fs suffix; 'binding upon her' — reinforces her sole legal responsibility.
11
וְאִם בֵּ֥ית אִישָׁ֖הּ נָדָ֑רָה אֽוֹ אָסְרָ֥ה אִסָּ֛ר עַל נַפְשָׁ֖הּ בִּשְׁבֻעָֽה
And if, in her husband's house, she vowed, or bound an obligation upon herself with an oath,
בֵּית אִישָׁהּ, fronted, deliberately echoes and contrasts with בְּבֵית אָבִיהָ of v.4, marking the parallel structure between the unmarried daughter's and the wife's cases.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְאִםand ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction, new case: the married woman
בֵּ֥יתthe house ofN m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Locative/temporal phrase (construct head), fronted for emphasisבַּיִת (H1004); 'in her husband's house' marks the fully married woman, contrasted with 'her father's house' of v.4.
אִישָׁ֖הּher husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Genitive (construct with בֵּית)אִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband' + 3fs suffix.
נָדָ֑רָהshe vowedQal perf 3fs · נָדַר (H5087)Predicate verb of protasis→ Perfective: a completed act — she has already vowedנָדַר (H5087) Qal perfect 3fs 'she vowed'; unlike vv.3-4's yiqtol, here perfect, since the woman is already established in her husband's house when she vows.
אֽוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunction
אָסְרָ֥הshe boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate verb, second disjunct→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר (H631) Qal perfect 3fs.
אִסָּ֛רan obligationN m sg abs · אִסָּר (H632)Cognate accusativeאִסָּר (H632) 'binding obligation' (see v.3).
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), in the עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom.
בִּשְׁבֻעָֽהwith an oathprep בְּ + N f sg abs · שְׁבֻעָה (H7621)Adverbial/instrumental prepositional phraseשְׁבֻעָה (H7621) 'oath'; specifies the form the obligation took.
12
וְשָׁמַ֤ע אִישָׁהּ֙ וְהֶחֱרִ֣שׁ לָ֔הּ לֹ֥א הֵנִ֖יא אֹתָ֑הּ וְקָ֨מוּ֙ כָּל נְדָרֶ֔יהָ וְכָל אִסָּ֛ר אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָ֥ה עַל נַפְשָׁ֖הּ יָקֽוּם
and her husband hears it and says nothing to her, does not restrain her, then all her vows shall stand, and every obligation which she bound upon herself shall stand.
The verse doubles the point (וְהֶחֱרִשׁ...לֹא הֵנִיא), silence and explicit non-annulment together, before the standard קוּם formula of confirmation.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְשָׁמַ֤עand hearswaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Weqatal, protasis→ Weqatal: hinge conditionשָׁמַע (H8085).
אִישָׁהּ֙her husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subjectאִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband' + 3fs suffix, subject of וְשָׁמַע.
וְהֶחֱרִ֣שׁand is silentwaw-consec + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · חָרַשׁ (H2790)Weqatal, continuing protasis→ Weqatal: default non-annulmentחָרַשׁ (H2790) Hiphil 'to be silent'.
לָ֔הּto herprep לְ + suff 3fsPrepositional phraseלְ + 3fs suffix, dative with הֶחֱרִשׁ.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating הֵנִיא
הֵנִ֖יאhe does not restrainHiphil perf 3ms · נוּא (H5106)Predicate verb, restating/reinforcing silence→ Perfective: negated completed act — explicit confirmation of non-annulmentנוּא (H5106) Hiphil, negated — reinforcing that silence equals no restraint, hence ratification.
אֹתָ֑הּher [obj]obj marker + suff 3fs · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with suffix
וְקָ֨מוּ֙then they shall standwaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3cp · קוּם (H6965)Weqatal, main clause result→ Weqatal: legal consequenceקוּם (H6965) Qal 'to stand, be valid'.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct head, subjectכֹּל (H3605) 'all', construct head of subject.
נְדָרֶ֔יהָher vowsN m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Genitiveנֶדֶר (H5088) plural with suffix, 'her vows'.
וְכָלand everywaw + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate construct headכֹּל (H3605), coordinated construct head.
אִסָּ֛רobligationN m sg abs · אִסָּר (H632)Genitiveאִסָּר (H632) 'binding obligation'.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
אָסְרָ֥הshe boundQal perf 3fs · אָסַר (H631)Predicate of relative clause→ Perfective: completed actאָסַר Qal perfect 3fs.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Object of prepositionנֶפֶשׁ (H5315), in the עַל נַפְשָׁהּ idiom.
יָקֽוּםshall standQal impf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, resumptive singular with compound subject→ Yiqtol: modal legal validityקוּם (H6965) Qal imperfect 3ms.
13
וְאִם הָפֵר֩ יָפֵ֨ר אֹתָ֥ם אִישָׁהּ֮ בְּי֣וֹם שָׁמְעוֹ֒ כָּל מוֹצָ֨א שְׂפָתֶ֧יהָ לִנְדָרֶ֛יהָ וּלְאִסַּ֥ר נַפְשָׁ֖הּ לֹ֣א יָק֑וּם אִישָׁ֣הּ הֲפֵרָ֔ם וַיהוָ֖ה יִֽסְלַֽח לָֽהּ
But if her husband indeed annuls them on the day he hears them, then whatever proceeds from her lips concerning her vows or the obligation of her soul shall not stand; her husband has annulled them, and YHWH will forgive her.
The fronted, resumptive אִישָׁהּ הֲפֵרָם ('her husband — he has annulled them') gives this instance of the annulment formula unusual rhetorical emphasis, underscoring male legal responsibility for the outcome.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
וְאִםbut ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction, contrary case
הָפֵר֩indeedHiphil inf abs · פָּרַר (H6565)Infinitive absolute intensifying יָפֵר→ Infinitive absolute: emphatic — certainty of the annulling actפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil infinitive absolute, an emphatic construction with the following finite verb.
יָפֵ֨רhe annulsHiphil impf 3ms · פָּרַר (H6565)Predicate verb, protasis→ Yiqtol: modal — hypothetical act of annulmentפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil 'to annul, break'.
אֹתָ֥םthem [obj]obj marker + suff 3mp · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with 3mp suffix (referring to vow + obligation collectively)אֵת (H853) + 3mp suffix; the plural suffix collects the two preceding items (vow, obligation) as a unit.
אִישָׁהּ֮her husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subjectאִישׁ (H376) + 3fs suffix, subject of יָפֵר.
בְּי֣וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; same-day formula.
שָׁמְעוֹ֒his hearingQal inf constr + suff 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct + suffix, object of בְּיוֹם→ Infinitive: temporal markerשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix.
כָּלall/whateverN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Subject (construct head)כֹּל (H3605).
מוֹצָ֨אthe utterance ofN m sg constr · מוֹצָא (H4161)Genitive (construct with כָּל)מוֹצָא (H4161) 'issue, utterance', from √יצא 'go out'; parallels הַיֹּצֵא מִפִּיו of v.3 — whatever her lips have produced.
שְׂפָתֶ֧יהָher lipsN f dual constr + suff 3fs · שָׂפָה (H8193)Genitive (construct with מוֹצָא)שָׂפָה (H8193) 'lip', dual with suffix.
לִנְדָרֶ֛יהָconcerning her vowsprep לְ + N m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Prepositional phrase specifying referenceנֶדֶר (H5088) plural with suffix; לְ here 'with regard to, concerning'.
וּלְאִסַּ֥רor the obligation ofwaw + prep לְ + N m sg constr · אִסָּר (H632)Coordinate prepositional phrase (construct head)אִסָּר (H632); parallel to לִנְדָרֶיהָ, covering both categories of self-binding speech.
נַפְשָׁ֖הּher soulN common sg constr + suff 3fs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Genitive (construct with אִסַּר)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315), construct with אִסַּר.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle negating יָקוּם
יָק֑וּםshall standQal impf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, apodosis→ Yiqtol: modal, negated — the annulled speech has no legal forceקוּם (H6965) Qal, negated.
אִישָׁ֣הּher husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (resumptive, emphatic restatement)אִישׁ (H376), fronted for emphasis: 'her husband — he has annulled them'.
הֲפֵרָ֔םhas annulled themHiphil perf 3ms + suff 3mp · פָּרַר (H6565)Predicate verb, resumptive clause confirming the annulment→ Perfective: a completed, decisive legal act, now stated as accomplished factפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil perfect 3ms + 3mp suffix; restates the annulment as settled.
וַיהוָ֖הand YHWHwaw + Np · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068), subject of the apodosis יִסְלַח.
יִֽסְלַֽחwill forgiveQal impf 3ms · סָלַח (H5545)Predicate verb, main clause→ Yiqtol: modal/assured futureסָלַח (H5545) Qal 'to forgive'.
לָֽהּherprep לְ + suff 3fsObject of prepositionלְ + 3fs suffix, indirect object.
14
כָּל נֵ֛דֶר וְכָל שְׁבֻעַ֥ת אִסָּ֖ר לְעַנֹּ֣ת נָ֑פֶשׁ אִישָׁ֥הּ יְקִימֶ֖נּוּ וְאִישָׁ֥הּ יְפֵרֶֽנּוּ
Every vow, and every oath of obligation to afflict the soul — her husband may confirm it, or her husband may annul it.
An asyndetic summary sentence pauses the case-by-case exposition to state the underlying principle in the abstract, singling out לְעַנֹּת נֶפֶשׁ vows (self-affliction, e.g. fasting) as a distinct, weightier category.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כָּלeveryN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct head, subjectכֹּל (H3605).
נֵ֛דֶרvowN m sg abs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Genitive (construct with כָּל)נֶדֶר (H5088).
וְכָלand everywaw + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate construct headכֹּל (H3605), coordinated construct head continuing the construct chain.
שְׁבֻעַ֥תoath ofN f sg constr · שְׁבֻעָה (H7621)Genitive (construct chain)שְׁבֻעָה (H7621), construct 'oath of'.
אִסָּ֖רobligationN m sg abs · אִסָּר (H632)Genitive (second member of the construct chain)אִסָּר (H632); שְׁבֻעַת אִסָּר 'an oath of self-binding' summarizes the chapter's two key legal terms in a single construct chain.
לְעַנֹּ֣תto afflictprep לְ + Piel inf constr · עָנָה II (H6031)Infinitive construct expressing purpose→ Infinitive: purpose — the ascetic character of some vowsעָנָה II (H6031) Piel 'to afflict, humble, deny oneself'; recalls fasting/self-denial vows (cf. Lev 16:29; 23:27) — a specific, especially serious category of vow singled out here.
נָ֑פֶשׁthe soulN common sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Direct object of לְעַנֹּתנֶפֶשׁ (H5315); object of self-affliction, i.e. an ascetic vow of self-denial.
אִישָׁ֥הּher husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (fronted, resumed by the suffix on the verb)אִישׁ (H376) + 3fs suffix, fronted subject resumed by the suffix on יְקִימֶנּוּ.
יְקִימֶ֖נּוּhe may confirm itHiphil impf 3ms + suff 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, main clause→ Yiqtol: modal — the husband's discretionary authority to ratifyקוּם (H6965) Hiphil 'to establish, confirm'; the causative counterpart of Qal קוּם 'to stand' — the technical verb for a husband's or father's act of validating a vow.
וְאִישָׁ֥הּor her husbandwaw + N m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Coordinate subjectאִישׁ (H376) + 3fs suffix, coordinate subject of the second clause.
יְפֵרֶֽנּוּhe may annul itHiphil impf 3ms + suff 3ms · פָּרַר (H6565)Predicate verb, coordinate clause→ Yiqtol: modal — the husband's discretionary authority to voidפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil 'to annul, break'; paired with יָקִים as the summary statement of the הֵפֵר/הֵקִים authority governing the whole chapter.
15
וְאִם הַחֲרֵשׁ֩ יַחֲרִ֨ישׁ לָ֥הּ אִישָׁהּ֮ מִיּ֣וֹם אֶל יוֹם֒ וְהֵקִים֙ אֶת כָּל נְדָרֶ֔יהָ א֥וֹ אֶת כָּל אֱסָרֶ֖יהָ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלֶ֑יהָ הֵקִ֣ים אֹתָ֔ם כִּי הֶחֱרִ֥שׁ לָ֖הּ בְּי֥וֹם שָׁמְעֽוֹ
But if her husband indeed says nothing to her from day to day, then he has confirmed all her vows, or all her obligations that are upon her; he has confirmed them, because he said nothing to her on the day he heard them.
מִיּוֹם אֶל יוֹם extends but does not repeal the same-day principle: the crucial moment remains the day of hearing (בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ, restated at the verse's end), even though the resulting silence may continue indefinitely thereafter.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
וְאִםbut ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction
הַחֲרֵשׁ֩indeedHiphil inf abs · חָרַשׁ (H2790)Infinitive absolute intensifying יַחֲרִישׁ→ Infinitive absolute: emphatic — duration/certainty of prolonged silenceחָרַשׁ (H2790) Hiphil infinitive absolute, an emphatic construction.
יַחֲרִ֨ישׁhe remains silentHiphil impf 3ms · חָרַשׁ (H2790)Predicate verb, protasis→ Yiqtol: modal — an extended, repeated silence over timeחָרַשׁ (H2790) Hiphil 'to be silent'.
לָ֥הּto herprep לְ + suff 3fsPrepositional phraseלְ + 3fs suffix, dative with יַחֲרִישׁ.
אִישָׁהּ֮her husbandN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אִישׁ (H376)Subjectאִישׁ (H376) + 3fs suffix, subject of יַחֲרִישׁ.
מִיּ֣וֹםfrom dayprep מִן + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Adverbial prepositional phrase (extent of time)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; מִיּוֹם אֶל יוֹם 'from day to day' underscores that silence, even extended beyond the initial day, still counts as confirmation once that day has passed without objection.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (part of the idiom מִיּוֹם אֶל יוֹם)
יוֹם֒dayN m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Object of preposition אֶליוֹם (H3117) 'day', completing the idiom מִיּוֹם אֶל יוֹם.
וְהֵקִים֙then he has confirmedwaw-consec + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Weqatal, apodosis (main clause)→ Weqatal: legal consequence — silence construed as confirmationקוּם (H6965) Hiphil 'to establish, confirm'; the positive counterpart to הֵפֵר, restated here as the outcome of sustained silence.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct head, direct objectכֹּל (H3605), construct head of the first direct object.
נְדָרֶ֔יהָher vowsN m pl constr + suff 3fs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Genitive, direct object of וְהֵקִיםנֶדֶר (H5088) plural with suffix, 'her vows'.
א֥וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunction
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct head, second direct objectכֹּל (H3605), construct head of the second direct object.
אֱסָרֶ֖יהָher obligationsN m pl constr + suff 3fs · אִסָּר (H632)Genitiveאִסָּר (H632) plural with suffix, 'her obligations'.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
עָלֶ֑יהָare upon herprep עַל + suff 3fs · עַל (H5921)Predicate of relative clauseעַל (H5921) + 3fs suffix, predicate of the relative clause.
הֵקִ֣יםhe has confirmedHiphil perf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb, resumptive restatement→ Perfective: completed, settled legal factקוּם (H6965) Hiphil perfect 3ms, restating the confirmation as accomplished.
אֹתָ֔םthem [obj]obj marker + suff 3mp · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with 3mp suffix
כִּיbecauseconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction
הֶחֱרִ֥שׁhe was silentHiphil perf 3ms · חָרַשׁ (H2790)Predicate verb of causal clause→ Perfective: completed causal groundחָרַשׁ (H2790) Hiphil perfect 3ms.
לָ֖הּto herprep לְ + suff 3fsPrepositional phraseלְ + 3fs suffix, dative with הֶחֱרִשׁ.
בְּי֥וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; the same-day formula restated at the verse's close.
שָׁמְעֽוֹhis hearingQal inf constr + suff 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct + suffix, object of בְּיוֹם→ Infinitive: temporal marker, grounding the causal clauseשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix; closes the verse by re-anchoring confirmation to the original day of hearing, even though the silence described extended 'from day to day'.
16
וְאִם הָפֵ֥ר יָפֵ֛ר אֹתָ֖ם אַחֲרֵ֣י שָׁמְע֑וֹ וְנָשָׂ֖א אֶת עֲוֺנָֽהּ
But if he indeed annuls them after he has heard them, then he shall bear her iniquity.
אַחֲרֵי שָׁמְעוֹ directly opposes the chapter's repeated בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ; this is the chapter's climactic legal-ethical statement — a husband who delays cannot retroactively annul, and if he tries, he himself bears (נָשָׂא) the iniquity that results.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וְאִםbut ifwaw + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction, the closing exception
הָפֵ֥רindeedHiphil inf abs · פָּרַר (H6565)Infinitive absolute intensifying יָפֵר→ Infinitive absolute: emphaticפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil infinitive absolute.
יָפֵ֛רhe annulsHiphil impf 3ms · פָּרַר (H6565)Predicate verb, protasis→ Yiqtol: modal — hypothetical late annulment, now explicitly illegitimateפָּרַר (H6565) Hiphil 'to annul'; here the timing (אַחֲרֵי שָׁמְעוֹ, after hearing) makes the act unlawful, unlike the same-day annulments of vv.6,9,13.
אֹתָ֖םthem [obj]obj marker + suff 3mp · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with 3mp suffix
אַחֲרֵ֣יafterprep · אַחֲרֵי (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase, the crucial contrast to בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹאַחַר/אַחֲרֵי (H310) 'after'; marks the delayed, out-of-time annulment that triggers the husband's own culpability — the antithesis of the same-day rule running through the chapter.
שָׁמְע֑וֹhis hearingQal inf constr + suff 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct + suffix, object of אַחֲרֵי→ Infinitive: temporal, marking the point after which annulment is no longer validשָׁמַע (H8085) Qal infinitive construct + 3ms suffix.
וְנָשָׂ֖אthen he shall bearwaw-consec + Qal weqatal 3ms · נָשָׂא (H5375)Weqatal, apodosis (main clause)→ Weqatal: legal consequence — transfer of guiltנָשָׂא (H5375) Qal 'to lift, carry, bear'; נָשָׂא עָוֹן 'to bear iniquity' is the standard idiom for incurring liability for guilt — here the husband, not the wife, bears it because his delayed annulment was illegitimate and yet voided her performance.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
עֲוֺנָֽהּher iniquityN common sg constr + suff 3fs · עָוֹן (H5771)Direct object of וְנָשָׂאעָוֹן (H5771) 'iniquity, guilt, punishment for guilt'; the guilt that would have attached to her unfulfilled vow now transfers to the husband who nullified it too late — the chapter's culminating principle of accountability.
17
אֵ֣לֶּה הַֽחֻקִּ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אֶת מֹשֶׁ֔ה בֵּ֥ין אִ֖ישׁ לְאִשְׁתּ֑וֹ בֵּֽין אָ֣ב לְבִתּ֔וֹ בִּנְעֻרֶ֖יהָ בֵּ֥ית אָבִֽיהָ
These are the statutes that YHWH commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between a father and his daughter, in her youth, in her father's house.
The closing formula (אֵלֶּה הַחֻקִּים אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה) mirrors v.1's opening צִוָּה יְהוָה, framing the chapter as a discrete legal unit and explicitly naming its two governing relationships, with 'in her youth, in her father's house' recalling v.4 in a ring composition.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
אֵ֣לֶּהthesedemonstrative pron cp · אֵלֶּה (H428)Demonstrative pronoun, subject of nominal clauseאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; colophon-opening demonstrative, as in many Priestly law-closing formulas.
הַֽחֻקִּ֗יםthe statutesart + N m pl abs · חֹק (H2706)Predicate nominativeחֹק (H2706) 'statute, prescribed limit', from √חקק 'to inscribe, decree'; the technical term for the legal corpus just concluded.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun
צִוָּ֤הcommandedPiel perf 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of relative clause→ Perfective: completed, authoritative actצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; the closing colophon formula, echoing v.1's opening.
יְהוָה֙YHWHNp · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068), the Tetragrammaton (see v.1).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesNp · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Direct objectמֹשֶׁה (H4872), as in v.1.
בֵּ֥יןbetweenprep · בַּיִן (H996)Prepositional phrase, first of a pair specifying the law's scopeבַּיִן (H996) 'between'; בֵּין...בֵּין summarizes the two governing relationships of the chapter — husband/wife and father/daughter.
אִ֖ישׁa manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Object of preposition בֵּיןאִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband'.
לְאִשְׁתּ֑וֹand his wifeprep לְ + N f sg constr + suff 3ms · אִשָּׁה (H802)Second term of the בֵּין...לְ pairingאִשָּׁה (H802) 'wife' + 3ms suffix; the idiom בֵּין אִישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ 'between a man and his wife'.
בֵּֽיןbetweenprep · בַּיִן (H996)Prepositional phrase, second pair
אָ֣בa fatherN m sg abs · אָב (H1)Object of preposition בֵּיןאָב (H1) 'father'.
לְבִתּ֔וֹand his daughterprep לְ + N f sg constr + suff 3ms · בַּת (H1323)Second term of the pairingבַּת (H1323) 'daughter' + 3ms suffix.
בִּנְעֻרֶ֖יהָin her youthprep בְּ + N common pl constr + suff 3fs · נְעוּרִים (H5271)Temporal prepositional phrase, summarizing the young woman's case (vv.4-6)נְעוּרִים (H5271) 'youth'; echoes v.4, closing the chapter's ring composition.
בֵּ֥יתthe house ofN m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Locative phrase (construct head), summarizing the daughter's statusבַּיִת (H1004) 'house'.
אָבִֽיהָher fatherN m sg constr + suff 3fs · אָב (H1)Genitive (construct with בֵּית)אָב (H1) + 3fs suffix; 'her father's house' closes the chapter exactly as its central case (v.4) began — the young woman's vow, framed by paternal authority.