Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Leviticus, Chapter 7ויקרא 7

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The offering torah closes: guilt offering shares the sin offering's rite; hide and grain go to priestly income; peace offerings divide into thanksgiving, vow, and freewill, each bound to a strict deadline — flesh kept too long becomes פִּגּוּל. Fat and blood remain forbidden; breast and thigh belong to the priests, a due fixed at Sinai.

Translation & textual notes

Leviticus 7 closes the offering torah of chapters 1–7, and its colophon (vv. 37–38) is the chapter's most discussed feature: the summary locates the whole instruction at Sinai, whereas 1:1 places YHWH's speech in the tent of meeting — a tension long read as a seam between sources or redactional layers, though it may equally reflect the tent's own standing at the mountain. The chapter is otherwise textually stable in the MT; the Septuagint arranges parts of the offering manual in a slightly different sequence. פִּגּוּל (v. 18) is a rare and forceful term — 'foul, refuse, desecrated meat' — occurring elsewhere only at 19:7, Isa 65:4, and Ezek 4:14; sacrificial flesh eaten past its appointed time does not merely spoil but becomes cultically abhorrent, and the offering is retroactively void ('it shall not be credited'). The כָּרֵת formula (vv. 20–21, 25, 27) — וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מֵעַמֶּיהָ, 'that person shall be cut off from his kin' — is a genuine crux: excommunication from the community, premature death at God's hand, or the extirpation of one's line have all been defended, and the phrase's very indeterminacy may be the point. The priestly portions are named by their gestures: the breast as תְּנוּפָה and the right thigh as תְּרוּמָה. The traditional 'wave offering' and 'heave offering' are almost certainly misleading; the rites are better understood as an elevation and a raised contribution set apart from a larger whole. Versification follows the MT.

1

וְזֹ֥את תּוֹרַ֖ת הָאָשָׁ֑ם קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים הֽוּא

And this is the torah of the guilt offering: it is most holy.

Heading of a new ritual sectionוְ
The formula וְזֹאת תּוֹרַת ('and this is the torah of') opens a fresh procedural unit, matching the headings of 6:9, 6:14, 6:25 in the priests' manual. The verbless clause קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים הוּא fixes the offering's status at once: most holy, therefore restricted to priests and to holy ground (v. 6).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
וְזֹ֥אתand thisconj וְ + dem pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Subject of the verbless clause (cataphoric)זֹאת (H2063), fem. sg. demonstrative 'this'; the heading formula וְזֹאת תּוֹרַת opens each offering-manual in Leviticus.
תּוֹרַ֖תthe torah ofN f sg constr · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Predicate nominative (head of construct chain)תּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, direction', from יָרָה 'to point, teach'; here technical — the ritual procedure-manual for one offering, not 'law' in the abstract.
הָאָשָׁ֑םthe guilt offeringart + N m sg abs · אָשָׁם (H817)Genitive of the construct chain (defining)אָשָׁם (H817) 'guilt, reparation offering', root אשׁם 'to incur guilt'; the sacrifice that both expiates and makes material restitution (cf. 5:14-6:7).
קֹ֥דֶשׁa holy thing ofN m sg constr · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Predicate nominative (first member of superlative construct)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holiness, sacred thing', root קדשׁ 'to be set apart'; קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים is a superlative construct.
קָֽדָשִׁ֖יםholy thingsN m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the superlative construct ('most holy')Plural of קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) in the superlative idiom 'holy of holies' = 'most holy' — the highest grade of sanctity, eaten by priests alone in the sanctuary court.
הֽוּאit (is)pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of the verbless clauseהוּא (H1931), independent 3ms pronoun; in nominal clauses it serves as subject and quasi-copula ('it is').
2

בִּמְק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר יִשְׁחֲטוּ֙ אֶת הָ֣עֹלָ֔ה יִשְׁחֲט֖וּ אֶת הָאָשָׁ֑ם וְאֶת דָּמ֛וֹ יִזְרֹ֥ק עַל הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ סָבִֽיב

In the place where they slaughter the burnt offering they shall slaughter the guilt offering, and its blood he shall dash against the altar all around.

Procedural specification (asyndetic)asyndeton
The rite is defined by analogy: the אָשָׁם is killed on the north side of the altar, where the עֹלָה is killed (1:11). The blood is dashed (זָרַק) around the altar rather than daubed on the horns, aligning the guilt offering with the burnt and peace offerings rather than with the sin offering's blood rite.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
בִּמְק֗וֹםin the placeprep בְּ + N m sg constr · מָקוֹם (H4725)Locative prepositional phrase (fronted; antecedent of the relative clause)מָקוֹם (H4725) 'place', from קוּם 'to stand'; here the designated slaughter-spot north of the altar (1:11), the fixed sacred locale.
אֲשֶׁ֤רwhererel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a locative relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle; after מָקוֹם it is equivalent to 'where'.
יִשְׁחֲטוּ֙they slaughterQal impf 3mp · שָׁחַט (H7819)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Yiqtol: customary/habitual — standing practice at the sanctuaryשָׁחַט (H7819) 'to slaughter (ritually)'; the technical term for killing a sacrificial victim, distinct from ordinary killing.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הָ֣עֹלָ֔הthe burnt offeringart + N f sg abs · עֹלָה (H5930)Direct object of יִשְׁחֲטוּ (relative clause)עֹלָה (H5930) 'burnt offering', lit. 'that which goes up', from עָלָה 'to ascend'; wholly consumed on the altar (ch. 1).
יִשְׁחֲט֖וּthey shall slaughterQal impf 3mp · שָׁחַט (H7819)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — legal requirement binding on the officiantsשָׁחַט (H7819); the repetition of the verb from the relative clause makes the burnt offering's site normative for the guilt offering.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הָאָשָׁ֑םthe guilt offeringart + N m sg abs · אָשָׁם (H817)Direct object of the main verbאָשָׁם (H817); its slaughter shares the site of the עֹלָה, marking it as a most-holy offering.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (fronted object)וְ joins a new clause; אֵת marks the fronted object דָּמוֹ.
דָּמ֛וֹits bloodN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · דָּם (H1818)Direct object (fronted for emphasis)דָּם (H1818) 'blood'; the life-bearing fluid that effects atonement on the altar (17:11) and is never eaten (vv. 26-27).
יִזְרֹ֥קhe shall dashQal impf 3ms · זָרַק (H2236)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — the standing blood riteזָרַק (H2236) 'to toss, dash (liquid) in a mass'; distinguished from הִזָּה 'to sprinkle in drops' — here blood is thrown against the altar sides.
עַלagainstprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition governing הַמִּזְבֵּחַעַל (H5921) 'on, upon, against'; with זָרַק it denotes throwing blood onto the altar's surfaces.
הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַthe altarart + N m sg abs · מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196)Object of the preposition עַלמִזְבֵּחַ (H4196) 'altar', a maqtal-noun from זָבַח 'to sacrifice' — the 'place of slaughtering/sacrifice'.
סָבִֽיבall aroundN (c) sg abs used adverbially · סָבִיב (H5439)Adverbial accusative of placeסָבִיב (H5439) 'round about', from סָבַב 'to go around'; the blood is thrown so as to strike all four sides of the altar.
3

וְאֵ֥ת כָּל חֶלְבּ֖וֹ יַקְרִ֣יב מִמֶּ֑נּוּ אֵ֚ת הָֽאַלְיָ֔ה וְאֶת הַחֵ֖לֶב הַֽמְכַסֶּ֥ה אֶת הַקֶּֽרֶב

And all its fat he shall present from it: the fat tail, and the fat that covers the entrails,

Continuation — the altar portions listedוְ
Begins the inventory of suet that belongs to YHWH, itemized exactly as for the peace offering of a sheep (3:9-10). The fronted object כָּל־חֶלְבּוֹ ('all its fat') stresses that nothing of the suet may be retained.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְאֵ֥תand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (fronted object)וְ opens the new clause; אֵת marks the fronted object כָּל־חֶלְבּוֹ.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with חֶלְבּוֹכֹּל (H3605) 'all, the whole of'; in construct it totalizes — no portion of the suet may be withheld from the altar.
חֶלְבּ֖וֹits fatN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object (fronted), governed by כָּלחֵלֶב (H2459) 'fat, suet' — the hard fat around the organs, YHWH's exclusive portion; its consumption is forbidden on pain of karet (vv. 23-25).
יַקְרִ֣יבhe shall presentHiphil impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — the required act of presentationקָרַב (H7126) 'draw near'; Hiphil הִקְרִיב 'bring near, present' — the standard verb for offering a sacrifice, cognate with קָרְבָּן 'offering'.
מִמֶּ֑נּוּfrom itprep מִן + 3ms sfx · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phraseמִן (H4480) 'from, out of'; partitive here — the suet is taken out of the carcass of the ram.
אֵ֚ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (introducing the itemized list)
הָֽאַלְיָ֔הthe fat tailart + N f sg abs · אַלְיָה (H451)Direct object (first item of the list, in apposition to חֶלְבּוֹ)אַלְיָה (H451) 'fat tail' of the broad-tailed sheep, a prized delicacy; only sheep have it, so its mention presumes an ovine victim (cf. 3:9).
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (next item of the list)וְ coordinates the second item; אֵת marks it as a further definite object.
הַחֵ֖לֶבthe fatart + N m sg abs · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object (second item of the list)חֵלֶב (H2459); here specifically the omental fat, described by the following participial clause.
הַֽמְכַסֶּ֥הthat coversart + Piel ptc m sg abs · כָּסָה (H3680)Attributive participle modifying הַחֵלֶב (relative force)→ Participial: durative/descriptive — a standing anatomical descriptionכָּסָה (H3680) 'to cover'; the articular participle functions as a relative clause, identifying the caul or omentum that overlies the viscera.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the participle)
הַקֶּֽרֶבthe entrailsart + N m sg abs · קֶרֶב (H7130)Direct object of the participle הַמְכַסֶּהקֶרֶב (H7130) 'inward part, midst'; in sacrificial texts the viscera as a whole, over which the omental fat lies.
4

וְאֵת֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י הַכְּלָיֹ֔ת וְאֶת הַחֵ֨לֶב֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עֲלֵיהֶ֔ן אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל הַכְּסָלִ֑ים וְאֶת הַיֹּתֶ֨רֶת֙ עַל הַכָּבֵ֔ד עַל הַכְּלָיֹ֖ת יְסִירֶֽנָּה

and the two kidneys with the fat that is on them, which is by the loins; and the lobe on the liver, which he shall remove with the kidneys.

Continuation of the list of altar portionsוְ
The itemized suet is completed. The clause ends with the only finite verb of the list, יְסִירֶנָּה ('he shall remove it'), whose feminine suffix refers to the liver-lobe; the verb governs the whole enumeration retrospectively.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְאֵת֙and [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (next item of the list)וְ continues the enumeration of altar portions begun in v. 3.
שְׁתֵּ֣יthe two ofnumeral f dual constr · שְׁנַיִם (H8147)Cardinal numeral in construct with הַכְּלָיֹתשְׁנַיִם / fem. שְׁתַּיִם (H8147) 'two'; the construct form שְׁתֵּי binds to the following noun.
הַכְּלָיֹ֔תthe kidneysart + N f pl abs · כִּלְיָה (H3629)Direct object (governed by the numeral)כִּלְיָה (H3629) 'kidney'; in sacrificial lists the kidneys with their surrounding suet belong to the altar; figuratively the seat of the inmost self.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (next item of the list)וְ coordinates the suet on the kidneys with the kidneys themselves.
הַחֵ֨לֶב֙the fatart + N m sg abs · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object (third item of the list)חֵלֶב (H2459); here the perirenal suet, defined by the double relative clause that follows.
אֲשֶׁ֣רthat (is)rel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a verbless relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative clause is verbless — 'which [is] upon them'.
עֲלֵיהֶ֔ןon themprep עַל + 3fp sfx · עַל (H5921)Predicate of the verbless relative clause (locative)עַל (H5921) with 3fp suffix referring to the kidneys (fem. pl.).
אֲשֶׁ֖רwhich (is)rel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a second verbless relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834); the second relative further locates the suet 'by the loins'.
עַלbyprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition governing הַכְּסָלִים (locative)עַל (H5921) here approaches 'beside, at' — anatomical location rather than superposition.
הַכְּסָלִ֑יםthe loinsart + N m pl abs · כֶּסֶל (H3689)Object of the preposition עַלכֶּסֶל (H3689) 'loin, flank'; the lumbar region where the kidney fat sits (elsewhere the same root can mean 'confidence' or 'folly').
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (final item of the list)וְ introduces the last of the altar portions, the liver-lobe.
הַיֹּתֶ֨רֶת֙the lobeart + N f sg abs · יֹתֶרֶת (H3508)Direct object (resumed by the suffix of יְסִירֶנָּה)יֹתֶרֶת (H3508) 'appendage, lobe', from יָתַר 'to remain over'; the caudate lobe of the liver, a part prized in ancient divination but here simply burned to YHWH.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition governing הַכָּבֵד (locative)עַל (H5921) 'upon'; locates the lobe as an appendage lying on the liver.
הַכָּבֵ֔דthe liverart + N f sg abs · כָּבֵד (H3516)Object of the preposition עַלכָּבֵד (H3516) 'liver', from כָּבֵד 'to be heavy' — the 'heavy' organ; the heaviest of the viscera.
עַלwithprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition governing הַכְּלָיֹת (accompaniment)עַל (H5921) here 'along with, together with' — the lobe is removed in one piece with the kidneys.
הַכְּלָיֹ֖תthe kidneysart + N f pl abs · כִּלְיָה (H3629)Object of the preposition עַלכִּלְיָה (H3629); repeated to specify that lobe and kidneys are excised together.
יְסִירֶֽנָּהhe shall remove itHiphil impf 3ms + 3fs sfx · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb closing the list (resumptive suffix = the lobe)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — the required excisionסוּר (H5493) 'turn aside'; Hiphil הֵסִיר 'remove, take away'. The 3fs suffix resumes הַיֹּתֶרֶת, and the verb governs the whole enumeration of vv. 3-4.
5

וְהִקְטִ֨יר אֹתָ֤ם הַכֹּהֵן֙ הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חָה אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַיהוָ֑ה אָשָׁ֖ם הֽוּא

And the priest shall turn them into smoke on the altar, a food-gift to YHWH; it is a guilt offering.

Weqatal advancing the procedure to its climaxוְ
The suet is consumed on the altar as an אִשֶּׁה, a gift made over to YHWH by fire. The closing verbless clause אָשָׁם הוּא ('it is a guilt offering') is a declaratory formula, pronouncing the rite valid and complete.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וְהִקְטִ֨ירand he shall turn into smokeconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · קָטַר (H6999)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the prescription)→ Weqatal: consequent prescriptive — the next required step in sequenceקָטַר (H6999), Hiphil הִקְטִיר 'to send up in smoke'; the technical verb for burning a portion on the altar so that it ascends to God, not mere incineration (cf. שָׂרַף).
אֹתָ֤םthemobj marker + 3mp sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object (resuming the suet portions of vv. 3-4)אֵת (H853) with pronominal suffix serves as the object pronoun 'them' — the fat, kidneys, and lobe just listed.
הַכֹּהֵן֙the priestart + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Subject of וְהִקְטִירכֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest'; only he may approach the altar — the offerer slaughters, the priest burns.
הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חָהon the altarart + N m sg abs + directional הֵ · מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196)Adverbial accusative of direction (locative הֵ)מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196) with the old directional ending -ָה ('altar-ward'); the portions are conveyed onto the altar hearth.
אִשֶּׁ֖הa food-giftN m sg abs · אִשֶּׁה (H801)Adverbial accusative of manner/classification (predicative apposition)אִשֶּׁה (H801), traditionally 'offering made by fire' (linked to אֵשׁ 'fire'), better 'food-gift' — a gift transferred to YHWH at the altar.
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; לַיהוָה marks him as the exclusive recipient of the suet.
אָשָׁ֖םa guilt offeringN m sg abs · אָשָׁם (H817)Predicate nominative of the declaratory verbless clauseאָשָׁם (H817); the closing formula אָשָׁם הוּא is declaratory, pronouncing the completed rite a valid guilt offering.
הֽוּאit (is)pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of the verbless declaratory clauseהוּא (H1931); the pronoun anchors the declaratory formula that closes each sacrificial procedure.
6

כָּל זָכָ֥ר בַּכֹּהֲנִ֖ים יֹאכְלֶ֑נּוּ בְּמָק֤וֹם קָדוֹשׁ֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים הֽוּא

Every male among the priests may eat it; in a holy place it shall be eaten. It is most holy.

Rule of consumption (asyndetic)asyndeton
The flesh, unlike the suet, is a priestly perquisite. Two restrictions follow from the 'most holy' grade: only males of the priestly house may eat it, and only within the sanctuary precinct. The verse closes by repeating the status formula of v. 1, framing the section.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
כָּלeveryN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with זָכָר (subject phrase)כֹּל (H3605); with an indefinite singular noun it distributes — 'every, each'.
זָכָ֥רmaleadj m sg abs (substantival) · זָכָר (H2145)Subject (governed by כָּל)זָכָר (H2145) 'male'; most-holy flesh may be eaten only by males of the priestly line, and only in the sacred precinct.
בַּכֹּהֲנִ֖יםamong the priestsprep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Partitive prepositional phrase modifying זָכָרכֹּהֵן (H3548); בְּ is partitive ('among'), restricting the privilege to the priestly household.
יֹאכְלֶ֑נּוּmay eat itQal impf 3ms + 3ms sfx · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: permissive — a right granted to the priestsאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; the energic suffix -ֶנּוּ refers to the guilt-offering flesh. Priestly eating is itself part of the atoning rite (cf. 10:17).
בְּמָק֤וֹםin a placeprep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָקוֹם (H4725)Locative prepositional phrase (fronted)מָקוֹם (H4725); fronted for emphasis — the location of the meal, not merely the fact of it, is at issue.
קָדוֹשׁ֙holyadj m sg abs · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Attributive adjective modifying מָקוֹםקָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'holy, set apart'; the 'holy place' here is the tent court, since most-holy food may not leave the sanctuary.
יֵאָכֵ֔לit shall be eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): prescriptive passive — a binding requirementאָכַל (H398) in Niphal 'be eaten'; the impersonal passive keeps the focus on the food's sanctity rather than on the eater.
קֹ֥דֶשׁa holy thing ofN m sg constr · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Predicate nominative (first member of superlative construct)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944); the repeated superlative formula ties v. 6 back to v. 1, closing the guilt-offering rules by inclusio.
קָֽדָשִׁ֖יםholy thingsN m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the superlative construct ('most holy')Plural of קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) in the superlative idiom; the grade of sanctity that grounds both restrictions just stated.
הֽוּאit (is)pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of the verbless clauseהוּא (H1931); closes the section with the same status formula that opened it in v. 1.
7

כַּֽחַטָּאת֙ כָּֽאָשָׁ֔ם תּוֹרָ֥ה אַחַ֖ת לָהֶ֑ם הַכֹּהֵ֛ן אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְכַפֶּר בּ֖וֹ ל֥וֹ יִהְיֶֽה

As the sin offering, so the guilt offering: there is one torah for them. The priest who makes atonement with it — to him it shall belong.

Summary equation closing the sectionasyndeton
A terse comparative clause (כַּחַטָּאת כָּאָשָׁם) declares the two expiatory offerings procedurally identical — 'one torah for them both'. The final casus pendens (הַכֹּהֵן אֲשֶׁר יְכַפֶּר־בּוֹ) resumed by לוֹ assigns the flesh to the officiating priest, and so pivots into the perquisite rules of vv. 8-10.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כַּֽחַטָּאת֙like the sin offeringprep כְּ + art + N f sg abs · חַטָּאת (H2403)Comparative prepositional phrase (fronted term of the equation)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'sin offering, purification offering', from חָטָא 'to miss, sin'; the offering that decontaminates the sanctuary.
כָּֽאָשָׁ֔םso the guilt offeringprep כְּ + art + N m sg abs · אָשָׁם (H817)Comparative prepositional phrase (second term of the equation)אָשָׁם (H817); the doubled כְּ … כְּ construction is an equative idiom: 'as X, so Y' — the two offerings share one procedure.
תּוֹרָ֥הa torahN f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Subject of the verbless clauseתּוֹרָה (H8451); here 'a single ritual procedure' governs both offerings — a legal shorthand for identical handling.
אַחַ֖תonenumeral f sg abs · אֶחָד (H259)Attributive numeral modifying תּוֹרָהאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; attributive and emphatic — 'one and the same instruction' covers both rites.
לָהֶ֑םfor themprep לְ + 3mp sfx · לְPrepositional phrase (dative of reference)לְ 'to, for'; the 3mp suffix refers to the two offerings just equated, the חַטָּאת and the אָשָׁם.
הַכֹּהֵ֛ןthe priestart + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Casus pendens (fronted subject, resumed by לוֹ)כֹּהֵן (H3548); the officiating priest, singled out by a suspended nominative — his right to the flesh is the point.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause qualifying הַכֹּהֵןאֲשֶׁר (H834); restricts the perquisite to the priest who actually performs the atoning rite.
יְכַפֶּרmakes atonementPiel impf 3ms · כָּפַר (H3722)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Yiqtol: habitual/generic — whenever he performs the riteכָּפַר (H3722), Piel 'to make atonement, wipe clean, ransom'; in P the priest 'atones' by the blood rite, and the ensuing meal completes it.
בּ֖וֹwith itprep בְּ + 3ms sfx · בְּInstrumental prepositional phraseבְּ of means; the suffix refers to the guilt offering as the instrument of atonement.
ל֥וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms sfx · לְPredicate of possession (fronted: 'to him it shall belong')לְ of possession; the fronted לוֹ resumes the casus pendens הַכֹּהֵן and stresses that the flesh is his alone.
יִהְיֶֽהit shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — establishes a standing entitlementהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; with לְ it expresses possession ('it shall belong to him'), the standard formula for priestly dues.
8

וְהַ֨כֹּהֵ֔ן הַמַּקְרִ֖יב אֶת עֹ֣לַת אִ֑ישׁ ע֤וֹר הָֽעֹלָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הִקְרִ֔יב לַכֹּהֵ֖ן ל֥וֹ יִהְיֶֽה

And the priest who presents a man's burnt offering — the hide of the burnt offering that he has presented shall belong to that priest, to him.

New sub-section: priestly perquisitesוְ
The rule of v. 7b (the officiant keeps what he handles) is now extended. Since the עֹלָה is entirely burned, its one non-combustible part, the hide, is the priest's fee. The construction is again casus pendens + resumptive לוֹ.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְהַ֨כֹּהֵ֔ןand the priestconj וְ + art + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Casus pendens (fronted subject, resumed by לוֹ)כֹּהֵן (H3548); the suspended subject is defined by the following participle — the priest who actually officiates.
הַמַּקְרִ֖יבwho presentsart + Hiphil ptc m sg abs · קָרַב (H7126)Attributive participle qualifying הַכֹּהֵן (relative force)→ Participial: characterizing — the priest in the act of officiatingקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'present, offer'; the articular participle identifies the officiant, whose service earns the perquisite.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the participle)
עֹ֣לַתthe burnt offering ofN f sg constr · עֹלָה (H5930)Direct object of the participle (head of construct chain)עֹלָה (H5930); in construct with אִישׁ, 'anyone's burnt offering' — the rule covers every lay offering.
אִ֑ישׁof a manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Genitive of the construct chain (possessive)אִישׁ (H376) 'man, individual'; here indefinite and generic — 'anyone', the lay offerer as distinct from the priest.
ע֤וֹרthe hide ofN m sg constr · עוֹר (H5785)Subject of יִהְיֶה (head of construct chain)עוֹר (H5785) 'skin, hide'; the only part of a wholly burnt victim left over, and thus the officiant's fee — a hide was a valuable commodity.
הָֽעֹלָה֙the burnt offeringart + N f sg abs · עֹלָה (H5930)Genitive of the construct chainעֹלָה (H5930); the definite article points back to the very offering just mentioned.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause modifying הָעֹלָהאֲשֶׁר (H834); ties the hide to the specific offering this priest handled.
הִקְרִ֔יבhe has presentedHiphil perf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Perfective: the act already performed, on which the claim restsקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the perfect looks back on the completed presentation that grounds the priest's title to the hide.
לַכֹּהֵ֖ןto the priestprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Prepositional phrase of possession (resuming the casus pendens)כֹּהֵן (H3548); the noun is repeated rather than pronominalized, giving the ruling the formality of a statute.
ל֥וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms sfx · לְPredicate of possession (emphatic resumption)לְ of possession; the doubling 'to the priest … to him' is emphatic — to that priest and no other.
יִהְיֶֽהit shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a standing entitlementהָיָה (H1961) with לְ, the idiom of ownership ('shall belong to').
9

וְכָל מִנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר תֵּֽאָפֶה֙ בַּתַּנּ֔וּר וְכָל נַעֲשָׂ֥ה בַמַּרְחֶ֖שֶׁת וְעַֽל מַחֲבַ֑ת לַכֹּהֵ֛ן הַמַּקְרִ֥יב אֹתָ֖הּ ל֥וֹ תִֽהְיֶֽה

And every grain offering that is baked in an oven, and every one prepared in a pan or on a griddle, shall belong to the priest who presents it; it shall be his.

Second perquisite rule (cooked grain offerings)וְ
Cooked מִנְחָה offerings — those requiring an oven, pan, or griddle (cf. 2:4-7) — go individually to the officiating priest. The three utensils are named to leave no method unaccounted for.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
וְכָלand everyconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier heading the casus pendensכֹּל (H3605) distributive — 'every single' grain offering of the baked class.
מִנְחָ֗הgrain offeringN f sg abs · מִנְחָה (H4503)Casus pendens (fronted subject, resumed by לוֹ)מִנְחָה (H4503) 'gift, tribute'; in P the cereal offering of flour, oil, and frankincense (ch. 2), the poor man's approach to God.
אֲשֶׁ֤רwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause modifying מִנְחָהאֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative defines the class of grain offering in view — the baked kind.
תֵּֽאָפֶה֙is bakedNiphal impf 3fs · אָפָה (H644)Predicate verb (relative clause, passive)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): generic/habitual — whenever it is bakedאָפָה (H644) 'to bake'; the Niphal leaves the baker unnamed, classifying the offering by its mode of preparation.
בַּתַּנּ֔וּרin the ovenprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · תַּנּוּר (H8574)Locative prepositional phrase (instrument of baking)תַּנּוּר (H8574) 'oven', a portable clay baking-oven; cf. 2:4, where oven-baked cakes and wafers are prescribed.
וְכָלand every oneconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier heading the second casus pendensכֹּל (H3605); the second 'every' extends the rule to pan- and griddle-cooked offerings.
נַעֲשָׂ֥הpreparedNiphal perf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (asyndetic relative clause, passive)→ Perfective (Niphal): the completed act of preparation that classifies the offeringעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; Niphal 'be made, be prepared'. The relative particle is omitted, a compressed legal style.
בַמַּרְחֶ֖שֶׁתin the panprep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · מַרְחֶשֶׁת (H4802)Locative prepositional phrase (instrument of cooking)מַרְחֶשֶׁת (H4802) 'stew-pan, deep pot' (cf. 2:7), probably from רָחַשׁ 'to bubble, stir' — a vessel deep enough to hold oil.
וְעַֽלor onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Coordinating conjunction + preposition (alternative)וְ here is disjunctive ('or'); עַל suits the flat griddle, on which dough is cooked from above rather than in.
מַחֲבַ֑תa griddleN f sg abs · מַחֲבַת (H4227)Object of the preposition עַלמַחֲבַת (H4227) 'flat plate, griddle' (cf. 2:5); the third cooking method, completing the inventory of prepared grain offerings.
לַכֹּהֵ֛ןto the priestprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Prepositional phrase of possessionכֹּהֵן (H3548); the cooked grain offering, like the hide, is the individual officiant's due.
הַמַּקְרִ֥יבwho presentsart + Hiphil ptc m sg abs · קָרַב (H7126)Attributive participle qualifying הַכֹּהֵן→ Participial: characterizing — the priest in the act of officiatingקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the same participle as in v. 8, binding the two perquisite rules together.
אֹתָ֖הּitobj marker + 3fs sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object of the participle (fem. = מִנְחָה)אֵת (H853) with 3fs suffix; the feminine refers back to מִנְחָה.
ל֥וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms sfx · לְPredicate of possession (emphatic resumption)לְ of possession, resuming the fronted subject — 'his it shall be'.
תִֽהְיֶֽהit shall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause (fem., agreeing with מִנְחָה)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a standing entitlementהָיָה (H1961) with לְ, the possession idiom; the feminine agrees with the grain offering.
10

וְכָל מִנְחָ֥ה בְלוּלָֽה בַשֶּׁ֖מֶן וַחֲרֵבָ֑ה לְכָל בְּנֵ֧י אַהֲרֹ֛ן תִּהְיֶ֖ה אִ֥ישׁ כְּאָחִֽיו

But every grain offering, whether mixed with oil or dry, shall belong to all the sons of Aaron, to each alike.

Contrast — corporate share balances individual perquisiteוְ
Uncooked grain offerings, raw flour whether oiled or dry, are shared equally: אִישׁ כְּאָחִיו, 'each man like his brother'. The clause deliberately offsets v. 9, so that priestly income does not depend wholly on who happens to officiate.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְכָלbut everyconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier heading the contrasting casus pendensכֹּל (H3605); the וְ is adversative here, setting the uncooked offerings over against the cooked ones of v. 9.
מִנְחָ֥הgrain offeringN f sg abs · מִנְחָה (H4503)Casus pendens (fronted subject of תִּהְיֶה)מִנְחָה (H4503); here the uncooked kind — raw flour, whether oiled or dry.
בְלוּלָֽהmixedQal passive ptc f sg abs · בָּלַל (H1101)Attributive passive participle modifying מִנְחָה→ Passive participial: resultant state — already mingled with oilבָּלַל (H1101) 'to mingle, mix'; the standard term for kneading oil into the flour of a grain offering (2:4-5).
בַשֶּׁ֖מֶןwith oilprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Instrumental prepositional phraseשֶׁמֶן (H8081) 'olive oil'; its presence marks a grain offering as rich, its absence (חֲרֵבָה) as plain.
וַחֲרֵבָ֑הor dryconj וְ + adj f sg abs · חָרֵב (H2720)Attributive adjective (alternative) modifying מִנְחָהחָרֵב (H2720) 'dry, waterless', from חָרַב 'to be dry'; a grain offering without oil (cf. 5:11, the sin offering of the poor).
לְכָלto allprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase of possession (head of construct chain)כֹּל (H3605); 'to all the sons of Aaron' — the whole priestly guild, not one officiant.
בְּנֵ֧יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive of the construct chainבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן is the standing designation of the priestly line descended from Aaron.
אַהֲרֹ֛ןAaronproper noun · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Genitive of the construct chain (possessive)אַהֲרֹן (H175) 'Aaron', Moses' brother and Israel's first high priest; his 'sons' are the priestly house.
תִּהְיֶ֖הit shall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause (fem., agreeing with מִנְחָה)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a permanent corporate rightהָיָה (H1961) with לְ; the corporate share is stated in the same idiom as the individual perquisite, marking the two as equally binding.
אִ֥ישׁeachN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition ('each one')אִישׁ (H376) in the distributive idiom אִישׁ כְּאָחִיו, 'each like his brother' — strict equality of shares.
כְּאָחִֽיוlike his brotherprep כְּ + N m sg constr + 3ms sfx · אָח (H251)Comparative prepositional phrase completing the distributive idiomאָח (H251) 'brother'; the phrase enforces an equal division among the priests, so that no one's income depends on the rota.
11

וְזֹ֥את תּוֹרַ֖ת זֶ֣בַח הַשְּׁלָמִ֑ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יַקְרִ֖יב לַיהוָֽה

And this is the torah of the sacrifice of peace offerings that one may present to YHWH.

Heading of the third major sectionוְ
The heading formula of v. 1 recurs (וְזֹאת תּוֹרַת), opening the longest unit of the chapter. The שְׁלָמִים is the one offering the laity eat, which is why the rules that follow concern the offerer's table as much as the altar.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְזֹ֥אתand thisconj וְ + dem pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Subject of the verbless clause (cataphoric)זֹאת (H2063); the heading formula of v. 1 recurs, opening the peace-offering torah.
תּוֹרַ֖תthe torah ofN f sg constr · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Predicate nominative (head of construct chain)תּוֹרָה (H8451); the ritual manual for the שְׁלָמִים, the longest of the offering-torot in this chapter.
זֶ֣בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Genitive of the construct chain (itself in construct)זֶבַח (H2077) 'slaughter-sacrifice', from זָבַח; the class of offering whose flesh is eaten in a communal meal.
הַשְּׁלָמִ֑יםthe peace offeringsart + N m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002), from שָׁלוֹם 'wholeness, peace'; the 'well-being offering' shared between altar, priest, and offerer — the one sacrifice the laity eat.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause modifying זֶבַחאֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative keeps the offerer indefinite — 'that anyone may present'.
יַקְרִ֖יבhe may presentHiphil impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Yiqtol: potential/generic — whenever anyone brings such an offeringקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'present'; the subject is impersonal, since the peace offering is always a voluntary lay initiative.
לַיהוָֽהto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); even a voluntary offering is made 'to YHWH', who receives the suet and grants the meal.
12

אִ֣ם עַל תּוֹדָה֮ יַקְרִיבֶנּוּ֒ וְהִקְרִ֣יב עַל זֶ֣בַח הַתּוֹדָ֗ה חַלּ֤וֹת מַצּוֹת֙ בְּלוּלֹ֣ת בַּשֶּׁ֔מֶן וּרְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּשָּׁ֑מֶן וְסֹ֣לֶת מֻרְבֶּ֔כֶת חַלֹּ֖ת בְּלוּלֹ֥ת בַּשָּֽׁמֶן

If he presents it for thanksgiving, then together with the thanksgiving sacrifice he shall present unleavened cakes mixed with oil, unleavened wafers smeared with oil, and cakes of choice flour well soaked, mixed with oil.

First casuistic case: the thanksgiving offeringאִם
The protasis אִם עַל־תּוֹדָה opens the first of the three kinds of שְׁלָמִים. Uniquely, the תּוֹדָה carries a bread accompaniment: three unleavened kinds are listed, echoing the grain-offering repertoire of ch. 2. Thanksgiving is a meal, and it must be furnished.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
אִ֣םifconj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasisאִם (H518) 'if'; in casuistic law it introduces a subordinate case within a larger ruling (contrast כִּי for the main case).
עַלforprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition of purpose/occasion governing תּוֹדָהעַל (H5921) here 'on account of, for the purpose of' — the offering is made with thanksgiving as its motive.
תּוֹדָה֮thanksgivingN f sg abs · תּוֹדָה (H8426)Object of the preposition עַלתּוֹדָה (H8426) 'thanksgiving, confession/praise', from יָדָה (Hiphil) 'to give thanks, acknowledge'; the offering that publicly acknowledges a deliverance received.
יַקְרִיבֶנּוּ֒he presents itHiphil impf 3ms + 3ms sfx · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: hypothetical — the condition of the caseקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil with energic suffix; the suffix refers to the peace offering of v. 11.
וְהִקְרִ֣יבthen he shall presentconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the apodosis→ Weqatal: apodosis of the condition — the consequent obligationקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the weqatal marks the 'then' clause of the casuistic law.
עַלtogether withprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition of accompaniment governing זֶבַחעַל (H5921) here 'in addition to, along with'; the bread accompanies the animal sacrifice.
זֶ֣בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Object of the preposition עַל (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the slaughtered victim, to which the bread is an accompaniment rather than a substitute.
הַתּוֹדָ֗הthe thanksgivingart + N f sg abs · תּוֹדָה (H8426)Genitive of the construct chain (defining the sacrifice's kind)תּוֹדָה (H8426); זֶבַח הַתּוֹדָה is the technical name of the thanksgiving peace offering.
חַלּ֤וֹתcakes ofN f pl abs · חַלָּה (H2471)Direct object of וְהִקְרִיב (first item)חַלָּה (H2471) 'ring-cake, perforated loaf', probably from חָלַל 'to pierce'; a round bread pierced through the middle.
מַצּוֹת֙unleavened breadN f pl abs · מַצָּה (H4682)Genitive of material/kind ('cakes of unleavened bread')מַצָּה (H4682) 'unleavened bread'; leaven, an agent of fermentation and so of corruption, is excluded from what touches the altar (2:11).
בְּלוּלֹ֣תmixedQal passive ptc f pl abs · בָּלַל (H1101)Attributive passive participle modifying חַלּוֹת→ Passive participial: resultant state — kneaded through with oilבָּלַל (H1101) 'to mingle'; the oil is worked into the dough, not merely poured over it (contrast מְשֻׁחִים below).
בַּשֶּׁ֔מֶןwith oilprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Instrumental prepositional phraseשֶׁמֶן (H8081) 'oil'; olive oil is the mark of a rich, festal bread.
וּרְקִיקֵ֥יand wafers ofconj וְ + N m pl constr · רָקִיק (H7550)Direct object of וְהִקְרִיב (second item, head of construct chain)רָקִיק (H7550) 'thin wafer', from רָקַק 'to be thin, spread out'; a flatbread too thin to absorb oil, so it is smeared instead.
מַצּ֖וֹתunleavened breadN f pl abs · מַצָּה (H4682)Genitive of material/kind ('wafers of unleavened bread')מַצָּה (H4682); the wafers, like the cakes, must be unleavened.
מְשֻׁחִ֣יםsmearedQal passive ptc m pl abs · מָשַׁח (H4886)Attributive passive participle modifying רְקִיקֵי→ Passive participial: resultant state — already anointed with oilמָשַׁח (H4886) 'to smear, anoint' — the same verb used of anointing priests and kings (cf. v. 36); here of oil brushed onto wafers.
בַּשָּׁ֑מֶןwith oilprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Instrumental prepositional phraseשֶׁמֶן (H8081); the same oil, applied by a different technique — smeared rather than mixed in.
וְסֹ֣לֶתand choice flourconj וְ + N f sg abs · סֹלֶת (H5560)Direct object of וְהִקְרִיב (third item)סֹלֶת (H5560) 'fine, sifted flour'; the choicest grade of wheat flour, prescribed for every מִנְחָה.
מֻרְבֶּ֔כֶתwell soakedHophal passive ptc f sg abs · רָבַךְ (H7246)Attributive passive participle modifying סֹלֶת→ Passive participial: resultant state — thoroughly saturatedרָבַךְ (H7246), a rare root attested only in the Hophal participle מֻרְבֶּכֶת 'mixed, soaked, stirred'; the flour is scalded or thoroughly worked with oil into a paste.
חַלֹּ֖תcakesN f pl abs · חַלָּה (H2471)Apposition to סֹלֶת (the form the flour takes)חַלָּה (H2471); the soaked flour is shaped into the same ring-cakes named at the head of the list.
בְּלוּלֹ֥תmixedQal passive ptc f pl abs · בָּלַל (H1101)Attributive passive participle modifying חַלֹּת→ Passive participial: resultant state — kneaded through with oilבָּלַל (H1101); the repetition closes the bread-list with the same requirement it began with — every kind is enriched with oil.
בַּשָּֽׁמֶןwith oilprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Instrumental prepositional phraseשֶׁמֶן (H8081); the third and final mention of oil, rounding off the thanksgiving bread inventory.
13

עַל חַלֹּת֙ לֶ֣חֶם חָמֵ֔ץ יַקְרִ֖יב קָרְבָּנ֑וֹ עַל זֶ֖בַח תּוֹדַ֥ת שְׁלָמָֽיו

With cakes of leavened bread he shall present his offering, together with his thanksgiving peace offering.

Addition to the thanksgiving bread (asyndetic)asyndeton
A striking exception: leavened bread (לֶחֶם חָמֵץ), banned from the altar (2:11), is nonetheless part of the תּוֹדָה — because it is eaten at the table, not burned. Thanksgiving is festal, and festal bread is leavened.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
עַלwithprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition of accompaniment (fronted phrase)עַל (H5921) 'in addition to'; the leavened cakes are an accompaniment, never an altar portion.
חַלֹּת֙cakes ofN f pl constr · חַלָּה (H2471)Object of the preposition עַל (head of construct chain)חַלָּה (H2471); the same ring-cake, but now of leavened dough — a table bread, not an altar bread.
לֶ֣חֶםbread ofN (c) sg constr · לֶחֶם (H3899)Genitive of the construct chain (itself in construct)לֶחֶם (H3899) 'bread, food'; the staple loaf, here qualified as leavened.
חָמֵ֔ץleavenedN m sg abs · חָמֵץ (H2557)Genitive of quality ('bread of leaven' = leavened bread)חָמֵץ (H2557) 'that which is leavened', from חָמֵץ 'to be sour, ferment'; barred from the altar (2:11), yet required at the thanksgiving table — the meal, not the fire, receives it.
יַקְרִ֖יבhe shall presentHiphil impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a required accompanimentקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the leavened bread is 'presented' but not burned, showing that הִקְרִיב covers formal presentation as well as altar-burning.
קָרְבָּנ֑וֹhis offeringN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Direct object of יַקְרִיבקָרְבָּן (H7133) 'offering, that which is brought near', from קָרַב; the general term for any gift presented at the sanctuary.
עַלtogether withprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition of accompaniment governing זֶבַחעַל (H5921) 'along with'; the bread is always tied to the animal sacrifice it accompanies.
זֶ֖בַחthe sacrificeN m sg abs · זֶבַח (H2077)Object of the preposition עַלזֶבַח (H2077); the slaughtered victim of the thanksgiving rite.
תּוֹדַ֥תthe thanksgiving ofN f sg constr · תּוֹדָה (H8426)Apposition/construct qualifying זֶבַחתּוֹדָה (H8426); the full title 'sacrifice of the thanksgiving of his peace offerings' names both the genus (שְׁלָמִים) and the species (תּוֹדָה).
שְׁלָמָֽיוhis peace offeringsN m pl constr + 3ms sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive completing the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the possessive suffix marks the offering as the worshipper's own free act.
14

וְהִקְרִ֨יב מִמֶּ֤נּוּ אֶחָד֙ מִכָּל קָרְבָּ֔ן תְּרוּמָ֖ה לַיהוָ֑ה לַכֹּהֵ֗ן הַזֹּרֵ֛ק אֶת דַּ֥ם הַשְּׁלָמִ֖ים ל֥וֹ יִהְיֶֽה

And from it he shall present one of each offering as a contribution to YHWH; it shall belong to the priest who dashes the blood of the peace offerings.

Weqatal: the priest's share of the breadוְ
One loaf of each kind is lifted out as a תְּרוּמָה — a contribution 'raised' from the whole and made over to YHWH, then assigned to the officiating priest. This is the first appearance of the תְּרוּמָה idea that governs vv. 32-34.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְהִקְרִ֨יבand he shall presentconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the prescription)→ Weqatal: consequent prescriptive — the next required stepקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; here of setting apart a portion from the bread already brought.
מִמֶּ֤נּוּfrom itprep מִן + 3ms sfx · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phraseמִן (H4480), partitive — one loaf is taken out of each batch of bread.
אֶחָד֙onenumeral m sg abs · אֶחָד (H259)Direct object of וְהִקְרִיב (substantival numeral)אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; a single item is lifted from each kind of bread — a token, not a tithe.
מִכָּלof eachprep מִן + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Partitive phrase ('out of every kind of offering')כֹּל (H3605) with מִן, distributive-partitive — one loaf from every category listed in vv. 12-13.
קָרְבָּ֔ןofferingN m sg abs · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Genitive of the partitive phraseקָרְבָּן (H7133); here each class of bread counts as a distinct 'offering' from which a share is drawn.
תְּרוּמָ֖הas a contributionN f sg abs · תְּרוּמָה (H8641)Adverbial accusative of classification (predicative)תְּרוּמָה (H8641) 'contribution, that which is lifted off', from רוּם 'to be high'; traditionally 'heave offering' — a portion raised out of a larger whole and dedicated to YHWH, then given to the priests (cf. v. 32).
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); the loaf is dedicated to YHWH first, and only then transferred to his priest — priestly income is God's gift, not a fee.
לַכֹּהֵ֗ןto the priestprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Prepositional phrase of possession (casus pendens, resumed by לוֹ)כֹּהֵן (H3548); the recipient is narrowed by the following participle to the priest who performs the blood rite.
הַזֹּרֵ֛קwho dashesart + Qal ptc m sg abs · זָרַק (H2236)Attributive participle qualifying הַכֹּהֵן→ Participial: characterizing — the priest in the act of the blood riteזָרַק (H2236) 'to dash, toss'; the blood-dashing priest is the officiant proper, and so the one entitled to the contribution.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the participle)
דַּ֥םthe blood ofN m sg constr · דָּם (H1818)Direct object of the participle (head of construct chain)דָּם (H1818); the blood rite is what makes a man the officiant, and so determines who eats.
הַשְּׁלָמִ֖יםthe peace offeringsart + N m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the blood of the peace offering is dashed round the altar exactly as for the guilt offering (v. 2).
ל֥וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms sfx · לְPredicate of possession (emphatic resumption)לְ of possession, resuming לַכֹּהֵן — 'his it shall be'.
יִהְיֶֽהit shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a standing entitlementהָיָה (H1961) with לְ, the possession idiom that recurs through vv. 7-14 and 33.
15

וּבְשַׂ֗ר זֶ֚בַח תּוֹדַ֣ת שְׁלָמָ֔יו בְּי֥וֹם קָרְבָּנ֖וֹ יֵאָכֵ֑ל לֹֽא יַנִּ֥יחַ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עַד בֹּֽקֶר

And the flesh of his thanksgiving peace offering shall be eaten on the day of his offering; he shall not leave any of it until morning.

Temporal rule for the thanksgiving fleshוְ
The first of the chapter's time-limits: תּוֹדָה flesh is a one-day meal. The positive rule ('eaten that day') is reinforced by a negative ('nothing left till morning'), the same double formulation used of the Passover (Exod 12:10). Joyful thanksgiving must be shared widely and at once.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וּבְשַׂ֗רand the flesh ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Subject of יֵאָכֵל (fronted, head of construct chain)בָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh, meat'; the portion returned to the offerer, which the following rules govern in time and purity.
זֶ֚בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Genitive of the construct chain (itself in construct)זֶבַח (H2077); the chain 'flesh of the sacrifice of the thanksgiving of his peace offerings' is deliberately full, since the time-limit turns on the exact species.
תּוֹדַ֣תthe thanksgiving ofN f sg constr · תּוֹדָה (H8426)Genitive of the construct chainתּוֹדָה (H8426); it is the thanksgiving species specifically that must be consumed the same day.
שְׁלָמָ֔יוhis peace offeringsN m pl constr + 3ms sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive completing the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the offerer's own sacrifice, whose flesh returns to his table.
בְּי֥וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; the whole force of the ruling lies here — the thanksgiving meal is bounded by a single day.
קָרְבָּנ֖וֹhis offeringN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Genitive of the temporal construct chainקָרְבָּן (H7133); 'the day of his offering' — the clock starts at presentation, not at slaughter.
יֵאָכֵ֑לit shall be eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): prescriptive passive — a binding time-limitאָכַל (H398) Niphal 'be eaten'; the passive keeps the focus on the flesh and its deadline rather than on the eater.
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (categorical prohibition)לֹא (H3808) with the yiqtol expresses an absolute, permanent prohibition (as in the Decalogue), not a mere request.
יַנִּ֥יחַhe shall leaveHiphil impf 3ms · יָנַח (H3240)Predicate verb of the prohibition→ Yiqtol with לֹא: categorical prohibition — he must not do this at allיָנַח (H3240) Hiphil הִנִּיחַ 'to set down, leave over'; the same idiom guards the Passover lamb (Exod 12:10) and the manna (Exod 16:19).
מִמֶּ֖נּוּany of itprep מִן + 3ms sfx · מִן (H4480)Partitive object of יַנִּיחַמִן (H4480), partitive — 'any part of it'; not even a scrap may survive the night.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal preposition (terminus)עַד (H5704) 'as far as, until'; marks the outer limit beyond which the flesh may not be kept.
בֹּֽקֶרmorningN m sg abs · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Object of the preposition עַדבֹּקֶר (H1242) 'morning', from בָּקַר 'to break through' (of dawn); the daybreak that ends the sacred day.
16

וְאִם נֶ֣דֶר א֣וֹ נְדָבָ֗ה זֶ֚בַח קָרְבָּנ֔וֹ בְּי֛וֹם הַקְרִיב֥וֹ אֶת זִבְח֖וֹ יֵאָכֵ֑ל וּמִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת וְהַנּוֹתָ֥ר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יֵאָכֵֽל

But if the sacrifice of his offering is a vow or a freewill offering, it shall be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, and on the next day what is left of it may be eaten.

Second and third cases: vow and freewill offeringsוְאִם
The other two species of שְׁלָמִים get a laxer rule — two days rather than one. The reason is probably that thanksgiving is a public, communal celebration meant to be shared out at once, while the vow and the freewill gift are private acts.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
וְאִםbut ifconj וְ + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction introducing the alternative caseוְאִם (H518) 'but if'; the standard marker of a contrasting sub-case in casuistic law.
נֶ֣דֶרa vowN m sg abs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Predicate nominative of the verbless protasisנֶדֶר (H5088) 'vow', from נָדַר 'to vow'; a sacrifice promised conditionally ('if you deliver me, I will offer…') and paid when the prayer is answered.
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'; joins the two species that share a single rule.
נְדָבָ֗הa freewill offeringN f sg abs · נְדָבָה (H5071)Predicate nominative (second alternative of the protasis)נְדָבָה (H5071) 'voluntary gift', from נָדַב 'to incite oneself, volunteer'; unlike the vow it discharges no promise — it is pure spontaneous generosity.
זֶ֚בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Subject of the verbless protasis (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); 'the sacrifice of his offering' is the subject of which 'vow' or 'freewill gift' is predicated.
קָרְבָּנ֔וֹhis offeringN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Genitive of the construct chainקָרְבָּן (H7133); the possessive suffix keeps the offerer in view — these are his own votive and voluntary gifts.
בְּי֛וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (head of construct with infinitive)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; בְּיוֹם + infinitive construct is the standard Hebrew idiom for 'when, on the day that'.
הַקְרִיב֥וֹhis presentingHiphil inf constr + 3ms sfx · קָרַב (H7126)Infinitive construct in a temporal clause (suffix = subject)→ Infinitival: the act that fixes the starting point of the time-limitקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the suffix is subjective ('when he presents'), the standard construction after בְּיוֹם.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the infinitive)
זִבְח֖וֹhis sacrificeN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · זֶבַח (H2077)Direct object of the infinitive הַקְרִיבוֹזֶבַח (H2077); the victim whose presentation starts the two-day clock.
יֵאָכֵ֑לit shall be eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the apodosis (passive)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): prescriptive passive — the primary window for eatingאָכַל (H398) Niphal; the same verb as v. 15, but here the window is widened by the following clause.
וּמִֽמָּחֳרָ֔תand on the next dayconj וְ + prep מִן + N f sg abs · מָחֳרָת (H4283)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted)מָחֳרָת (H4283) 'the morrow, the following day', related to אַחַר 'after'; מִמָּחֳרָת idiomatically 'on the next day'.
וְהַנּוֹתָ֥רand what is leftconj וְ + art + Niphal ptc m sg abs · יָתַר (H3498)Substantival participle: subject of יֵאָכֵל→ Participial: resultant state — the surplus that remains after the first dayיָתַר (H3498) Niphal 'to be left over, remain'; הַנּוֹתָר is the technical term for sacrificial leftovers, whose fate the next verses decide.
מִמֶּ֖נּוּof itprep מִן + 3ms sfx · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phrase modifying הַנּוֹתָרמִן (H4480), partitive — the remainder drawn from the sacrifice's flesh.
יֵאָכֵֽלmay be eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (passive, second clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): permissive passive — the concession of a second dayאָכַל (H398) Niphal; the repetition of the verb concedes an extra day to vow and freewill offerings that the תּוֹדָה does not get.
17

וְהַנּוֹתָ֖ר מִבְּשַׂ֣ר הַזָּ֑בַח בַּיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י בָּאֵ֖שׁ יִשָּׂרֵֽף

But what is left of the flesh of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burned with fire.

Disposal rule for the remainderוְ
Once the two-day window closes, the surplus becomes sacred waste. The verb is שָׂרַף ('burn up'), not הִקְטִיר ('turn into smoke'): this is destruction, not offering — holy food that has passed its term is annihilated, not given to God.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְהַנּוֹתָ֖רbut what is leftconj וְ + art + Niphal ptc m sg abs · יָתַר (H3498)Substantival participle: subject of יִשָּׂרֵף→ Participial: resultant state — the surplus surviving the second dayיָתַר (H3498) Niphal 'be left over'; the same participle as v. 16, but now the leftovers have outlived their permitted term.
מִבְּשַׂ֣רof the flesh ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Partitive prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)בָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh'; the partitive מִן specifies what class of leftovers is meant — meat, not bread.
הַזָּ֑בַחthe sacrificeart + N m sg abs · זֶבַח (H2077)Genitive of the construct chainזֶבַח (H2077); the article points back to the vow or freewill sacrifice of v. 16.
בַּיּוֹם֙on the dayprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117); the third day is the point at which permitted leftovers turn into sacred refuse.
הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔יthe thirdart + ordinal m sg abs · שְׁלִישִׁי (H7992)Attributive ordinal modifying הַיּוֹםשְׁלִישִׁי (H7992) 'third', from שָׁלוֹשׁ; the third day is the practical limit of edibility for meat in a warm climate — the law works with, not against, nature.
בָּאֵ֖שׁwith fireprep בְּ + art + N (c) sg abs · אֵשׁ (H784)Instrumental prepositional phrase (fronted)אֵשׁ (H784) 'fire'; here the fire of destruction, outside the altar system, not the fire of offering.
יִשָּׂרֵֽףit shall be burnedNiphal impf 3ms · שָׂרַף (H8313)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): prescriptive passive — mandatory destructionשָׂרַף (H8313) 'to burn up, incinerate'; deliberately distinct from הִקְטִיר (v. 5) — this is disposal of holy refuse, not an offering to God.
18

וְאִ֣ם הֵאָכֹ֣ל יֵ֠אָכֵל מִבְּשַׂר זֶ֨בַח שְׁלָמָ֜יו בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי֮ לֹ֣א יֵרָצֶה֒ הַמַּקְרִ֣יב אֹת֗וֹ לֹ֧א יֵחָשֵׁ֛ב ל֖וֹ פִּגּ֣וּל יִהְיֶ֑ה וְהַנֶּ֛פֶשׁ הָאֹכֶ֥לֶת מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עֲוֺנָ֥הּ תִּשָּֽׂא

And if any of the flesh of his peace offering should ever be eaten on the third day, it shall not be accepted; it shall not be credited to the one who presented it. It shall be foul, and the person who eats of it shall bear his iniquity.

Sanction: violation of the time-limitוְאִם
The infinitive absolute הֵאָכֹל יֵאָכֵל makes the condition emphatic ('if it is eaten at all'). Three verdicts follow: not accepted (לֹא יֵרָצֶה), not credited (לֹא יֵחָשֵׁב), and פִּגּוּל — foul, putrid, rejected meat. The sacrifice is retroactively voided and the eater carries the guilt himself.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וְאִ֣םand ifconj וְ + conj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasis of the sanctionוְאִם (H518); the third conditional of the section, now stating the penalty for breach.
הֵאָכֹ֣לshould ever be eatenNiphal inf abs · אָכַל (H398)Infinitive absolute intensifying the finite verb→ Emphatic: 'if it is eaten at all' — the tautological infinitive strengthens the conditionאָכַל (H398); the infinitive absolute before its cognate finite verb is the classic Hebrew intensifier — no quantity is too small to trigger the penalty.
יֵ֠אָכֵלis eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the protasis (passive)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): hypothetical passive — the violation supposedאָכַל (H398) Niphal; paired with the preceding infinitive absolute for emphasis.
מִבְּשַׂרof the flesh ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Partitive prepositional phrase (subject of the passive verb)בָּשָׂר (H1320); the partitive underscores that even a portion of the flesh suffices to incur the penalty.
זֶ֨בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Genitive of the construct chainזֶבַח (H2077); the sacrifice whose validity the violation destroys.
שְׁלָמָ֜יוhis peace offeringN m pl constr + 3ms sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive completing the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the offerer's own sacrifice — his carelessness annuls his own gift.
בַּיּ֣וֹםon the dayprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117); the same third day named in v. 17, now viewed from the eater's side.
הַשְּׁלִישִׁי֮the thirdart + ordinal m sg abs · שְׁלִישִׁי (H7992)Attributive ordinal modifying הַיּוֹםשְׁלִישִׁי (H7992); eating on this day is not a lesser fault but a total voiding of the sacrifice.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (declarative denial)לֹא (H3808); here not a prohibition but a verdict — the offering simply will not be accepted.
יֵרָצֶה֒it shall be acceptedNiphal impf 3ms · רָצָה (H7521)Predicate verb of the apodosis (passive)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): declarative — a divine verdict of rejectionרָצָה (H7521) 'to be pleased with, accept favorably'; לְרָצוֹן is the technical term for a sacrifice God receives (1:3). Its denial here is the harshest possible ruling.
הַמַּקְרִ֣יבthe one who presentsart + Hiphil ptc m sg abs · קָרַב (H7126)Substantival participle: the offerer (indirect object of יֵחָשֵׁב)→ Participial: characterizing — the man who brought the sacrificeקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; here the lay offerer, not the priest — his account is the one that goes uncredited.
אֹת֗וֹitobj marker + 3ms sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object of the participleאֵת (H853) with suffix, 'it' — the sacrifice he presented.
לֹ֧אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (declarative denial)לֹא (H3808); the second of three negative verdicts piled on the invalid offering.
יֵחָשֵׁ֛בit shall be creditedNiphal impf 3ms · חָשַׁב (H2803)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): declarative — the sacrifice is not reckoned to his accountחָשַׁב (H2803) 'to reckon, impute'; the same accounting verb used of Abraham's faith 'reckoned' as righteousness (Gen 15:6). Here the ledger stays empty.
ל֖וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms sfx · לְDative of reference (the offerer's account)לְ with חָשַׁב forms the accounting idiom 'be credited to someone's account'.
פִּגּ֣וּלfoul (piggul)N m sg abs · פִּגּוּל (H6292)Predicate nominative of the declaratory clauseפִּגּוּל (H6292) 'foul thing, refuse, tainted meat' — a rare and violent word (Lev 19:7; Isa 65:4; Ezek 4:14). Sacred food kept past its term does not merely spoil; it becomes an abomination that defiles the eater.
יִהְיֶ֑הit shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the declaratory clause→ Yiqtol: declarative — pronouncing a change of statusהָיָה (H1961); the same verb that grants priestly dues elsewhere in the chapter here pronounces a curse on the flesh.
וְהַנֶּ֛פֶשׁand the personconj וְ + art + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject of תִּשָּׂא (fronted)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'living being, person, life', originally 'throat, appetite'; in legal texts simply 'the individual', with the whole person in view.
הָאֹכֶ֥לֶתwho eatsart + Qal ptc f sg abs · אָכַל (H398)Attributive participle qualifying הַנֶּפֶשׁ (fem., agreeing with נֶפֶשׁ)→ Participial: characterizing — the one who commits the actאָכַל (H398); the feminine participle agrees with the grammatically feminine נֶפֶשׁ, though a person of either sex is meant.
מִמֶּ֖נּוּof itprep מִן + 3ms sfx · מִן (H4480)Partitive object of the participleמִן (H4480), partitive; any share at all of the piggul flesh incurs the guilt.
עֲוֺנָ֥הּher iniquityN (c) sg constr + 3fs sfx · עָוֺן (H5771)Direct object of תִּשָּׂא (fronted)עָוֺן (H5771) 'iniquity, guilt, punishment', from עָוָה 'to bend, twist'; the word spans the crooked deed, the guilt it incurs, and the penalty it earns — all three are in view here.
תִּשָּֽׂאshall bearQal impf 3fs · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: declarative — the guilt falls on the eater and stays thereנָשָׂא (H5375) 'to lift, carry, bear'; the idiom נָשָׂא עָוֺן means to shoulder the liability oneself. Since the sacrifice is void, no atonement carries it away.
19

וְהַבָּשָׂ֞ר אֲשֶׁר יִגַּ֤ע בְּכָל טָמֵא֙ לֹ֣א יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל בָּאֵ֖שׁ יִשָּׂרֵ֑ף וְהַ֨בָּשָׂ֔ר כָּל טָה֖וֹר יֹאכַ֥ל בָּשָֽׂר

And flesh that touches anything unclean shall not be eaten; it shall be burned with fire. But as for the flesh, everyone who is clean may eat flesh.

Shift from time to purityוְ
The governing category changes from when to who and what. Contaminated flesh is destroyed like the overdue remainder; but the positive counterpart is generous — any ritually clean Israelite, not only priests, may share the peace-offering meal.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְהַבָּשָׂ֞רand the fleshconj וְ + art + N m sg abs · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Casus pendens (fronted subject of the passive verb)בָּשָׂר (H1320); the topic shifts from the timing of the meal to the purity of the meat.
אֲשֶׁרthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause modifying הַבָּשָׂראֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative defines the contaminated class of flesh.
יִגַּ֤עtouchesQal impf 3ms · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Yiqtol: generic/hypothetical — should it come into contactנָגַע (H5060) 'to touch, reach'; in purity law contact is contagion — impurity passes to whatever it touches.
בְּכָלanythingprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional object of נָגַע (head of construct chain)כֹּל (H3605); נָגַע takes בְּ for its object, and כֹּל makes the rule exhaustive — 'anything unclean whatsoever'.
טָמֵא֙uncleanadj m sg abs (substantival) · טָמֵא (H2931)Genitive of the construct chain ('anything unclean')טָמֵא (H2931) 'unclean, defiled'; the ritual antonym of טָהוֹר. Uncleanness is not sin but a state that bars contact with the holy.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (categorical prohibition)לֹא (H3808) with the yiqtol — an absolute ban on eating defiled sacrificial flesh.
יֵֽאָכֵ֔לit shall be eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (passive) under the negation→ Yiqtol (Niphal) with לֹא: categorical prohibitionאָכַל (H398) Niphal; defiled holy flesh is not merely inedible but forbidden.
בָּאֵ֖שׁwith fireprep בְּ + art + N (c) sg abs · אֵשׁ (H784)Instrumental prepositional phrase (fronted)אֵשׁ (H784); defiled flesh meets the same fate as overdue flesh — destruction, not offering.
יִשָּׂרֵ֑ףit shall be burnedNiphal impf 3ms · שָׂרַף (H8313)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): prescriptive passive — mandatory destructionשָׂרַף (H8313) 'burn up'; the standard disposal of holy things that can no longer be eaten.
וְהַ֨בָּשָׂ֔רbut as for the fleshconj וְ + art + N m sg abs · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Casus pendens introducing the positive counterpartבָּשָׂר (H1320); the fronted repetition pivots from prohibition to permission — the same flesh, now viewed from the side of the clean.
כָּלeveryoneN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with טָהוֹר (subject phrase)כֹּל (H3605); the permission is as sweeping as the prohibition — every clean person, priest or layman.
טָה֖וֹרwho is cleanadj m sg abs (substantival) · טָהוֹר (H2889)Subject of יֹאכַל (governed by כָּל)טָהוֹר (H2889) 'clean, pure'; ritual cleanness, not moral purity, is the sole qualification for sharing the peace-offering meal.
יֹאכַ֥לmay eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: permissive — a right extended to all the cleanאָכַל (H398); the active voice here (against the passives of the prohibitions) matches the shift to permission.
בָּשָֽׂרfleshN m sg abs · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Direct object of יֹאכַלבָּשָׂר (H1320); the indefinite object generalizes — sacrificial meat as such is open to any clean Israelite.
20

וְהַנֶּ֜פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכַ֣ל בָּשָׂ֗ר מִזֶּ֤בַח הַשְּׁלָמִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לַיהוָ֔ה וְטֻמְאָת֖וֹ עָלָ֑יו וְנִכְרְתָ֛ה הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַהִ֖וא מֵעַמֶּֽיהָ

But the person who eats flesh from the sacrifice of peace offerings that belongs to YHWH while his uncleanness is upon him — that person shall be cut off from his people.

Sanction: an unclean eaterוְ
The mirror of v. 19: there the flesh was unclean, here the eater is. The penalty escalates from destruction of food to destruction of the offender — the first karet formula of the chapter, וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מֵעַמֶּיהָ.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְהַנֶּ֜פֶשׁbut the personconj וְ + art + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Casus pendens (fronted subject, resumed by הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'person, living being'; the standard subject of karet legislation, where the individual, not the community, bears the penalty.
אֲשֶׁרwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause qualifying הַנֶּפֶשׁאֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative supplies the offence for which karet is decreed.
תֹּאכַ֣לeatsQal impf 3fs · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (relative clause; fem., agreeing with נֶפֶשׁ)→ Yiqtol: hypothetical/generic — should such a person eatאָכַל (H398); the feminine verb follows the grammatical gender of נֶפֶשׁ, not the sex of the offender.
בָּשָׂ֗רfleshN m sg abs · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Direct object of תֹּאכַלבָּשָׂר (H1320); the sacred meat, whose holiness makes the unclean eater's act a trespass.
מִזֶּ֤בַחfrom the sacrifice ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Partitive prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the partitive מִן — any portion at all from the holy sacrifice.
הַשְּׁלָמִים֙the peace offeringsart + N m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); though the laity eat it, the offering remains YHWH's, as the next clause insists.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhich (belongs)rel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a verbless possession clauseאֲשֶׁר לַיהוָה, 'which is YHWH's' — the phrase grounds the penalty: to eat it while unclean is to violate God's own property.
לַיהוָ֔הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate of possession in the verbless relative clauseיְהוָה (H3068); לְ of ownership — the peace offering, though eaten by men, is YHWH's.
וְטֻמְאָת֖וֹwhile his uncleannessconj וְ + N f sg constr + 3ms sfx · טֻמְאָה (H2932)Subject of a circumstantial verbless clauseטֻמְאָה (H2932) 'uncleanness, defilement', abstract noun from טָמֵא; the וְ + noun clause is circumstantial — 'with his uncleanness still on him'.
עָלָ֑יוis upon himprep עַל + 3ms sfx · עַל (H5921)Predicate of the circumstantial verbless clauseעַל (H5921); uncleanness is pictured as a weight or stain resting on the person until it is removed by washing and the passing of time.
וְנִכְרְתָ֛הthen shall be cut offconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 3fs · כָּרַת (H3772)Predicate verb of the apodosis (passive)→ Weqatal: apodosis — the sentence that follows inexorably on the offenceכָּרַת (H3772) 'to cut off, cut down'; the Niphal is the technical karet penalty — excision from the covenant community, whether by expulsion, childlessness, or divine death. Note the same verb 'cuts' a covenant.
הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁthe personart + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject of וְנִכְרְתָה (resuming the casus pendens)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315); the resumption makes the sentence formal and unambiguous — that person, no other.
הַהִ֖ואthatart + dem pron 3fs · הִוא (H1931)Demonstrative in attributive position ('that person')הִוא (H1931), the 3fs pronoun used demonstratively with the article; the Pentateuch's characteristic spelling הִוא for the feminine.
מֵעַמֶּֽיהָfrom her peopleprep מִן + N m pl constr + 3fs sfx · עַם (H5971)Prepositional phrase of separationעַם (H5971) 'people, kin'; the plural עַמֶּיהָ ('her kinsfolk') marks the karet as severance from the family and covenant community, not merely from the nation.
21

וְנֶ֜פֶשׁ כִּֽי תִגַּ֣ע בְּכָל טָמֵ֗א בְּטֻמְאַ֤ת אָדָם֙ א֣וֹ בִּבְהֵמָ֣ה טְמֵאָ֗ה א֚וֹ בְּכָל שֶׁ֣קֶץ טָמֵ֔א וְאָכַ֛ל מִבְּשַׂר זֶ֥בַח הַשְּׁלָמִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר לַיהוָ֑ה וְנִכְרְתָ֛ה הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַהִ֖וא מֵעַמֶּֽיהָ

And when a person touches anything unclean — human uncleanness, or an unclean animal, or any unclean vermin — and then eats of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings that belongs to YHWH, that person shall be cut off from his people.

Elaboration: the sources of contracted uncleannessוְ
The general rule of v. 20 is spelled out with a three-fold list of contaminants — human, animal, and vermin — closing the section on the peace offering with a second karet formula. The repetition makes the boundary of the sacred meal unmistakable.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
וְנֶ֜פֶשׁand a personconj וְ + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Casus pendens (fronted subject of the casuistic case)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315); the indefinite 'a person' opens a כִּי-clause, the main casuistic form (contrast the אִם sub-cases above).
כִּֽיwhenconj · כִּי (H3588)Conjunction introducing the casuistic protasisכִּי (H3588) 'when, if'; in legal texts it heads a principal case, with אִם reserved for its sub-cases.
תִגַּ֣עtouchesQal impf 3fs · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: hypothetical/generic — should such contact occurנָגַע (H5060) 'to touch'; contact is the mechanism by which impurity is contracted.
בְּכָלanythingprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional object of נָגַע (head of construct chain)כֹּל (H3605); exhaustive — no source of impurity is exempt.
טָמֵ֗אuncleanadj m sg abs (substantival) · טָמֵא (H2931)Genitive of the construct chain ('anything unclean')טָמֵא (H2931); the general category, now itemized by the three following phrases.
בְּטֻמְאַ֤תthe uncleanness ofprep בְּ + N f sg constr · טֻמְאָה (H2932)Prepositional phrase in apposition (first item of the list)טֻמְאָה (H2932); human uncleanness — corpse contact, discharges, skin disease (chs. 12-15).
אָדָם֙a human beingN m sg abs · אָדָם (H120)Genitive of the construct chain (source of the uncleanness)אָדָם (H120) 'human being, humankind', linked to אֲדָמָה 'ground'; here the human body as a source of ritual defilement.
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunction (second item of the list)אוֹ (H176) 'or'; the list is disjunctive — any one source suffices to defile.
בִּבְהֵמָ֣הan animalprep בְּ + N f sg abs · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Prepositional phrase (second item of the list)בְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, cattle'; the quadruped, whose clean/unclean classification is set out in ch. 11.
טְמֵאָ֗הuncleanadj f sg abs · טָמֵא (H2931)Attributive adjective modifying בְּהֵמָהטָמֵא (H2931), feminine, agreeing with בְּהֵמָה; an animal outside the permitted classes of ch. 11.
א֚וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunction (third item of the list)אוֹ (H176); the third and most sweeping alternative follows.
בְּכָלanyprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in the third prepositional phraseכֹּל (H3605); the third item is left deliberately open-ended, catching whatever the first two miss.
שֶׁ֣קֶץverminN m sg abs · שֶׁקֶץ (H8263)Genitive of the construct chainשֶׁקֶץ (H8263) 'detestable thing, abomination', from שָׁקַץ 'to loathe'; in ch. 11 the swarming creatures that are abhorrent to eat or touch.
טָמֵ֔אuncleanadj m sg abs · טָמֵא (H2931)Attributive adjective modifying שֶׁקֶץטָמֵא (H2931); the third repetition of the adjective hammers the point — impurity of any kind bars the holy meal.
וְאָכַ֛לand then eatsconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Second predicate of the protasis (weqatal continuing כִּי)→ Weqatal: continues the condition — contact followed by eatingאָכַל (H398); the offence is the sequence, not the contact alone — one may become unclean innocently, but eating holy flesh in that state is the crime.
מִבְּשַׂרof the flesh ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Partitive prepositional phrase (object of וְאָכַל)בָּשָׂר (H1320); partitive — any share of the holy flesh triggers the sentence.
זֶ֥בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Genitive of the construct chainזֶבַח (H2077); the peace offering, holy though eaten by laity.
הַשְּׁלָמִ֖יםthe peace offeringsart + N m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the section's key term, repeated to close the unit that began at v. 11.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhich (belongs)rel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a verbless possession clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834); the phrase אֲשֶׁר לַיהוָה again grounds the penalty in divine ownership.
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate of possession in the verbless relative clauseיְהוָה (H3068); the flesh is his, and defiling it is an assault on his holiness.
וְנִכְרְתָ֛הthen shall be cut offconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 3fs · כָּרַת (H3772)Predicate verb of the apodosis (passive)→ Weqatal: apodosis — the karet sentenceכָּרַת (H3772) Niphal, the karet penalty; the passive leaves the executor unnamed, which in P implies God himself acts.
הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁthe personart + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject of וְנִכְרְתָה (resuming the casus pendens)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315); the formal resumption of the offender in the karet formula.
הַהִ֖ואthatart + dem pron 3fs · הִוא (H1931)Demonstrative in attributive position ('that person')הִוא (H1931); the Pentateuchal spelling of the feminine pronoun, used demonstratively.
מֵעַמֶּֽיהָfrom her peopleprep מִן + N m pl constr + 3fs sfx · עַם (H5971)Prepositional phrase of separationעַם (H5971); the full karet formula, וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מֵעַמֶּיהָ, recurs verbatim in vv. 25 and 27, binding the chapter's three capital prohibitions together.
22

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר

And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying:

New divine speech — section boundaryוַ
The wayyiqtol speech formula breaks the flow of the priests' manual and opens a fresh address, this time aimed at the laity (v. 23, 'speak to the Israelites'). The chapter's remaining sections are each launched by this formula (vv. 22, 28).
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֥רand spokeconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (speech formula)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — a new divine address beginsדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; the wayyiqtol formula וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר is the structural seam of Leviticus, dividing the book into divine speeches.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיְדַבֵּריְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name revealed at the bush (Exod 3:14-15); in Leviticus he is the speaker of every law.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (addressee of the speech)אֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; with דִּבֶּר it marks the person addressed.
מֹשֶׁ֥הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of the preposition אֶל (addressee)מֹשֶׁה (H4872) 'Moses'; the sole mediator through whom the sacrificial torah reaches Israel.
לֵּאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct introducing direct speech (quotation marker)→ Infinitival: opens the quoted words that followאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; לֵאמֹר functions as an oral colon — everything after it is the divine speech itself.
23

דַּבֵּ֛ר אֶל בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר כָּל חֵ֜לֶב שׁ֥וֹר וְכֶ֛שֶׂב וָעֵ֖ז לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ

Speak to the Israelites, saying: You shall eat no fat of ox or sheep or goat.

Content of the speech: the fat prohibitionasyndeton
The address turns to the whole people and shifts to second-person plural. The three named animals are exactly the species eligible for sacrifice, so the ban targets the suet of sacrificeable beasts — the portion that belongs to YHWH's altar.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
דַּבֵּ֛רspeakPiel impv 2ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Imperative (divine command to Moses)→ Volitional: direct command — Moses must relay the lawדָּבַר (H1696) Piel; the imperative turns Moses from hearer into herald, and the addressee widens from priests to the whole people.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (addressee of the command)אֶל (H413) 'to'; marks the new audience — the laity, not the priesthood.
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition אֶל (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, 'the Israelites', is the standard designation of the covenant people as a whole.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel', the name given Jacob at the Jabbok (Gen 32:28); here the covenant nation descended from him.
לֵאמֹ֑רsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct introducing direct speech→ Infinitival: opens the words Moses is to relayאָמַר (H559); the second לֵאמֹר nests the message inside the divine speech — God's words to Moses become Moses' words to Israel.
כָּלanyN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with חֵלֶב (fronted object)כֹּל (H3605) under a negative verb yields 'not any, none at all' — an absolute ban.
חֵ֜לֶבfat ofN m sg constr · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object (fronted), head of construct chainחֵלֶב (H2459) 'suet'; because it is YHWH's altar portion (3:16, 'all the fat is YHWH's'), eating it is theft from God.
שׁ֥וֹרoxN m sg abs · שׁוֹר (H7794)Genitive of the construct chain (first of three species)שׁוֹר (H7794) 'ox, head of cattle'; the first and costliest of the three sacrificeable species.
וְכֶ֛שֶׂבor sheepconj וְ + N m sg abs · כֶּשֶׂב (H3775)Genitive of the construct chain (second species)כֶּשֶׂב (H3775) 'lamb, sheep', a metathesized byform of כֶּבֶשׂ; the second sacrificeable species.
וָעֵ֖זor goatconj וְ + N f sg abs · עֵז (H5795)Genitive of the construct chain (third species)עֵז (H5795) 'she-goat'; the three named animals — ox, sheep, goat — are precisely the beasts eligible for the altar, which is why their suet is reserved.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (categorical prohibition)לֹא (H3808) + yiqtol; the apodictic form of the Decalogue, expressing a permanent, unconditional ban.
תֹאכֵֽלוּyou shall eatQal impf 2mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the prohibition→ Yiqtol with לֹא: categorical prohibition binding on every Israeliteאָכַל (H398); the shift to second-person plural marks the turn from priestly manual to popular law.
24

וְחֵ֤לֶב נְבֵלָה֙ וְחֵ֣לֶב טְרֵפָ֔ה יֵעָשֶׂ֖ה לְכָל מְלָאכָ֑ה וְאָכֹ֖ל לֹ֥א תֹאכְלֻֽהוּ

The fat of an animal that dies of itself and the fat of one torn by beasts may be put to any use, but you must certainly not eat it.

Qualification: non-food uses permittedוְ
A realistic concession. Suet from carrion or a mauled beast may be rendered for lamp-oil, leather-dressing, or the like — it is not radioactive. What is forbidden is eating it, and the infinitive absolute וְאָכֹל לֹא תֹאכְלֻהוּ makes that ban emphatic.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְחֵ֤לֶבand the fat ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · חֵלֶב (H2459)Subject of יֵעָשֶׂה (fronted, head of construct chain)חֵלֶב (H2459); the suet of an unsacrificeable carcass — a borderline case the law must address.
נְבֵלָה֙a carcassN f sg abs · נְבֵלָה (H5038)Genitive of the construct chainנְבֵלָה (H5038) 'carcass, an animal that died of itself', from נָבֵל 'to wither, fall'; unfit for the altar because it was not ritually slaughtered.
וְחֵ֣לֶבand the fat ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · חֵלֶב (H2459)Second subject of יֵעָשֶׂה (head of construct chain)חֵלֶב (H2459); the second borderline case — suet from a mauled animal.
טְרֵפָ֔הa torn animalN f sg abs · טְרֵפָה (H2966)Genitive of the construct chainטְרֵפָה (H2966) 'that which is torn', from טָרַף 'to tear, rend' (of a predator); an animal killed by wild beasts, hence not properly drained of blood.
יֵעָשֶׂ֖הmay be usedNiphal impf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Yiqtol (Niphal): permissive passive — a concession for secular useעָשָׂה (H6213) Niphal 'be made, be put to use'; the concession shows the ban is dietary, not a taboo on the substance itself.
לְכָלfor anyprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase of purpose (head of construct chain)כֹּל (H3605); 'for any work at all' — the permission is deliberately broad.
מְלָאכָ֑הworkN f sg abs · מְלָאכָה (H4399)Genitive of the construct chainמְלָאכָה (H4399) 'work, business, craft', from the root of מַלְאָךְ 'messenger, agent'; here any ordinary domestic or industrial use — rendering, tanning, lamp-fuel.
וְאָכֹ֖לbut eat — conj וְ + Qal inf abs · אָכַל (H398)Infinitive absolute intensifying the following prohibition→ Emphatic: 'you certainly shall not eat it' — the tautological infinitive strengthens the banאָכַל (H398); the infinitive absolute placed before a negated finite verb yields the strongest possible prohibition in Hebrew.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (categorical prohibition)לֹא (H3808); reinforced by the preceding infinitive absolute — 'you shall certainly not eat it'.
תֹאכְלֻֽהוּyou shall eat itQal impf 2mp + 3ms sfx · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the prohibition→ Yiqtol with לֹא and the infinitive absolute: an emphatic, absolute banאָכַל (H398); the suffix refers to the fat — usable for work, but never as food.
25

כִּ֚י כָּל אֹכֵ֣ל חֵ֔לֶב מִן הַ֨בְּהֵמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַקְרִ֥יב מִמֶּ֛נָּה אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַיהוָ֑ה וְנִכְרְתָ֛ה הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הָאֹכֶ֖לֶת מֵֽעַמֶּֽיהָ

For anyone who eats fat from an animal of which a food-gift is presented to YHWH — the person who eats it shall be cut off from his people.

Ground and sanction for the fat prohibitionכִּי
כִּי gives the reason the ban matters so much: the suet of any sacrificeable beast is destined for the altar. To eat it is to consume what belongs to God, and the karet formula follows without further argument.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
כִּ֚יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction giving the ground of the prohibitionכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; here explanatory rather than conditional — it supplies the rationale for v. 23.
כָּלeveryoneN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with the participle (casus pendens)כֹּל (H3605) with a participle — 'everyone who…', the standard formula of comprehensive liability.
אֹכֵ֣לwho eatsQal ptc m sg abs · אָכַל (H398)Substantival participle governed by כָּל (casus pendens)→ Participial: characterizing — anyone who commits the actאָכַל (H398); the participle makes the offence timeless — whoever does this, whenever.
חֵ֔לֶבfatN m sg abs · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object of the participleחֵלֶב (H2459); the altar's portion, and therefore forbidden at the human table.
מִןfromprep · מִן (H4480)Preposition governing הַבְּהֵמָה (source)מִן (H4480) 'from'; the fat's origin is what determines its status.
הַ֨בְּהֵמָ֔הthe animalart + N f sg abs · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Object of the preposition מִןבְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, domestic animal'; qualified by the relative clause to mean a sacrificeable species.
אֲשֶׁ֨רof whichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause modifying הַבְּהֵמָהאֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative restricts the ban to animals of the sacrificeable kinds.
יַקְרִ֥יבone presentsHiphil impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (relative clause; impersonal subject)→ Yiqtol: generic — of the kind from which offerings are customarily madeקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the impersonal 'one presents' defines a class of animal, not a particular act.
מִמֶּ֛נָּהfrom itprep מִן + 3fs sfx · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phrase (fem., referring to הַבְּהֵמָה)מִן (H4480), partitive; the suffix agrees with the feminine בְּהֵמָה.
אִשֶּׁ֖הa food-giftN m sg abs · אִשֶּׁה (H801)Direct object of יַקְרִיבאִשֶּׁה (H801); the very fact that such an animal can furnish an אִשֶּׁה is what makes its suet God's.
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); the suet is his by right, so eating it is an encroachment on the divine portion.
וְנִכְרְתָ֛הthen shall be cut offconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 3fs · כָּרַת (H3772)Predicate verb of the apodosis (passive)→ Weqatal: apodosis — the karet sentenceכָּרַת (H3772) Niphal; the karet formula, now applied to the fat prohibition.
הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁthe personart + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject of וְנִכְרְתָהנֶפֶשׁ (H5315); the offender, identified by the participle that follows rather than by the usual demonstrative.
הָאֹכֶ֖לֶתwho eats itart + Qal ptc f sg abs · אָכַל (H398)Attributive participle qualifying הַנֶּפֶשׁ→ Participial: characterizing — the one who commits the actאָכַל (H398); here the participle takes the place of the usual הַהִוא, identifying the culprit by his deed.
מֵֽעַמֶּֽיהָfrom her peopleprep מִן + N m pl constr + 3fs sfx · עַם (H5971)Prepositional phrase of separationעַם (H5971); severance from kin and covenant — the sanction that guards YHWH's exclusive claim on the fat.
26

וְכָל דָּם֙ לֹ֣א תֹאכְל֔וּ בְּכֹ֖ל מוֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶ֑ם לָע֖וֹף וְלַבְּהֵמָֽה

And you shall eat no blood whatever, in any of your dwellings, whether of bird or of animal.

Parallel prohibition: bloodוְ
The second great dietary ban, framed in the same apodictic form as the fat. Two extensions make it absolute: everywhere Israel lives (not merely at the sanctuary), and every creature (birds, which are never a peace offering, as well as beasts). Blood is life, and life is God's (17:11).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וְכָלand noconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with דָּם (fronted object)כֹּל (H3605) under negation — 'no blood whatever', an exhaustive ban.
דָּם֙bloodN m sg abs · דָּם (H1818)Direct object (fronted for emphasis)דָּם (H1818) 'blood'; because 'the life of the flesh is in the blood' (17:11), it is God's alone and may be poured out but never consumed.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negative particle with the imperfect (categorical prohibition)לֹא (H3808) + yiqtol; apodictic and permanent, like the fat ban of v. 23.
תֹאכְל֔וּyou shall eatQal impf 2mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the prohibition→ Yiqtol with לֹא: categorical prohibition binding on all Israelאָכַל (H398); the blood ban is the one dietary law extended even to the resident alien (17:10-12) and reaffirmed in Acts 15:20.
בְּכֹ֖לin any ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Locative prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)כֹּל (H3605); the ban is not sanctuary-bound — it holds wherever an Israelite lives.
מוֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶ֑םyour dwellingsN m pl constr + 2mp sfx · מוֹשָׁב (H4186)Genitive of the construct chainמוֹשָׁב (H4186) 'dwelling, settlement', from יָשַׁב 'to sit, dwell'; the phrase בְּכֹל מוֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶם universalizes the law across time and territory.
לָע֖וֹףwhether of birdprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · עוֹף (H5775)Prepositional phrase of reference (first alternative)עוֹף (H5775) 'flying creature, bird', from עוּף 'to fly'; the mention of birds shows the ban reaches beyond the sacrificial species.
וְלַבְּהֵמָֽהor of animalconj וְ + prep לְ + art + N f sg abs · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Prepositional phrase of reference (second alternative)בְּהֵמָה (H929); bird and beast together form a merism — the blood of every edible creature is off-limits.
27

כָּל נֶ֖פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכַ֣ל כָּל דָּ֑ם וְנִכְרְתָ֛ה הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַהִ֖וא מֵֽעַמֶּֽיהָ

Any person who eats any blood — that person shall be cut off from his people.

Sanction closing the fat-and-blood sectionasyndeton
The third and final karet formula of the chapter, sealing the blood ban as it sealed the fat ban (v. 25) and the impurity ban (vv. 20-21). Fat and blood alike belong to YHWH; to appropriate them is to sever oneself from his people.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
כָּלanyN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with נֶפֶשׁ (casus pendens)כֹּל (H3605); 'any person whatever' — no exemption of rank, sex, or status.
נֶ֖פֶשׁpersonN (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Casus pendens (fronted subject, resumed by הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315); note the irony — the נֶפֶשׁ that consumes the blood, which is the נֶפֶשׁ of the beast, forfeits its own place in Israel.
אֲשֶׁרwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause qualifying נֶפֶשׁאֲשֶׁר (H834); supplies the offence that triggers the karet.
תֹּאכַ֣לeatsQal impf 3fs · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (relative clause; fem., agreeing with נֶפֶשׁ)→ Yiqtol: hypothetical/generic — should such a person eatאָכַל (H398); the feminine follows the grammatical gender of נֶפֶשׁ.
כָּלanyN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with דָּםכֹּל (H3605); the second כָּל makes the object as absolute as the subject — any person, any blood.
דָּ֑םbloodN m sg abs · דָּם (H1818)Direct object of תֹּאכַלדָּם (H1818); the life-substance reserved to God, whose consumption severs the eater from the covenant.
וְנִכְרְתָ֛הthen shall be cut offconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 3fs · כָּרַת (H3772)Predicate verb of the apodosis (passive)→ Weqatal: apodosis — the karet sentenceכָּרַת (H3772) Niphal; the third and final karet of the chapter, sealing the blood prohibition.
הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁthe personart + N (c) sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject of וְנִכְרְתָה (resuming the casus pendens)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315); the formal resumption of the offender in the karet formula.
הַהִ֖ואthatart + dem pron 3fs · הִוא (H1931)Demonstrative in attributive position ('that person')הִוא (H1931); the Pentateuchal feminine pronoun used demonstratively in the karet formula.
מֵֽעַמֶּֽיהָfrom her peopleprep מִן + N m pl constr + 3fs sfx · עַם (H5971)Prepositional phrase of separationעַם (H5971); the karet formula closes the fat-and-blood section exactly as it closed the purity section (vv. 20-21).
28

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר

And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying:

New divine speech — section boundaryוַ
The third speech formula of the chapter (cf. v. 22) opens the final legal unit, on the priests' portions of the peace offering. The repetition of the formula is the chapter's chief structuring device.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֥רand spokeconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (speech formula)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the final speech of the chapter beginsדָּבַר (H1696) Piel; the third occurrence of the formula, marking the last legal section before the colophon.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיְדַבֵּריְהוָה (H3068); the divine speaker whose word constitutes the law.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (addressee of the speech)אֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; with דִּבֶּר it marks the person addressed.
מֹשֶׁ֥הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of the preposition אֶל (addressee)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); the mediator through whom every Levitical law reaches the people.
לֵּאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct introducing direct speech (quotation marker)→ Infinitival: opens the quoted divine wordsאָמַר (H559); לֵאמֹר functions as an oral colon, introducing the speech that follows.
29

דַּבֵּ֛ר אֶל בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר הַמַּקְרִ֞יב אֶת זֶ֤בַח שְׁלָמָיו֙ לַיהוָ֔ה יָבִ֧יא אֶת קָרְבָּנ֛וֹ לַיהוָ֖ה מִזֶּ֥בַח שְׁלָמָֽיו

Speak to the Israelites, saying: Whoever presents his peace offering to YHWH shall bring his offering to YHWH from his peace offering.

Content of the speech: the offerer's dutyasyndeton
The addressee is again the laity, and the point is participation: the worshipper does not merely hand the animal over — he himself brings the portions destined for God and for the priest. What follows in v. 30 makes that emphatic.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
דַּבֵּ֛רspeakPiel impv 2ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Imperative (divine command to Moses)→ Volitional: direct command — Moses must relay the law to the peopleדָּבַר (H1696) Piel; as in v. 23, the imperative turns the divine word outward to the laity.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (addressee of the command)אֶל (H413); the audience is again the whole people.
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition אֶל (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the covenant people as a whole.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the nation as the addressee of the peace-offering law.
לֵאמֹ֑רsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct introducing direct speech→ Infinitival: opens the words Moses is to relayאָמַר (H559); the nested לֵאמֹר carries God's words through Moses to Israel.
הַמַּקְרִ֞יבwhoever presentsart + Hiphil ptc m sg abs · קָרַב (H7126)Substantival participle: casus pendens (the offerer)→ Participial: characterizing — anyone who brings such an offeringקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; here the subject is the lay worshipper, not the priest — the whole section concerns what he must do with his own hands.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the participle)
זֶ֤בַחthe sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Direct object of the participle (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the peace offering, the only sacrifice in which the offerer himself has a share.
שְׁלָמָיו֙his peace offeringsN m pl constr + 3ms sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the possessive suffix marks the offering as his personal, voluntary act.
לַיהוָ֔הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); the offering is directed to him even though most of it will be eaten by men.
יָבִ֧יאhe shall bringHiphil impf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause, resuming the casus pendens)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a duty laid on the offerer himselfבּוֹא (H935) 'to come'; Hiphil הֵבִיא 'bring in, bring to'. The verb of physical conveyance — the worshipper carries the portions in person.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
קָרְבָּנ֛וֹhis offeringN m sg constr + 3ms sfx · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Direct object of יָבִיאקָרְבָּן (H7133); the portions drawn from his sacrifice — fat and breast — which he must convey himself.
לַיהוָ֖הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); the repetition of לַיהוָה within one verse insists that the priestly dues are first of all God's.
מִזֶּ֥בַחfrom the sacrifice ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Partitive prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the partitive marks the portions as drawn out of the larger victim.
שְׁלָמָֽיוhis peace offeringsN m pl constr + 3ms sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the term frames the verse, opening and closing it — everything here concerns the peace offering.
30

יָדָ֣יו תְּבִיאֶ֔ינָה אֵ֖ת אִשֵּׁ֣י יְהוָ֑ה אֶת הַחֵ֤לֶב עַל הֶֽחָזֶה֙ יְבִיאֶ֔נּוּ אֵ֣ת הֶחָזֶ֗ה לְהָנִ֥יף אֹת֛וֹ תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה

His own hands shall bring the food-gifts of YHWH: the fat with the breast he shall bring — the breast, to elevate it as a wave offering before YHWH.

Emphatic specification of the offerer's actasyndeton
יָדָיו ('his own hands') is fronted for stress: this act may not be delegated to the priest. The breast is then lifted in the תְּנוּפָה, a ritual gesture of presentation before YHWH which transfers the portion to him and, through him, to his priests.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
יָדָ֣יוhis own handsN (c) dual constr + 3ms sfx · יָד (H3027)Subject of תְּבִיאֶינָה (fronted for emphasis)יָד (H3027) 'hand'; the fronted dual is emphatic — the offerer's own hands, not the priest's, must carry the portions. Personal involvement, not proxy religion.
תְּבִיאֶ֔ינָהshall bringHiphil impf 3fp · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause; 3fp agreeing with the dual יָדָיו)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — the offerer's personal dutyבּוֹא (H935) Hiphil; the feminine plural verb agrees with 'hands', a striking construction that keeps the hands themselves in focus.
אֵ֖ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
אִשֵּׁ֣יthe food-gifts ofN m pl constr · אִשֶּׁה (H801)Direct object of תְּבִיאֶינָה (head of construct chain)אִשֶּׁה (H801) 'food-gift'; the plural covers both the suet and the breast, the portions that pass out of the offerer's ownership.
יְהוָ֑הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive of the construct chain (possessive)יְהוָה (H3068); 'the food-gifts of YHWH' — the portions are his by title before ever a priest touches them.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַחֵ֤לֶבthe fatart + N m sg abs · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object of יְבִיאֶנּוּחֵלֶב (H2459); the suet, destined for the altar (v. 31), carried in together with the breast.
עַלuponprep · עַל (H5921)Preposition governing הֶחָזֶה (locative)עַל (H5921); the suet is laid on top of the breast, so that the two are lifted together in the elevation rite.
הֶֽחָזֶה֙the breastart + N m sg abs · חָזֶה (H2373)Object of the preposition עַלחָזֶה (H2373) 'breast, brisket'; the prime cut of the animal, assigned to the priesthood as a whole (v. 31).
יְבִיאֶ֔נּוּhe shall bring itHiphil impf 3ms + 3ms sfx · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — the required act of conveyanceבּוֹא (H935) Hiphil with energic suffix; the suffix refers to the fat resting on the breast.
אֵ֣ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the infinitive לְהָנִיף)
הֶחָזֶ֗הthe breastart + N m sg abs · חָזֶה (H2373)Direct object, resumed by the suffix of אֹתוֹחָזֶה (H2373); repeated for emphasis — it is the breast, specifically, that undergoes the elevation rite.
לְהָנִ֥יףto elevateprep לְ + Hiphil inf constr · נוּף (H5130)Infinitive construct of purpose→ Infinitival: purpose — the reason the breast is brought forwardנוּף (H5130) Hiphil 'to wave, elevate, swing to and fro'; the ritual gesture that formally presents a portion to YHWH and transfers ownership to the sanctuary.
אֹת֛וֹitobj marker + 3ms sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object of the infinitive לְהָנִיףאֵת (H853) with suffix; the pronoun resumes הֶחָזֶה, the breast.
תְּנוּפָ֖הas a wave offeringN f sg abs · תְּנוּפָה (H8573)Adverbial accusative of manner (cognate with לְהָנִיף)תְּנוּפָה (H8573) 'wave offering, elevation offering', from נוּף; the cognate accusative reinforces the verb — 'to elevate it as an elevation'. Paired with תְּרוּמָה (v. 32) it names the two priestly portions of the peace offering.
לִפְנֵ֥יbeforeprep לְ + N (c) pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase of place (locative)פָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; לִפְנֵי, lit. 'to the face of', is the standard idiom for 'in the presence of'. The gesture is made in God's sight, which is what makes it effective.
יְהוָֽהYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive completing לִפְנֵייְהוָה (H3068); the elevation is performed in his presence, i.e. at the door of the tent of meeting.
31

וְהִקְטִ֧יר הַכֹּהֵ֛ן אֶת הַחֵ֖לֶב הַמִּזְבֵּ֑חָה וְהָיָה֙ הֶֽחָזֶ֔ה לְאַהֲרֹ֖ן וּלְבָנָֽיו

And the priest shall turn the fat into smoke on the altar, but the breast shall belong to Aaron and to his sons.

Division of the portionsוְ
The threefold sharing of the peace offering is now complete: the suet ascends to God, the breast goes to the whole priestly house, and (v. 15) the flesh returns to the offerer's table. Each party has a share in the one victim.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וְהִקְטִ֧ירand shall turn into smokeconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · קָטַר (H6999)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the prescription)→ Weqatal: consequent prescriptive — the priest's act follows the offerer'sקָטַר (H6999) Hiphil 'send up in smoke'; the offerer brings, the priest burns — the division of labour at the altar is exact.
הַכֹּהֵ֛ןthe priestart + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Subject of וְהִקְטִירכֹּהֵן (H3548); only he may place anything on the altar fire.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַחֵ֖לֶבthe fatart + N m sg abs · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object of וְהִקְטִירחֵלֶב (H2459); the suet goes up in smoke, God's portion of the shared meal.
הַמִּזְבֵּ֑חָהon the altarart + N m sg abs + directional הֵ · מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196)Adverbial accusative of direction (locative הֵ)מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196) with the directional ending; the same form as v. 5, binding the peace offering's fat rite to the guilt offering's.
וְהָיָה֙but shall belongconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause (weqatal)→ Weqatal: consequent prescriptive — establishes the priestly entitlementהָיָה (H1961) with לְ, the possession idiom; the וְ is adversative — the fat to the fire, but the breast to the priests.
הֶֽחָזֶ֔הthe breastart + N m sg abs · חָזֶה (H2373)Subject of וְהָיָהחָזֶה (H2373); the elevated breast, unlike the right thigh (v. 33), goes to the priestly house corporately.
לְאַהֲרֹ֖ןto Aaronprep לְ + proper noun · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Predicate of possessionאַהֲרֹן (H175); the high priest and, with his sons, the corporate recipient of the breast.
וּלְבָנָֽיוand to his sonsconj וְ + prep לְ + N m pl constr + 3ms sfx · בֵּן (H1121)Predicate of possession (second recipient)בֵּן (H1121); 'Aaron and his sons' is the standing formula for the whole priesthood — the breast is a corporate, not personal, due.
32

וְאֵת֙ שׁ֣וֹק הַיָּמִ֔ין תִּתְּנ֥וּ תְרוּמָ֖ה לַכֹּהֵ֑ן מִזִּבְחֵ֖י שַׁלְמֵיכֶֽם

And the right thigh you shall give as a contribution to the priest out of your peace offerings.

The second priestly portionוְ
Alongside the breast (תְּנוּפָה, corporate) stands the right thigh (תְּרוּמָה, individual). The address switches to second-person plural — this is a duty laid on every Israelite who offers, not a claim the priests may press.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וְאֵת֙and [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (fronted object)וְ opens the new ruling; אֵת marks the fronted object שׁוֹק הַיָּמִין.
שׁ֣וֹקthe thigh ofN f sg constr · שׁוֹק (H7785)Direct object (fronted), head of construct chainשׁוֹק (H7785) 'leg, thigh'; the hind leg, a choice cut. Cf. 1 Sam 9:24, where Samuel sets the שׁוֹק before Saul as the portion of honour.
הַיָּמִ֔יןthe rightart + N f sg abs · יָמִין (H3225)Genitive of the construct chain (attributive)יָמִין (H3225) 'right hand, right side'; in Israel as across the ancient world the right side is the side of strength and honour, hence the better of the two thighs.
תִּתְּנ֥וּyou shall giveQal impf 2mp · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a duty binding on every offererנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the second-person plural addresses the laity directly — the thigh is given, not seized.
תְרוּמָ֖הas a contributionN f sg abs · תְּרוּמָה (H8641)Adverbial accusative of classification (predicative)תְּרוּמָה (H8641) 'contribution, heave offering', from רוּם 'to be high' — a portion lifted out of the whole for God. Paired with תְּנוּפָה (v. 30), the two terms name the two priestly cuts.
לַכֹּהֵ֑ןto the priestprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Prepositional phrase (indirect object of תִּתְּנוּ)כֹּהֵן (H3548); the singular anticipates v. 33, where the recipient is narrowed to the officiating priest.
מִזִּבְחֵ֖יout of the sacrifices ofprep מִן + N m pl constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Partitive prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the plural generalizes — every peace offering yields this due.
שַׁלְמֵיכֶֽםyour peace offeringsN m pl constr + 2mp sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the 2mp suffix keeps the laity as the ones from whose gifts the priests live.
33

הַמַּקְרִ֞יב אֶת דַּ֧ם הַשְּׁלָמִ֛ים וְאֶת הַחֵ֖לֶב מִבְּנֵ֣י אַהֲרֹ֑ן ל֧וֹ תִהְיֶ֛ה שׁ֥וֹק הַיָּמִ֖ין לְמָנָֽה

The one among Aaron's sons who presents the blood of the peace offerings and the fat shall have the right thigh as his portion.

Specification of the thigh's recipient (asyndetic)asyndeton
The thigh is not shared out but earned: it belongs to the particular priest who performed the blood rite and burned the suet. The same principle governs the hide (v. 8) and the cooked grain offering (v. 9) — service at the altar carries its own reward.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
הַמַּקְרִ֞יבthe one who presentsart + Hiphil ptc m sg abs · קָרַב (H7126)Substantival participle: casus pendens (the officiating priest)→ Participial: characterizing — the priest in the act of officiatingקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the participle singles out the individual officiant, distinguishing his due from the corporate share of v. 31.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the participle)
דַּ֧םthe blood ofN m sg constr · דָּם (H1818)Direct object of the participle (head of construct chain)דָּם (H1818); handling the blood is the decisive priestly act, and it is what earns the thigh.
הַשְּׁלָמִ֛יםthe peace offeringsart + N m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the offering whose blood and suet the priest handles.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (second object of the participle)וְ coordinates the suet with the blood as the two things the officiant handles.
הַחֵ֖לֶבthe fatart + N m sg abs · חֵלֶב (H2459)Direct object of the participle (second object)חֵלֶב (H2459); blood and fat, the two portions belonging wholly to God, define the priest's proper work.
מִבְּנֵ֣יfrom among the sons ofprep מִן + N m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Partitive prepositional phrase modifying הַמַּקְרִיבבֵּן (H1121); the partitive מִן identifies the officiant as one member drawn from the wider priestly house.
אַהֲרֹ֑ןAaronproper noun · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Genitive of the construct chainאַהֲרֹן (H175); only a son of Aaron may officiate, and only the one who officiates gets the thigh.
ל֧וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms sfx · לְPredicate of possession (fronted, resuming the casus pendens)לְ of possession; the fronted לוֹ is emphatic — to him, the officiant, and to no other priest.
תִהְיֶ֛הit shall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the possession clause (fem., agreeing with שׁוֹק)→ Yiqtol: prescriptive — a standing entitlementהָיָה (H1961) with לְ; the possession idiom that runs through the chapter's perquisite rules.
שׁ֥וֹקthe thigh ofN f sg constr · שׁוֹק (H7785)Subject of תִהְיֶה (head of construct chain)שׁוֹק (H7785); the hind leg, the officiant's individual reward.
הַיָּמִ֖יןthe rightart + N f sg abs · יָמִין (H3225)Genitive of the construct chain (attributive)יָמִין (H3225); the right side, the side of honour — the better cut goes to the one who served.
לְמָנָֽהas a portionprep לְ + N f sg abs · מָנָה (H4490)Prepositional phrase of purpose/result ('as his share')מָנָה (H4490) 'portion, share', from מָנָה 'to count, apportion'; the allotted share at a meal (cf. 1 Sam 1:4-5, Elkanah's portions).
34

כִּי֩ אֶת חֲזֵ֨ה הַתְּנוּפָ֜ה וְאֵ֣ת שׁ֣וֹק הַתְּרוּמָ֗ה לָקַ֨חְתִּי֙ מֵאֵ֣ת בְּנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל מִזִּבְחֵ֖י שַׁלְמֵיהֶ֑ם וָאֶתֵּ֣ן אֹ֠תָם לְאַהֲרֹ֨ן הַכֹּהֵ֤ן וּלְבָנָיו֙ לְחָק עוֹלָ֔ם מֵאֵ֖ת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

For I have taken the breast of the wave offering and the thigh of the contribution from the Israelites, out of their peace offerings, and I have given them to Aaron the priest and to his sons as a perpetual due from the Israelites.

Divine ground of the priestly duesכִּי
The theological key to the whole section. YHWH speaks in the first person — 'I have taken … and I have given' — so that priestly income is not a tax levied by a clerical class but a gift routed through God himself. חָק־עוֹלָם makes it permanent.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
כִּי֩forconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction giving the ground of the priestly duesכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; introduces YHWH's own first-person justification of the priestly portions.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (fronted object of לָקַחְתִּי)
חֲזֵ֨הthe breast ofN m sg constr · חָזֶה (H2373)Direct object (fronted), head of construct chainחָזֶה (H2373); named with its rite — 'the breast of the elevation' — a fixed technical phrase.
הַתְּנוּפָ֜הthe wave offeringart + N f sg abs · תְּנוּפָה (H8573)Genitive of the construct chain (defining the rite)תְּנוּפָה (H8573); חֲזֵה הַתְּנוּפָה, 'the breast of the elevation', is the technical name of the corporate priestly portion.
וְאֵ֣תand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (second fronted object)וְ coordinates the thigh with the breast as the two portions YHWH claims.
שׁ֣וֹקthe thigh ofN f sg constr · שׁוֹק (H7785)Direct object (fronted), head of construct chainשׁוֹק (H7785); paired with חָזֶה, the two cuts that make up the priestly income from every peace offering.
הַתְּרוּמָ֗הthe contributionart + N f sg abs · תְּרוּמָה (H8641)Genitive of the construct chain (defining the rite)תְּרוּמָה (H8641); שׁוֹק הַתְּרוּמָה, 'the thigh of the contribution', the technical counterpart to חֲזֵה הַתְּנוּפָה.
לָקַ֨חְתִּי֙I have takenQal perf 1cs · לָקַח (H3947)Predicate verb (main clause; YHWH speaks in the first person)→ Perfective: a completed, decisive divine act on which the statute restsלָקַח (H3947) 'to take'; the sudden first person is the theological hinge — the portions are God's by his own act of taking, before ever they are the priests' by his act of giving.
מֵאֵ֣תfromprep מִן + prep · אֵת (H854)Compound preposition of sourceמֵאֵת, 'from with, from the possession of' (מִן + אֵת H854); it stresses that the portions were transferred out of Israel's own holdings.
בְּנֵֽיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition מֵאֵת (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); the Israelites, from whose gifts the priesthood is maintained.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the covenant people, the source of the priests' living.
מִזִּבְחֵ֖יout of the sacrifices ofprep מִן + N m pl constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Partitive prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the source of the portions — every peace offering, without exception.
שַׁלְמֵיהֶ֑םtheir peace offeringsN m pl constr + 3mp sfx · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the 3mp suffix refers to the Israelites — their gifts, God's taking, the priests' bread.
וָאֶתֵּ֣ןand I have givenconj וָ + Qal wayyiqtol 1cs · נָתַן (H5414)Wayyiqtol continuing the first-person divine narration→ Wayyiqtol: sequential to לָקַחְתִּי — the taking is completed by the givingנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the pairing לָקַחְתִּי … וָאֶתֵּן ('I took … and I gave') makes priestly income a divine grant, never a human levy.
אֹ֠תָםthemobj marker + 3mp sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object of וָאֶתֵּן (the breast and the thigh)אֵת (H853) with suffix; 'them' = the elevated breast and the contributed thigh.
לְאַהֲרֹ֨ןto Aaronprep לְ + proper noun · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Indirect object of וָאֶתֵּןאַהֲרֹן (H175); named with his title 'the priest', since the grant attaches to the office, not the man.
הַכֹּהֵ֤ןthe priestart + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Apposition to אַהֲרֹןכֹּהֵן (H3548); the title marks the grant as official — it belongs to the priesthood as an institution.
וּלְבָנָיו֙and to his sonsconj וְ + prep לְ + N m pl constr + 3ms sfx · בֵּן (H1121)Indirect object of וָאֶתֵּן (second recipient)בֵּן (H1121); the grant runs to Aaron's descendants, making it hereditary as well as perpetual.
לְחָקas a due ofprep לְ + N m sg constr · חֹק (H2706)Prepositional phrase of purpose (head of construct chain)חֹק (H2706) 'statute, prescribed portion', from חָקַק 'to engrave, inscribe'; a decree cut into stone, and hence also a fixed allowance.
עוֹלָ֔םperpetuityN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Genitive of the construct chain ('a perpetual due')עוֹלָם (H5769) 'long duration, perpetuity'; חָק־עוֹלָם is the covenantal formula of permanence — the priestly dues are as lasting as the cult itself.
מֵאֵ֖תfromprep מִן + prep · אֵת (H854)Compound preposition of sourceמֵאֵת (מִן + אֵת H854); the repetition at the verse's end forms an inclusio — the dues come from Israel, and to Israel's giving they remain tied.
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition מֵאֵת (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); the Israelites, named twice in the verse to bind the grant to their continuing worship.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the verse closes as it began, with the people whose offerings sustain the altar and its servants.
35

זֹ֣את מִשְׁחַ֤ת אַהֲרֹן֙ וּמִשְׁחַ֣ת בָּנָ֔יו מֵאִשֵּׁ֖י יְהוָ֑ה בְּיוֹם֙ הִקְרִ֣יב אֹתָ֔ם לְכַהֵ֖ן לַיהוָֽה

This is the portion of Aaron and the portion of his sons from the food-gifts of YHWH, from the day he presented them to serve YHWH as priests,

Summary of the priestly allotmentasyndeton
A summarizing clause that dates the dues to the ordination itself: from the very day the priests were installed, the offerings supported them. The priesthood has no land, so the altar is its inheritance.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
זֹ֣אתthisdem pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Subject of the verbless summary clause (anaphoric)זֹאת (H2063); unlike the cataphoric 'this' of vv. 1 and 11, here the demonstrative looks back, gathering up the dues just legislated.
מִשְׁחַ֤תthe consecrated portion ofN f sg constr · מִשְׁחָה (H4888)Predicate nominative (head of construct chain)מִשְׁחָה (H4888) 'anointing, anointing-portion', from מָשַׁח 'to anoint'; here the emolument that comes with the anointing — the priest's share by virtue of his consecration.
אַהֲרֹן֙Aaronproper noun · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Genitive of the construct chain (possessive)אַהֲרֹן (H175); the high priest, whose anointing carries this endowment with it.
וּמִשְׁחַ֣תand the consecrated portion ofconj וְ + N f sg constr · מִשְׁחָה (H4888)Second predicate nominative (head of construct chain)מִשְׁחָה (H4888); repeated for the sons, so that the endowment extends to the whole anointed line.
בָּנָ֔יוhis sonsN m pl constr + 3ms sfx · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive of the construct chain (possessive)בֵּן (H1121); the priestly line, heirs of both the office and its income.
מֵאִשֵּׁ֖יfrom the food-gifts ofprep מִן + N m pl constr · אִשֶּׁה (H801)Partitive prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)אִשֶּׁה (H801); the priests live from what is given to God — the altar is their inheritance in place of land.
יְהוָ֑הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive of the construct chain (possessive)יְהוָה (H3068); the gifts are his, and the priests eat from his table.
בְּיוֹם֙on the dayprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (head of construct with a finite clause)יוֹם (H3117); 'on the day' dates the endowment to the ordination itself — priestly support is coeval with priestly office.
הִקְרִ֣יבhe presentedHiphil perf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the temporal clause (subject: Moses or YHWH)→ Perfective: the completed act of ordination that founds the entitlementקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; here of presenting the priests themselves — they are 'brought near' to God like an offering (cf. Exod 28:1, ch. 8).
אֹתָ֔םthemobj marker + 3mp sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object of הִקְרִיב (Aaron and his sons)אֵת (H853) with suffix; the priests are the object 'brought near' — the language of offering applied to persons.
לְכַהֵ֖ןto serve as priestsprep לְ + Piel inf constr · כָּהַן (H3547)Infinitive construct of purpose→ Infinitival: purpose — the office for which they were presentedכָּהַן (H3547) Piel 'to act as priest, minister'; a denominative verb from כֹּהֵן — to do what a priest does.
לַיהוָֽהto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (the one served)יְהוָה (H3068); the priests serve him, and from him they are fed.
36

אֲשֶׁר֩ צִוָּ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה לָתֵ֣ת לָהֶ֗ם בְּיוֹם֙ מָשְׁח֣וֹ אֹתָ֔ם מֵאֵ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל חֻקַּ֥ת עוֹלָ֖ם לְדֹרֹתָֽם

which YHWH commanded to be given them on the day he anointed them, from the Israelites — a perpetual statute throughout their generations.

Relative clause completing the allotmentאֲשֶׁר
The dues are traced to a divine command issued at the anointing (cf. ch. 8) and secured by the formula חֻקַּת עוֹלָם לְדֹרֹתָם, 'a perpetual statute for their generations'. This closes the legal body of the chapter and prepares for the colophon.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
אֲשֶׁר֩whichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle linking back to the priestly portion of v. 35אֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative ties the endowment to an explicit divine command.
צִוָּ֨הcommandedPiel perf 3ms · צָוָה (H6680)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Perfective: the completed command that founds the statuteצָוָה (H6680) Piel 'to command, charge'; the verb that stamps a practice as divinely authorized rather than merely customary.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of צִוָּהיְהוָה (H3068); the commander, whose word alone makes the dues binding.
לָתֵ֣תto giveprep לְ + Qal inf constr · נָתַן (H5414)Infinitive construct complementing צִוָּה→ Infinitival: the content of the commandנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the infinitive spells out what was commanded — the handing over of the portions.
לָהֶ֗םto themprep לְ + 3mp sfx · לְIndirect object of the infinitive לָתֵתלְ of the recipient; the suffix refers to Aaron and his sons.
בְּיוֹם֙on the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (head of construct with infinitive)יוֹם (H3117); בְּיוֹם + infinitive construct, the idiom for 'when, on the day that'.
מָשְׁח֣וֹhis anointingQal inf constr + 3ms sfx · מָשַׁח (H4886)Infinitive construct in a temporal clause (suffix = subject)→ Infinitival: the moment that fixes the origin of the statuteמָשַׁח (H4886) 'to anoint' — the same verb used of oil on the wafers (v. 12); here the oil that consecrates persons. Ordination and endowment begin on the same day.
אֹתָ֔םthemobj marker + 3mp sfx · אֵת (H853)Direct object of the infinitive מָשְׁחוֹאֵת (H853) with suffix; the anointed are Aaron and his sons.
מֵאֵ֖תfromprep מִן + prep · אֵת (H854)Compound preposition of sourceמֵאֵת (מִן + אֵת H854); the dues are drawn from Israel's own gifts, as in v. 34.
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition מֵאֵת (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); the Israelites, whose worship funds the priesthood.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the people from whom the perpetual due is drawn.
חֻקַּ֥תa statute ofN (c) sg constr · חֻקָּה (H2708)Adverbial accusative of classification (head of construct chain)חֻקָּה (H2708) 'statute, ordinance', feminine counterpart of חֹק, from חָקַק 'to engrave'; חֻקַּת עוֹלָם is the covenant formula of permanent obligation.
עוֹלָ֖םperpetuityN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Genitive of the construct chain ('a perpetual statute')עוֹלָם (H5769); the second עוֹלָם formula in three verses (cf. חָק־עוֹלָם, v. 34) — the permanence of the priestly dues is hammered home.
לְדֹרֹתָֽםthroughout their generationsprep לְ + N m pl constr + 3mp sfx · דּוֹר (H1755)Prepositional phrase of extent (temporal)דּוֹר (H1755) 'generation, age'; לְדֹרֹתָם, 'for their generations', extends the statute down the whole line of Aaron's descendants.
37

זֹ֣את הַתּוֹרָ֗ה לָֽעֹלָה֙ לַמִּנְחָ֔ה וְלַֽחַטָּ֖את וְלָאָשָׁ֑ם וְלַ֨מִּלּוּאִ֔ים וּלְזֶ֖בַח הַשְּׁלָמִֽים

This is the torah of the burnt offering, the grain offering, the sin offering, the guilt offering, the ordination offering, and the sacrifice of peace offerings,

COLOPHON — closing summary of chs. 1-7asyndeton
The discourse hinge of the book's first section. זֹאת הַתּוֹרָה gathers the six offerings of chs. 1-7 into a single list and signs off the sacrificial manual. The inclusion of the מִלּוּאִים (ordination offering), legislated nowhere in chs. 1-7 but enacted in ch. 8, deliberately points forward: the manual is complete, and the priests can now be installed.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
זֹ֣אתthisdem pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Subject of the verbless colophon clause (anaphoric)זֹאת (H2063); the demonstrative now looks back over all seven chapters, not forward to a single rite — the signature of a completed manual.
הַתּוֹרָ֗הthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Predicate nominative of the colophon clauseתּוֹרָה (H8451); the articular singular gathers the several תּוֹרֹת of chs. 6-7 into one comprehensive instruction — the sacrificial law as a whole.
לָֽעֹלָה֙for the burnt offeringprep לְ + art + N f sg abs · עֹלָה (H5930)Prepositional phrase of reference (first item of the list)עֹלָה (H5930); the first offering of the manual (ch. 1), and so the first named in the colophon.
לַמִּנְחָ֔הfor the grain offeringprep לְ + art + N f sg abs · מִנְחָה (H4503)Prepositional phrase of reference (second item)מִנְחָה (H4503); the cereal offering of ch. 2, listed asyndetically after the burnt offering.
וְלַֽחַטָּ֖אתand for the sin offeringconj וְ + prep לְ + art + N f sg abs · חַטָּאת (H2403)Prepositional phrase of reference (third item)חַטָּאת (H2403); the purification offering of ch. 4, third in the canonical order.
וְלָאָשָׁ֑םand for the guilt offeringconj וְ + prep לְ + art + N m sg abs · אָשָׁם (H817)Prepositional phrase of reference (fourth item)אָשָׁם (H817); the reparation offering of 5:14-6:7 and 7:1-7, the subject with which this chapter opened.
וְלַ֨מִּלּוּאִ֔יםand for the ordination offeringconj וְ + prep לְ + art + N m pl abs · מִלֻּאִים (H4394)Prepositional phrase of reference (fifth item)מִלֻּאִים (H4394) 'ordination, installation', lit. 'fillings', from מָלֵא 'to fill' — the idiom מִלֵּא יָד 'to fill the hand' means to install in office. Legislated nowhere in chs. 1-7 but enacted in ch. 8, its mention here points the reader forward.
וּלְזֶ֖בַחand for the sacrifice ofconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Prepositional phrase of reference (sixth item, head of construct chain)זֶבַח (H2077); the peace offering comes last, as it does in ch. 3 — the offering of communion crowns the list.
הַשְּׁלָמִֽיםthe peace offeringsart + N m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive of the construct chainשְׁלָמִים (H8002); the offering of well-being closes the roll of sacrifices, as communion is the goal of the whole system.
38

אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת מֹשֶׁ֖ה בְּהַ֣ר סִינָ֑י בְּי֨וֹם צַוֺּת֜וֹ אֶת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לְהַקְרִ֧יב אֶת קָרְבְּנֵיהֶ֛ם לַיהוָ֖ה בְּמִדְבַּ֥ר סִינָֽי

which YHWH commanded Moses on Mount Sinai, on the day he commanded the Israelites to bring their offerings to YHWH, in the wilderness of Sinai.

COLOPHON (continued) — Sinai provenanceאֲשֶׁר
The second half of the hinge anchors the whole offering-torah to Sinai, naming the place twice (mount and wilderness) and the mediator once. It closes chs. 1-7 with the same authority-claim that opened Exodus 19-24, and hands the narrative on to the ordination of ch. 8.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle linking the colophon to its Sinai settingאֲשֶׁר (H834); the relative binds the whole sacrificial torah to a single act of divine commanding at Sinai.
צִוָּ֧הcommandedPiel perf 3ms · צָוָה (H6680)Predicate verb (relative clause)→ Perfective: the completed, foundational act of commandingצָוָה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; the verb that certifies the sacrificial system as revelation, not human invention.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of צִוָּהיְהוָה (H3068); the sole author of the offering-torah, named at its close as at its opening (1:1).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (the person commanded)אֵת (H853); with צִוָּה the object marker introduces the person charged, here Moses.
מֹשֶׁ֖הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Direct object of צִוָּהמֹשֶׁה (H4872); the colophon names the mediator, guaranteeing the chain of transmission from God through Moses to Israel.
בְּהַ֣רon Mountprep בְּ + N m sg constr · הַר (H2022)Locative prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)הַר (H2022) 'mountain'; הַר סִינַי is the place of covenant-making, and locating the sacrificial law there gives it covenantal weight.
סִינָ֑יSinaiproper noun · סִינַי (H5514)Genitive of the construct chainסִינַי (H5514) 'Sinai', the mountain of revelation; naming it here ties chs. 1-7 to the covenant of Exodus 19-24.
בְּי֨וֹםon the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (head of construct with infinitive)יוֹם (H3117); בְּיוֹם + infinitive, 'on the day that he commanded' — the colophon dates as well as locates the law.
צַוֺּת֜וֹhis commandingPiel inf constr + 3ms sfx · צָוָה (H6680)Infinitive construct in a temporal clause (suffix = subject)→ Infinitival: fixes the moment at which the whole torah was givenצָוָה (H6680) Piel; the suffix is subjective — 'on the day of his commanding', i.e. when YHWH gave the charge.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the infinitive)
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Direct object of the infinitive (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121); the Israelites, the ultimate addressees of the whole sacrificial torah.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֗לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the covenant people, commanded at Sinai to bring their offerings.
לְהַקְרִ֧יבto presentprep לְ + Hiphil inf constr · קָרַב (H7126)Infinitive construct of purpose (content of the command)→ Infinitival: purpose — what Israel was commanded to doקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil; the chapter's most frequent verb closes the book's first section — the whole of chs. 1-7 is about bringing near.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (object of the infinitive)
קָרְבְּנֵיהֶ֛םtheir offeringsN m pl constr + 3mp sfx · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Direct object of the infinitive לְהַקְרִיבקָרְבָּן (H7133) 'offering, that which is brought near'; the plural gathers up every sacrifice named in v. 37.
לַיהוָ֖הto YHWHprep לְ + proper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Prepositional phrase (dative of recipient)יְהוָה (H3068); the final naming of the God to whom the whole system is directed.
בְּמִדְבַּ֥רin the wilderness ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · מִדְבָּר (H4057)Locative prepositional phrase (head of construct chain)מִדְבָּר (H4057) 'wilderness, pasture-land', from דָּבַר (root of 'drive'); the place of Israel's formation. Sinai is named twice — as mountain and as wilderness — sealing the colophon.
סִינָֽיSinaiproper noun · סִינַי (H5514)Genitive of the construct chainסִינַי (H5514); the last word of the offering-torah. Chapters 1-7 end where the covenant began, and the narrative can now resume with the ordination of the priests (ch. 8).