Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Lamentations, Chapter 4איכה 4

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Lamentations 4 (22 verses in the MT) opens: How is the gold become dim! is the most fine gold changed! the stones of the sanctuary are poured out in the top of every street. The middle of the chapter continues: The kings of the earth, and all the inhabitants of the world, would not have believed that the adversary and the enemy should have entered into the gates of Jerusalem. It closes: The punishment of your iniquity is accomplished, O daughter of Zion; he will no more carry you away into captivity: he will visit your iniquity, O daughter of Edom; he will discover your sins.

Translation & textual notes

The Hebrew base text here follows the Masoretic Text in the Leningrad tradition as represented by the Westminster Leningrad Codex / MorphHB diplomatic stream imported from OSHB; distinctively copyrighted apparatus from BHS or BHQ is not reproduced. Lamentations 4 comprises 22 verses in MT order. Movement I (vv. 1-5) — How is the gold become dim! is the most fine gold changed! the stones of. How is the gold become dim! is the most fine gold changed! the stones of the sanctuary are poured out in the top of every street. The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, how are they esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter! Even the sea monsters draw out the breast, they give suck to their young ones: the daughter of my. Movement II (vv. 6-10) — For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is great. For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom, that was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands stayed on her. Her Nazarites were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk, they were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing of sapphire: Their visage is blacker than a coal; they. Movement III (vv. 11-15) — YHWH has accomplished his fury; he has poured out his fierce anger, and. YHWH has accomplished his fury; he has poured out his fierce anger, and has kindled a fire in Zion, and it has devoured the foundations thereof. The kings of the earth, and all the inhabitants of the world, would not have believed that the adversary and the enemy should have entered into the gates of Jerusalem. For the sins of her prophets, the iniquities. Movement IV (vv. 16-20) — The anger of YHWH has divided them; he will no more regard them: they re. The anger of YHWH has divided them; he will no more regard them: they respected not the persons of the priests, they favoured not the elders. As for us, our eyes as yet failed for our vain help: in our watching we have watched for a nation could not save . They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our streets: our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for. Movement V (vv. 21-22) — Rejoice and be glad, O daughter of Edom, that dwellest in the land of Uz. Rejoice and be glad, O daughter of Edom, that dwellest in the land of Uz; the cup also shall pass through to you: you shall be drunken, and shall make thyself naked. The punishment of your iniquity is accomplished, O daughter of Zion; he will no more carry you away into captivity: he will visit your iniquity, O daughter of Edom; he will discover your sins. Where English printed Bibles divide verses differently, this annotation follows MT versification throughout.

1

אֵיכָה֙ יוּעַ֣ם זָהָ֔ב יִשְׁנֶ֖א הַכֶּ֣תֶם הַטּ֑וֹב תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֨כְנָה֙ אַבְנֵי קֹ֔דֶשׁ בְּרֹ֖אשׁ כָּל חוּצֽוֹת

How is the gold become dim! is the most fine gold changed! the stones of the sanctuary are poured out in the top of every street.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'become dim'. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
אֵיכָה֙howinterrog. · אֵיכָה (H349)Particle or relational elementאֵיכָה (H349) 'how'.
יוּעַ֣םbecome dimHophal impf 3ms · עָמַם (H6004)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָמַם (H6004) 'become dim'.
זָהָ֔בgoldN c · זָהָב (H2091)Construct chain (genitival)זָהָב (H2091) 'gold'.
יִשְׁנֶ֖אandQal impf 3ms · שָׁנָא (H8132)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׁנָא (H8132) 'and'.
הַכֶּ֣תֶםfromart + N com m sg abs · כֶּתֶם (H3800)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֶּתֶם (H3800) 'from'.
הַטּ֑וֹבthe goodart + Adj · טוֹב (H2896)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טוֹב (H2896) 'the good'.
תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֨כְנָה֙he shall pour outHithpael impf 3fp · שָׁפַךְ (H8210)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׁפַךְ (H8210) 'he shall pour out'.
אַבְנֵיstones ofN c · אֶבֶן (H68)Construct chain (genitival)אֶבֶן (H68) 'stones of'.
קֹ֔דֶשׁholyN c · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Construct chain (genitival)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holy'.
בְּרֹ֖אשׁon the top ofprep + N com m sg constr · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'on the top of'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
חוּצֽוֹתoutsideN c · חוּץ (H2351)Construct chain (genitival)חוּץ (H2351) 'outside'.
2

בְּנֵ֤י צִיּוֹן֙ הַיְקָרִ֔ים הַמְסֻלָּאִ֖ים בַּפָּ֑ז אֵיכָ֤ה נֶחְשְׁבוּ֙ לְנִבְלֵי חֶ֔רֶשׂ מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י יוֹצֵֽר

The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, how are they esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter!

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'suspend'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
בְּנֵ֤יthe sons ofN c · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival)בֵּן (H1121) 'the sons of'.
צִיּוֹן֙ZionN · צִיּוֹן (H6726)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִיּוֹן (H6726) 'Zion'.
הַיְקָרִ֔יםbrightnessart + Adj · יָקָר (H3368)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָקָר (H3368) 'brightness'.
הַמְסֻלָּאִ֖יםsuspendart + Pual ptc mp · סָלָא (H5537)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorסָלָא (H5537) 'suspend'.
בַּפָּ֑זfromprep + art + N com m sg abs · פָּז (H6337)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּז (H6337) 'from'.
אֵיכָ֤הhowinterrog. · אֵיכָה (H349)Particle or relational elementאֵיכָה (H349) 'how'.
נֶחְשְׁבוּ֙a skilled designerN · חָשַׁב (H2803)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָשַׁב (H2803) 'a skilled designer'.
לְנִבְלֵיandprep + N com m pl constr · נֶבֶל (H5035)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נֶבֶל (H5035) 'and'.
חֶ֔רֶשׂearthenwareN c · חֶרֶשׂ (H2789)Construct chain (genitival)חֶרֶשׂ (H2789) 'earthenware'.
מַעֲשֵׂ֖הthe work ofN c · מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639)Construct chain (genitival)מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639) 'the work of'.
יְדֵ֥יmy handN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'my hand'.
יוֹצֵֽרformedN c · יָצַר (H3335)Construct chain (genitival)יָצַר (H3335) 'formed'.
3

גַּם תנין תַּנִּים֙ חָ֣לְצוּ שַׁ֔ד הֵינִ֖יקוּ גּוּרֵיהֶ֑ן בַּת עַמִּ֣י לְאַכְזָ֔ר כי ענים כַּיְעֵנִ֖ים בַּמִּדְבָּֽר

Even the sea monsters draw out the breast, they give suck to their young ones: the daughter of my people cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'armed'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
גַּםalsoparticle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'also'.
תניןtoN c · תַּנָּה (H8568)Construct chain (genitival)תַּנָּה (H8568) 'to'.
תַּנִּים֙toN c · תַּנָּה (H8568)Construct chain (genitival)תַּנָּה (H8568) 'to'.
חָ֣לְצוּarmedQal perf 3cp · חָלַץ (H2502)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָלַץ (H2502) 'armed'.
שַׁ֔דbreastsN c · שַׁד (H7699)Construct chain (genitival)שַׁד (H7699) 'breasts'.
הֵינִ֖יקוּnursing infantHiphil perf 3cp · יָנַק (H3243)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָנַק (H3243) 'nursing infant'.
גּוּרֵיהֶ֑ןthe whelp ofN c · גּוּר (H1482)Construct chain (genitival)גּוּר (H1482) 'the whelp of'.
בַּתdaughter ofN c · בַּת (H1323)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
עַמִּ֣יmy peopleN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'my people'.
לְאַכְזָ֔רcruelprep + Adj · אַכְזָר (H393)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַכְזָר (H393) 'cruel'.
כיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
עניםostrichN c · יָעֵן (H3283)Construct chain (genitival)יָעֵן (H3283) 'ostrich'.
כַּיְעֵנִ֖יםas / likeprep + art + N com m pl abs · יָעֵן (H3283)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָעֵן (H3283) 'as / like'.
בַּמִּדְבָּֽרin the wildernessprep + art + N com m sg abs · מִדְבָּר (H4057)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִדְבָּר (H4057) 'in the wilderness'.
4

דָּבַ֨ק לְשׁ֥וֹן יוֹנֵ֛ק אֶל חכּ֖וֹ בַּצָּמָ֑א עֽוֹלָלִים֙ שָׁ֣אֲלוּ לֶ֔חֶם פֹּרֵ֖שׂ אֵ֥ין לָהֶֽם

The tongue of the sucking child cleaveth to the roof of his mouth for thirst: the young children ask bread, no man breaketh to them.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'you shall cling'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
דָּבַ֨קyou shall clingQal perf 3ms · דָּבַק (H1692)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actדָּבַק (H1692) 'you shall cling'.
לְשׁ֥וֹןtongueN c · לָשׁוֹן (H3956)Construct chain (genitival)לָשׁוֹן (H3956) 'tongue'.
יוֹנֵ֛קnursing infantQal ptc ms · יָנַק (H3243)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָנַק (H3243) 'nursing infant'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
חכּ֖וֹ(roof of the) mouthN c · חֵךְ (H2441)Construct chain (genitival)חֵךְ (H2441) '(roof of the) mouth'.
בַּצָּמָ֑אwith thirstprep + art + N com m sg abs · צָמָא (H6772)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צָמָא (H6772) 'with thirst'.
עֽוֹלָלִים֙fromN c · עוֹלֵל (H5768)Construct chain (genitival)עוֹלֵל (H5768) 'from'.
שָׁ֣אֲלוּthey askedQal perf 3cp · שָׁאַל (H7592)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actשָׁאַל (H7592) 'they asked'.
לֶ֔חֶםbreadN c · לֶחֶם (H3899)Construct chain (genitival)לֶחֶם (H3899) 'bread'.
פֹּרֵ֖שׂand they shall spreadQal ptc ms · פָּרַשׂ (H6566)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorפָּרַשׂ (H6566) 'and they shall spread'.
אֵ֥יןthere is notneg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'.
לָהֶֽםto themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to them'.
5

הָאֹֽכְלִים֙ לְמַ֣עֲדַנִּ֔ים נָשַׁ֖מּוּ בַּחוּצ֑וֹת הָאֱמֻנִים֙ עֲלֵ֣י תוֹלָ֔ע חִבְּק֖וּ אַשְׁפַּתּֽוֹת

They that did feed delicately are desolate in the streets: they that were brought up in scarlet embrace dunghills.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'who were eating'.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
הָאֹֽכְלִים֙who were eatingart + Qal ptc mp · אָכַל (H398)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָכַל (H398) 'who were eating'.
לְמַ֣עֲדַנִּ֔יםdelicacies ofprep + N com c pl abs · מַעֲדָן (H4574)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַעֲדָן (H4574) 'delicacies of'.
נָשַׁ֖מּוּand I will desolateN · שָׁמֵם (H8074)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁמֵם (H8074) 'and I will desolate'.
בַּחוּצ֑וֹתoutsideprep + art + N com m pl abs · חוּץ (H2351)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חוּץ (H2351) 'outside'.
הָאֱמֻנִים֙faithfulart + Qal ptc mp · אָמַן (H539)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאָמַן (H539) 'faithful'.
עֲלֵ֣יagainst meprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'against me'.
תוֹלָ֔עand worm ofN c · תּוֹלַעַת (H8438)Construct chain (genitival)תּוֹלַעַת (H8438) 'and worm of'.
חִבְּק֖וּand embracedPiel perf 3cp · חָבַק (H2263)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָבַק (H2263) 'and embraced'.
אַשְׁפַּתּֽוֹתfromN c · אַשְׁפֹּת (H830)Construct chain (genitival)אַשְׁפֹּת (H830) 'from'.
6

וַיִּגְדַּל֙ עֲוֺ֣ן בַּת עַמִּ֔י מֵֽחַטַּ֖את סְדֹ֑ם הַֽהֲפוּכָ֣ה כְמוֹ רָ֔גַע וְלֹא חָ֥לוּ בָ֖הּ יָדָֽיִם

For the punishment of the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the punishment of the sin of Sodom, that was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands stayed on her.

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action. Lead predicate is 'and he grew'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וַיִּגְדַּל֙and he grewconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · גָּדַל (H1431)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceגָּדַל (H1431) 'and he grew'.
עֲוֺ֣ןthe iniquity ofN c · עָוֹן (H5771)Construct chain (genitival)עָוֹן (H5771) 'the iniquity of'.
בַּתdaughter ofN c · בַּת (H1323)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
עַמִּ֔יmy peopleN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'my people'.
מֵֽחַטַּ֖אתas a sin offeringprep + N com f sg constr · חַטָּאת (H2403)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'as a sin offering'.
סְדֹ֑םSodomN · סְדֹם (H5467)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)סְדֹם (H5467) 'Sodom'.
הַֽהֲפוּכָ֣הhas turnedart + Qal ptc fs · הָפַךְ (H2015)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָפַךְ (H2015) 'has turned'.
כְמוֹlikeprep · כְּמוֹ (H3644)Particle or relational elementכְּמוֹ (H3644) 'like'.
רָ֔גַעa momentN c · רֶגַע (H7281)Construct chain (genitival)רֶגַע (H7281) 'a moment'.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
חָ֥לוּand be in anguishQal perf 3cp · חוּל (H2342)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחוּל (H2342) 'and be in anguish'.
בָ֖הּin itprep + sfx 3fsParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
יָדָֽיִםhandsN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'hands'.
7

זַכּ֤וּ נְזִירֶ֨יהָ֙ מִשֶּׁ֔לֶג צַח֖וּ מֵחָלָ֑ב אָ֤דְמוּ עֶ֨צֶם֙ מִפְּנִינִ֔ים סַפִּ֖יר גִּזְרָתָֽם

Her Nazarites were purer than snow, they were whiter than milk, they were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing of sapphire:

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'be (make) clean'.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
זַכּ֤וּbe (make) cleanQal perf 3cp · זָכַךְ (H2141)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actזָכַךְ (H2141) 'be (make) clean'.
נְזִירֶ֨יהָ֙the one set apart ofN c · נָזִיר (H5139)Construct chain (genitival)נָזִיר (H5139) 'the one set apart of'.
מִשֶּׁ֔לֶגlike snowprep + N com m sg abs · שֶׁלֶג (H7950)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁלֶג (H7950) 'like snow'.
צַח֖וּbe whiterQal perf 3cp · צָחַח (H6705)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actצָחַח (H6705) 'be whiter'.
מֵחָלָ֑בfrom milkprep + N com m sg abs · חָלָב (H2461)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָלָב (H2461) 'from milk'.
אָ֤דְמוּdyed redQal perf 3cp · אָדַם (H119)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָדַם (H119) 'dyed red'.
עֶ֨צֶם֙the very substance ofN c · עֶצֶם (H6106)Construct chain (genitival)עֶצֶם (H6106) 'the very substance of'.
מִפְּנִינִ֔יםfromprep + N com c pl abs · פָּנִין (H6443)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִין (H6443) 'from'.
סַפִּ֖ירsapphire/lapis lazuliN c · סַפִּיר (H5601)Construct chain (genitival)סַפִּיר (H5601) 'sapphire/lapis lazuli'.
גִּזְרָתָֽםpolishingN c · גִּזְרָה (H1508)Construct chain (genitival)גִּזְרָה (H1508) 'polishing'.
8

חָשַׁ֤ךְ מִשְּׁחוֹר֙ תָּֽאֳרָ֔ם לֹ֥א נִכְּר֖וּ בַּחוּצ֑וֹת צָפַ֤ד עוֹרָם֙ עַל עַצְמָ֔ם יָבֵ֖שׁ הָיָ֥ה כָעֵֽץ

Their visage is blacker than a coal; they are not known in the streets: their skin cleaveth to their bones; it is withered, it is become like a stick.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and...was darkened'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
חָשַׁ֤ךְand...was darkenedQal perf 3ms · חָשַׁךְ (H2821)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָשַׁךְ (H2821) 'and...was darkened'.
מִשְּׁחוֹר֙fromprep + N com m sg abs · שְׁחוֹר (H7815)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שְׁחוֹר (H7815) 'from'.
תָּֽאֳרָ֔םformN c · תֹּאַר (H8389)Construct chain (genitival)תֹּאַר (H8389) 'form'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
נִכְּר֖וּrecognize himN · נָכַר (H5234)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נָכַר (H5234) 'recognize him'.
בַּחוּצ֑וֹתoutsideprep + art + N com m pl abs · חוּץ (H2351)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חוּץ (H2351) 'outside'.
צָפַ֤דcleaveQal perf 3ms · צָפַד (H6821)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actצָפַד (H6821) 'cleave'.
עוֹרָם֙skin ofN c · עוֹר (H5785)Construct chain (genitival)עוֹר (H5785) 'skin of'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
עַצְמָ֔םthe bones ofN c · עֶצֶם (H6106)Construct chain (genitival)עֶצֶם (H6106) 'the bones of'.
יָבֵ֖שׁwas dryQal perf 3ms · יָבֵשׁ (H3001)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָבֵשׁ (H3001) 'was dry'.
הָיָ֥הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
כָעֵֽץlike a treeprep + art + N com m sg abs · עֵץ (H6086)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֵץ (H6086) 'like a tree'.
9

טוֹבִ֤ים הָיוּ֙ חַלְלֵי חֶ֔רֶב מֵֽחַלְלֵ֖י רָעָ֑ב שֶׁ֣הֵ֤ם יָז֨וּבוּ֙ מְדֻקָּרִ֔ים מִתְּנוּבֹ֖ת שָׂדָֽי

slain with the sword are better than slain with hunger: for these pine away, stricken through for the fruits of the field.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'were'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
טוֹבִ֤יםgoodAdj · טוֹב (H2896)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טוֹב (H2896) 'good'.
הָיוּ֙wereQal perf 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'were'.
חַלְלֵיthe slainAdj · חָלָל (H2491)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָלָל (H2491) 'the slain'.
חֶ֔רֶבthe swordN c · חֶרֶב (H2719)Construct chain (genitival)חֶרֶב (H2719) 'the sword'.
מֵֽחַלְלֵ֖יthe slainprep + Adj · חָלָל (H2491)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָלָל (H2491) 'the slain'.
רָעָ֑בfamineN c · רָעָב (H7458)Construct chain (genitival)רָעָב (H7458) 'famine'.
שֶׁ֣הֵ֤םtheyrel. שֶׁ + pron 3mp · הֵמָּה (H1992)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הֵמָּה (H1992) 'they'.
יָז֨וּבוּ֙flowing withQal impf 3mp · זוּב (H2100)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalזוּב (H2100) 'flowing with'.
מְדֻקָּרִ֔יםand he pierced throughPual ptc mp · דָּקַר (H1856)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorדָּקַר (H1856) 'and he pierced through'.
מִתְּנוּבֹ֖תthe produce ofprep + N com f pl constr · תְּנוּבָה (H8570)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תְּנוּבָה (H8570) 'the produce of'.
שָׂדָֽיthe fieldN c · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Construct chain (genitival)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'the field'.
10

יְדֵ֗י נָשִׁים֙ רַחֲמָ֣נִיּ֔וֹת בִּשְּׁל֖וּ יַלְדֵיהֶ֑ן הָי֤וּ לְבָרוֹת֙ לָ֔מוֹ בְּשֶׁ֖בֶר בַּת עַמִּֽי

The hands of the pitiful women have sodden their own children: they were their meat in the destruction of the daughter of my people.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'boil (it)'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
יְדֵ֗יmy handN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'my hand'.
נָשִׁים֙wivesN c · אִשָּׁה (H802)Construct chain (genitival)אִשָּׁה (H802) 'wives'.
רַחֲמָ֣נִיּ֔וֹתpitifulAdj · רַחְמָנִי (H7362)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַחְמָנִי (H7362) 'pitiful'.
בִּשְּׁל֖וּboil (it)Piel perf 3cp · בָּשַׁל (H1310)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actבָּשַׁל (H1310) 'boil (it)'.
יַלְדֵיהֶ֑ןtheir childrenN c · יֶלֶד (H3206)Construct chain (genitival)יֶלֶד (H3206) 'their children'.
הָי֤וּwereQal perf 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'were'.
לְבָרוֹת֙chooseprep + Piel inf constr · בָּרָה (H1262)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementבָּרָה (H1262) 'choose'.
לָ֔מוֹfor themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'for them'.
בְּשֶׁ֖בֶרa fracture ofprep + N com m sg constr · שֶׁבֶר (H7667)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁבֶר (H7667) 'a fracture of'.
בַּתdaughter ofN c · בַּת (H1323)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
עַמִּֽיmy peopleN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'my people'.
11

כִּלָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אֶת חֲמָת֔וֹ שָׁפַ֖ךְ חֲר֣וֹן אַפּ֑וֹ וַיַּצֶּת אֵ֣שׁ בְּצִיּ֔וֹן וַתֹּ֖אכַל יְסוֹדֹתֶֽיהָ

YHWH has accomplished his fury; he has poured out his fierce anger, and has kindled a fire in Zion, and it has devoured the foundations thereof.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'he finished'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
כִּלָּ֤הhe finishedPiel perf 3ms · כָּלָה (H3615)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actכָּלָה (H3615) 'he finished'.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
אֶת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
חֲמָת֔וֹthe venom ofN c · חֵמָה (H2534)Construct chain (genitival)חֵמָה (H2534) 'the venom of'.
שָׁפַ֖ךְone who shedsQal perf 3ms · שָׁפַךְ (H8210)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actשָׁפַךְ (H8210) 'one who sheds'.
חֲר֣וֹןthe burning ofN c · חָרוֹן (H2740)Construct chain (genitival)חָרוֹן (H2740) 'the burning of'.
אַפּ֑וֹhis angerN c · אַף (H639)Construct chain (genitival)אַף (H639) 'his anger'.
וַיַּצֶּתand they set on fireconj וְ + Hiphil wayyiqtol 3ms · יָצַת (H3341)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceיָצַת (H3341) 'and they set on fire'.
אֵ֣שׁfireN c · אֵשׁ (H784)Construct chain (genitival)אֵשׁ (H784) 'fire'.
בְּצִיּ֔וֹןZionprep + N proper · צִיּוֹן (H6726)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִיּוֹן (H6726) 'Zion'.
וַתֹּ֖אכַלand it consumedconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3fs · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָכַל (H398) 'and it consumed'.
יְסוֹדֹתֶֽיהָthe base ofN c · יְסוֹד (H3247)Construct chain (genitival)יְסוֹד (H3247) 'the base of'.
12

לֹ֤א הֶאֱמִ֨ינוּ֙ מַלְכֵי אֶ֔רֶץ וכל כֹּ֖ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י תֵבֵ֑ל כִּ֤י יָבֹא֙ צַ֣ר וְאוֹיֵ֔ב בְּשַׁעֲרֵ֖י יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם

The kings of the earth, and all the inhabitants of the world, would not have believed that the adversary and the enemy should have entered into the gates of Jerusalem.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'faithful'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
לֹ֤אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
הֶאֱמִ֨ינוּ֙faithfulHiphil perf 3cp · אָמַן (H539)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָמַן (H539) 'faithful'.
מַלְכֵיkings ofN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'kings of'.
אֶ֔רֶץthe land ofN c · אֶרֶץ (H776)Construct chain (genitival)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'the land of'.
וכלand allconj וְ + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'and all'.
כֹּ֖לallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
יֹשְׁבֵ֣יthe inhabitants ofQal ptc mp · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'the inhabitants of'.
תֵבֵ֑לhabitable partN c · תֵּבֵל (H8398)Construct chain (genitival)תֵּבֵל (H8398) 'habitable part'.
כִּ֤יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
יָבֹא֙shall enterQal impf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'shall enter'.
צַ֣רnarrowN c · צַר (H6862)Construct chain (genitival)צַר (H6862) 'narrow'.
וְאוֹיֵ֔בyour enemiesconj וְ + Qal ptc ms · אֹיֵב (H341)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorאֹיֵב (H341) 'your enemies'.
בְּשַׁעֲרֵ֖יthe gate ofprep + N com m pl constr · שַׁעַר (H8179)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁעַר (H8179) 'the gate of'.
יְרוּשָׁלִָֽםJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
13

מֵֽחַטֹּ֣את נְבִיאֶ֔יהָ עֲוֺנ֖וֹת כֹּהֲנֶ֑יהָ הַשֹּׁפְכִ֥ים בְּקִרְבָּ֖הּ דַּ֥ם צַדִּיקִֽים

For the sins of her prophets, the iniquities of her priests, that have shed the blood of the just in the midst of her,

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'he shall pour out'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
מֵֽחַטֹּ֣אתas a sin offeringprep + N com f pl constr · חַטָּאת (H2403)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'as a sin offering'.
נְבִיאֶ֔יהָa prophetN c · נָבִיא (H5030)Construct chain (genitival)נָבִיא (H5030) 'a prophet'.
עֲוֺנ֖וֹתthe punishments ofN c · עָוֹן (H5771)Construct chain (genitival)עָוֹן (H5771) 'the punishments of'.
כֹּהֲנֶ֑יהָthe priestN c · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּהֵן (H3548) 'the priest'.
הַשֹּׁפְכִ֥יםhe shall pour outart + Qal ptc mp · שָׁפַךְ (H8210)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשָׁפַךְ (H8210) 'he shall pour out'.
בְּקִרְבָּ֖הּwithin herselfprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3fs · קֶרֶב (H7130)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קֶרֶב (H7130) 'within herself'.
דַּ֥םbloodN c · דָּם (H1818)Construct chain (genitival)דָּם (H1818) 'blood'.
צַדִּיקִֽיםthe righteousAdj · צַדִּיק (H6662)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צַדִּיק (H6662) 'the righteous'.
14

נָע֤וּ עִוְרִים֙ בַּֽחוּצ֔וֹת נְגֹֽאֲל֖וּ בַּדָּ֑ם בְּלֹ֣א יֽוּכְל֔וּ יִגְּע֖וּ בִּלְבֻשֵׁיהֶֽם

They have wandered blind in the streets, they have polluted themselves with blood, so that men could not touch their garments.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'wandering'.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
נָע֤וּwanderingQal perf 3cp · נוּעַ (H5128)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנוּעַ (H5128) 'wandering'.
עִוְרִים֙blindAdj · עִוֵּר (H5787)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עִוֵּר (H5787) 'blind'.
בַּֽחוּצ֔וֹתoutsideprep + art + N com m pl abs · חוּץ (H2351)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חוּץ (H2351) 'outside'.
נְגֹֽאֲל֖וּdefileN · גָּאַל (H1351)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גָּאַל (H1351) 'defile'.
בַּדָּ֑םin the bloodprep + art + N com m sg abs · דָּם (H1818)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דָּם (H1818) 'in the blood'.
בְּלֹ֣אwithoutprep + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'without'.
יֽוּכְל֔וּwere able [Kethiv]Qal impf 3mp · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָכֹל (H3201) 'were able [Kethiv]'.
יִגְּע֖וּthey shall touchQal impf 3mp · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָגַע (H5060) 'they shall touch'.
בִּלְבֻשֵׁיהֶֽםhis garmentprep + N com m pl constr + sfx 3mp · לְבוּשׁ (H3830)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לְבוּשׁ (H3830) 'his garment'.
15

ס֣וּרוּ טָמֵ֞א קָ֣רְאוּ לָ֗מוֹ ס֤וּרוּ ס֨וּרוּ֙ אַל תִּגָּ֔עוּ כִּ֥י נָצ֖וּ גַּם נָ֑עוּ אָֽמְרוּ֙ בַּגּוֹיִ֔ם לֹ֥א יוֹסִ֖יפוּ לָגֽוּר

They cried to them, Depart you; unclean; depart, depart, touch not: when they fled away and wandered, they said among the heathen, They shall no more sojourn .

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'turn aside'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
ס֣וּרוּturn asideQal impv 2mp · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeסוּר (H5493) 'turn aside'.
טָמֵ֞אuncleanAdj · טָמֵא (H2931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טָמֵא (H2931) 'unclean'.
קָ֣רְאוּand he calledQal perf 3cp · קָרָא (H7121)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actקָרָא (H7121) 'and he called'.
לָ֗מוֹfor themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'for them'.
ס֤וּרוּturn asideQal impv 2mp · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeסוּר (H5493) 'turn aside'.
ס֨וּרוּ֙turn asideQal impv 2mp · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeסוּר (H5493) 'turn aside'.
אַלdo notneg. · אַל (H408)Particle or relational elementאַל (H408) 'do not'.
תִּגָּ֔עוּyou shall touchQal jussive 2mp · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb (jussive)→ Jussive: volitionalנָגַע (H5060) 'you shall touch'.
כִּ֥יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
נָצ֖וּflee awayQal perf 3cp · נוּץ (H5132)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנוּץ (H5132) 'flee away'.
גַּםalsoparticle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'also'.
נָ֑עוּwanderingQal perf 3cp · נוּעַ (H5128)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנוּעַ (H5128) 'wandering'.
אָֽמְרוּ֙they saidQal perf 3cp · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָמַר (H559) 'they said'.
בַּגּוֹיִ֔םamong the nationsprep + art + N com m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גּוֹי (H1471) 'among the nations'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוֹסִ֖יפוּhe shall addHiphil impf 3mp · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָסַף (H3254) 'he shall add'.
לָגֽוּרto sojournprep + Qal inf constr · גּוּר (H1481)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementגּוּר (H1481) 'to sojourn'.
16

פְּנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ חִלְּקָ֔ם לֹ֥א יוֹסִ֖יף לְהַבִּיטָ֑ם פְּנֵ֤י כֹהֲנִים֙ לֹ֣א נָשָׂ֔אוּ זקנים וּזְקֵנִ֖ים לֹ֥א חָנָֽנוּ

The anger of YHWH has divided them; he will no more regard them: they respected not the persons of the priests, they favoured not the elders.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'shall be divided'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
פְּנֵ֤יthe face ofN c · פָּנִים (H6440)Construct chain (genitival)פָּנִים (H6440) 'the face of'.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
חִלְּקָ֔םshall be dividedPiel perf 3ms + sfx 3mp · חָלַק (H2505)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָלַק (H2505) 'shall be divided'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוֹסִ֖יףhe will continueHiphil impf 3ms · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָסַף (H3254) 'he will continue'.
לְהַבִּיטָ֑םfrom lookingprep + Hiphil inf constr + sfx 3mp · נָבַט (H5027)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementנָבַט (H5027) 'from looking'.
פְּנֵ֤יthe face ofN c · פָּנִים (H6440)Construct chain (genitival)פָּנִים (H6440) 'the face of'.
כֹהֲנִים֙priestsN c · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priests'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
נָשָׂ֔אוּlifted himQal perf 3cp · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָשָׂא (H5375) 'lifted him'.
זקניםoldAdj · זָקֵן (H2205)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זָקֵן (H2205) 'old'.
וּזְקֵנִ֖יםthe elders ofconj וְ + Adj · זָקֵן (H2205)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זָקֵן (H2205) 'the elders of'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
חָנָֽנוּpity meQal perf 3cp · חָנַן (H2603)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָנַן (H2603) 'pity me'.
17

עודינה עוֹדֵ֨ינוּ֙ תִּכְלֶ֣ינָה עֵינֵ֔ינוּ אֶל עֶזְרָתֵ֖נוּ הָ֑בֶל בְּצִפִּיָּתֵ֣נוּ צִפִּ֔ינוּ אֶל גּ֖וֹי לֹ֥א יוֹשִֽׁעַ

As for us, our eyes as yet failed for our vain help: in our watching we have watched for a nation could not save .

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and he finished'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
עודינהagainart + sfx 3fp · עוֹד (H5750)Particle or relational elementעוֹד (H5750) 'again'.
עוֹדֵ֨ינוּ֙againart + sfx 1cp · עוֹד (H5750)Particle or relational elementעוֹד (H5750) 'again'.
תִּכְלֶ֣ינָהand he finishedQal impf 3fp · כָּלָה (H3615)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalכָּלָה (H3615) 'and he finished'.
עֵינֵ֔ינוּour eyesN c · עַיִן (H5869)Construct chain (genitival)עַיִן (H5869) 'our eyes'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
עֶזְרָתֵ֖נוּto the help ofN c · עֶזְרָה (H5833)Construct chain (genitival)עֶזְרָה (H5833) 'to the help of'.
הָ֑בֶלwith their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
בְּצִפִּיָּתֵ֣נוּinprep + N com f sg constr + sfx 1cp · צְפִיָּה (H6836)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צְפִיָּה (H6836) 'in'.
צִפִּ֔ינוּmay watchPiel perf 1cp · צָפָה (H6822)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actצָפָה (H6822) 'may watch'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
גּ֖וֹיa nationN c · גּוֹי (H1471)Construct chain (genitival)גּוֹי (H1471) 'a nation'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוֹשִֽׁעַone to saveHiphil impf 3ms · יָשַׁע (H3467)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָשַׁע (H3467) 'one to save'.
18

צָד֣וּ צְעָדֵ֔ינוּ מִלֶּ֖כֶת בִּרְחֹבֹתֵ֑ינוּ קָרַ֥ב קִצֵּ֛ינוּ מָלְא֥וּ יָמֵ֖ינוּ כִּי בָ֥א קִצֵּֽינוּ

They hunt our steps, that we cannot go in our streets: our end is near, our days are fulfilled; for our end is come.

Qatal — perfective or stative predication
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and hunt'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
צָד֣וּand huntQal perf 3cp · צוּד (H6679)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actצוּד (H6679) 'and hunt'.
צְעָדֵ֔ינוּpaceN c · צַעַד (H6806)Construct chain (genitival)צַעַד (H6806) 'pace'.
מִלֶּ֖כֶתand he wentprep + Qal inf constr · הָלַךְ (H3212)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementהָלַךְ (H3212) 'and he went'.
בִּרְחֹבֹתֵ֑ינוּin the squareprep + N com f pl constr + sfx 1cp · רְחוֹב (H7339)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רְחוֹב (H7339) 'in the square'.
קָרַ֥בgo nearQal perf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actקָרַב (H7126) 'go near'.
קִצֵּ֛ינוּat the end ofN c · קֵץ (H7093)Construct chain (genitival)קֵץ (H7093) 'at the end of'.
מָלְא֥וּthey have fully followedQal perf 3cp · מָלֵא (H4390)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actמָלֵא (H4390) 'they have fully followed'.
יָמֵ֖ינוּtodayN c · יוֹם (H3117)Construct chain (genitival)יוֹם (H3117) 'today'.
כִּיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
בָ֥אcameQal perf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actבּוֹא (H935) 'came'.
קִצֵּֽינוּat the end ofN c · קֵץ (H7093)Construct chain (genitival)קֵץ (H7093) 'at the end of'.
19

קַלִּ֤ים הָיוּ֙ רֹדְפֵ֔ינוּ מִנִּשְׁרֵ֖י שָׁמָ֑יִם עַל הֶהָרִ֣ים דְּלָקֻ֔נוּ בַּמִּדְבָּ֖ר אָ֥רְבוּ לָֽנוּ

Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the heaven: they pursued us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the wilderness.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'were'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
קַלִּ֤יםlightAdj · קַל (H7031)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קַל (H7031) 'light'.
הָיוּ֙wereQal perf 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'were'.
רֹדְפֵ֔ינוּand they pursuedQal ptc mp + sfx 1cp · רָדַף (H7291)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorרָדַף (H7291) 'and they pursued'.
מִנִּשְׁרֵ֖יthe eagleprep + N com m pl constr · נֶשֶׁר (H5404)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נֶשֶׁר (H5404) 'the eagle'.
שָׁמָ֑יִםheavenN c · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Construct chain (genitival)שָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heaven'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
הֶהָרִ֣יםthe mountainsart + N com m pl abs · הַר (H2022)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הַר (H2022) 'the mountains'.
דְּלָקֻ֔נוּyou have pursuedQal perf 3cp + sfx 1cp · דָּלַק (H1814)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actדָּלַק (H1814) 'you have pursued'.
בַּמִּדְבָּ֖רin the wildernessprep + art + N com m sg abs · מִדְבָּר (H4057)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִדְבָּר (H4057) 'in the wilderness'.
אָ֥רְבוּlying in ambushQal perf 3cp · אָרַב (H693)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָרַב (H693) 'lying in ambush'.
לָֽנוּto usprep + sfx 1cpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to us'.
20

ר֤וּחַ אַפֵּ֨ינוּ֙ מְשִׁ֣יחַ יְהוָ֔ה נִלְכַּ֖ד בִּשְׁחִיתוֹתָ֑ם אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֔רְנוּ בְּצִלּ֖וֹ נִֽחְיֶ֥ה בַגּוֹיִֽם

The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of YHWH, was taken in their pits, of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among the heathen.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and he said'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ר֤וּחַa spirit ofN c · רוּחַ (H7307)Construct chain (genitival)רוּחַ (H7307) 'a spirit of'.
אַפֵּ֨ינוּ֙the anger ofN c · אַף (H639)Construct chain (genitival)אַף (H639) 'the anger of'.
מְשִׁ֣יחַthe anointedN c · מָשִׁיחַ (H4899)Construct chain (genitival)מָשִׁיחַ (H4899) 'the anointed'.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
נִלְכַּ֖דand was takenN · לָכַד (H3920)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לָכַד (H3920) 'and was taken'.
בִּשְׁחִיתוֹתָ֑םfromprep + N com f pl constr + sfx 3mp · שְׁחִית (H7825)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שְׁחִית (H7825) 'from'.
אֲשֶׁ֣רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
אָמַ֔רְנוּand he saidQal perf 1cp · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָמַר (H559) 'and he said'.
בְּצִלּ֖וֹin the shadow ofprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3ms · צֵל (H6738)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צֵל (H6738) 'in the shadow of'.
נִֽחְיֶ֥הand he livedQal impf 1cp · חָיָה (H2421)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalחָיָה (H2421) 'and he lived'.
בַגּוֹיִֽםamong the nationsprep + art + N com m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גּוֹי (H1471) 'among the nations'.
21

שִׂ֤ישִׂי וְשִׂמְחִי֙ בַּת אֱד֔וֹם יושבתי יוֹשֶׁ֖בֶת בְּאֶ֣רֶץ ע֑וּץ גַּם עָלַ֨יִךְ֙ תַּעֲבָר כּ֔וֹס תִּשְׁכְּרִ֖י וְתִתְעָרִֽי

Rejoice and be glad, O daughter of Edom, that dwellest in the land of Uz; the cup also shall pass through to you: you shall be drunken, and shall make thyself naked.

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'he rejoiced'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
שִׂ֤ישִׂיhe rejoicedQal impv 2fs · שׂוּשׂ (H7797)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeשׂוּשׂ (H7797) 'he rejoiced'.
וְשִׂמְחִי֙and you shall rejoiceconj וְ + Qal impv 2fs · שָׂמַח (H8055)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeשָׂמַח (H8055) 'and you shall rejoice'.
בַּתdaughter ofN c · בַּת (H1323)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
אֱד֔וֹםEdomN · אֱדוֹם (H123)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֱדוֹם (H123) 'Edom'.
יושבתיthe inhabitants ofQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'the inhabitants of'.
יוֹשֶׁ֖בֶתwas dwellingQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'was dwelling'.
בְּאֶ֣רֶץin the land ofprep + N com c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'in the land of'.
ע֑וּץUzN · עוּץ (H5780)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עוּץ (H5780) 'Uz'.
גַּםalsoparticle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'also'.
עָלַ֨יִךְ֙upon youprep + sfx 2fs · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'upon you'.
תַּעֲבָרyou shall crossQal impf 3fs · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָבַר (H5674) 'you shall cross'.
כּ֔וֹסcup ofN c · כּוֹס (H3563)Construct chain (genitival)כּוֹס (H3563) 'cup of'.
תִּשְׁכְּרִ֖יI will make drunkQal impf 2fs · שָׁכַר (H7937)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׁכַר (H7937) 'I will make drunk'.
וְתִתְעָרִֽיhe has laid bareconj וְ + Hithpael impf 2fs · עָרָה (H6168)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָרָה (H6168) 'he has laid bare'.
22

תַּם עֲוֺנֵךְ֙ בַּת צִיּ֔וֹן לֹ֥א יוֹסִ֖יף לְהַגְלוֹתֵ֑ךְ פָּקַ֤ד עֲוֺנֵךְ֙ בַּת אֱד֔וֹם גִּלָּ֖ה עַל חַטֹּאתָֽיִךְ

The punishment of your iniquity is accomplished, O daughter of Zion; he will no more carry you away into captivity: he will visit your iniquity, O daughter of Edom; he will discover your sins.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'the perishing of'. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
תַּםthe perishing ofQal perf 3ms · תָּמַם (H8552)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actתָּמַם (H8552) 'the perishing of'.
עֲוֺנֵךְ֙the iniquity ofN c · עָוֹן (H5771)Construct chain (genitival)עָוֹן (H5771) 'the iniquity of'.
בַּתdaughter ofN c · בַּת (H1323)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
צִיּ֔וֹןZionN · צִיּוֹן (H6726)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִיּוֹן (H6726) 'Zion'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוֹסִ֖יףhe will continueHiphil impf 3ms · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָסַף (H3254) 'he will continue'.
לְהַגְלוֹתֵ֑ךְshall you uncoverprep + Hiphil inf constr + sfx 2fs · גָּלָה (H1540)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementגָּלָה (H1540) 'shall you uncover'.
פָּקַ֤דnumberedQal perf 3ms · פָּקַד (H6485)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actפָּקַד (H6485) 'numbered'.
עֲוֺנֵךְ֙the iniquity ofN c · עָוֹן (H5771)Construct chain (genitival)עָוֹן (H5771) 'the iniquity of'.
בַּתdaughter ofN c · בַּת (H1323)Construct chain (genitival)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
אֱד֔וֹםEdomN · אֱדוֹם (H123)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֱדוֹם (H123) 'Edom'.
גִּלָּ֖הhe has uncoveredPiel perf 3ms · גָּלָה (H1540)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actגָּלָה (H1540) 'he has uncovered'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
חַטֹּאתָֽיִךְas a sin offeringN c · חַטָּאת (H2403)Construct chain (genitival)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'as a sin offering'.