Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Isaiah, Chapter 31ישעיהו 31

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, leaning on horses, chariots, and horsemen instead of looking to the Holy One of Israel, the reminder that YHWH is truly wise enough to bring the very disaster his word has long threatened, the contrast between Egypt as mere human flesh and YHWH as sovereign Spirit, the lion image of YHWH descending unafraid to wage war for Zion, the companion bird-image of hovering protection over Jerusalem, the call for Israel to return from its deeply made revolt, the promised rejection of silver and gold idols, and the announcement that Assyria will fall by a nonhuman sword while Zion itself becomes the place of YHWH's fire together make Isaiah 31 a concentrated sequel to the anti-Egypt warnings of the previous chapter. It opens by naming Judah's policy in the starkest possible terms. Help is sought by going down to Egypt, and confidence is placed in visible military mass: horses, chariots, and riders because they are many and strong. Yet the real scandal is theological rather than tactical. Judah neither looks to the Holy One of Israel nor seeks YHWH. From there the oracle answers human calculations with divine irony. YHWH too is wise, and his wisdom is not available to be outmaneuvered. He will bring evil, he will not retract his words, and he will rise both against the house of evildoers and against the helpers of those who practice iniquity. Egypt's glamour is then punctured by a hard contrast: Egyptians are human and not God, their horses flesh and not spirit. Once YHWH stretches out his hand, helper and helped alike stumble and perish together. The movement then turns from polemic to imagery of divine intervention. YHWH's descent on Zion is compared first to a lion or young lion growling over its prey, unmoved by the clamor of gathered shepherds; then to hovering birds shielding Jerusalem. The paired images matter because they hold together ferocity toward the threat and tenderness toward the city. He will defend, deliver, spare, and rescue. That promise, however, is not license for continuing rebellion. Israel is summoned to return precisely to the one against whom it has revolted so deeply, and the sign of that return will be the casting away of handcrafted idols as sin. The oracle closes with the defeat of Assyria, but emphatically not by ordinary human prowess. A sword not of man devours it, its young men are reduced to forced labor or collapse, and even its rock or stronghold passes away in terror. The final identification of YHWH as the one whose fire is in Zion and whose furnace is in Jerusalem leaves the reader with a vivid image of holy presence burning at the center of Judah's true security. Taken together, false confidence in Egypt, the God-man and spirit-flesh contrast, lion-like descent, bird-like protection, demanded repentance, anti-idolatrous return, and Assyria's nonhuman overthrow form an oracle where YHWH insists that Zion's safety rests neither on imperial alliance nor on domestic idols, but on his own holy, intervening presence.

Translation & textual notes

The Hebrew base text here follows the Masoretic Text in the Leningrad tradition as represented by the Westminster Leningrad Codex / MorphHB diplomatic stream imported from OSHB; distinctively copyrighted apparatus from BHS or BHQ is not reproduced. Six linked movements shape the chapter: the opening woe against those who seek Egyptian military help instead of YHWH (v. 1), the insistence that YHWH's wisdom actively brings judgment upon evildoers and their helpers (v. 2), the contrast between Egypt's human flesh and YHWH's decisive hand so that helper and helped perish together (v. 3), the lion and bird similes for YHWH's determined protection of Zion and Jerusalem (vv. 4-5), the call to return together with the promised rejection of silver and gold idols (vv. 6-7), and the fall of Assyria by a nonhuman sword before the fire of YHWH in Zion (vv. 8-9). Verse 1 should preserve the downward motion toward Egypt and the full range of visible military confidence: horses, chariotry, and horsemen because they are many and very strong. The line's theological climax is crucial and should remain plain: Judah has neither looked to the Holy One of Israel nor sought YHWH. Verse 2 answers any implied human cleverness with divine irony. YHWH also is wise, and his wisdom is judicial rather than merely advisory. The verbs should keep their force: he brings evil, does not turn back his words, and rises against both the house of evildoers and the aid of workers of iniquity. Verse 3 contains the chapter's central contrast and should be rendered sharply. Egypt is adam and not God; its horses are flesh and not spirit. The point is not contempt for creatureliness as such, but the folly of trusting finite embodied power where divine agency alone can save. When YHWH stretches out his hand, the helper stumbles, the helped falls, and all of them perish together. Verses 4-5 are highly pictorial and should preserve both images in their distinct force. Verse 4's lion and young lion growling over prey must remain fearless before the noise of many shepherds; the image explains YHWH's unintimidated descent to fight for Mount Zion and its hill. Verse 5 turns just as strongly to avian protection. The hovering birds image should not be flattened, because it adds swiftness, covering, and tenderness to the prior leonine ferocity. The sequence of verbs - defend, deliver, spare/pass over, and rescue - should remain cumulative. Verse 6 is compact but central: the call is to return to the very one against whom the sons of Israel have gone so deep in revolt. The depth of defection should remain audible. Verse 7 makes the fruit of repentance visible in anti-idolatrous action. Each man rejects his silver idols and gold idols, the things hands made for sin. Translation should preserve that the idols are not neutral art objects but the embodied output of transgression. Verses 8-9 conclude with the downfall of Assyria and should be translated so as to exclude human boasting. Assyria falls by a sword not of man, is consumed by a sword not of adam, flees, and its young men become subject to forced labor or collapse under judgment. Verse 9's rock or stronghold passing away from terror, together with officers dismayed at the standard, should remain militarily concrete. The final line is decisive for the whole chapter: YHWH is the one whose fire is in Zion and whose furnace is in Jerusalem. Translation should preserve both terms, since the image identifies Zion not merely as defended city but as the site of holy burning presence. Taken together, the passage should therefore be translated as a compact oracle where reliance on Egyptian military power is exposed as creaturely folly, repentance is demanded, idols are renounced, and Zion is saved because YHWH himself descends, hovers, and burns there as Israel's true defense. Versification follows the MT. **Cruxes.** | Verse | Issue | | --- | --- | | none | none of note |

1

ה֣וֹי הַיֹּרְדִ֤ים מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לְעֶזְרָ֔ה עַל סוּסִ֖ים יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּ וַיִּבְטְח֨וּ עַל רֶ֜כֶב כִּ֣י רָ֗ב וְעַ֤ל פָּֽרָשִׁים֙ כִּֽי עָצְמ֣וּ מְאֹ֔ד וְלֹ֤א שָׁעוּ֙ עַל קְד֣וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א דָרָֽשׁוּ

Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help; and stay on horses, and trust in chariots, because many; and in horsemen, because they are very strong; but they look not to the Holy One of Israel, neither seek YHWH!

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'flowing down'. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
ה֣וֹיahparticle · הוֹי (H1945)Particle or relational elementהוֹי (H1945) 'ah'.
הַיֹּרְדִ֤יםflowing downart + Qal ptc mp · יָרַד (H3381)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָרַד (H3381) 'flowing down'.
מִצְרַ֨יִם֙EgyptN · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'Egypt'.
לְעֶזְרָ֔הto the help ofprep + N com f sg abs · עֶזְרָה (H5833)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֶזְרָה (H5833) 'to the help of'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
סוּסִ֖יםhorsesN c · סוּס (H5483)Construct chain (genitival)סוּס (H5483) 'horses'.
יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּand restN · שָׁעַן (H8172)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁעַן (H8172) 'and rest'.
וַיִּבְטְח֨וּtrustingconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · בָּטַח (H982)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceבָּטַח (H982) 'trusting'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
רֶ֜כֶבchariots ofN c · רֶכֶב (H7393)Construct chain (genitival)רֶכֶב (H7393) 'chariots of'.
כִּ֣יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
רָ֗בgreatAdj · רַב (H7227)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַב (H7227) 'great'.
וְעַ֤לand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'and on'.
פָּֽרָשִׁים֙horsemenN c · פָּרָשׁ (H6571)Construct chain (genitival)פָּרָשׁ (H6571) 'horsemen'.
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
עָצְמ֣וּand grew strongQal perf 3cp · עָצַם (H6105)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָצַם (H6105) 'and grew strong'.
מְאֹ֔דveryart · מְאֹד (H3966)Particle or relational elementמְאֹד (H3966) 'very'.
וְלֹ֤אand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
שָׁעוּ֙let them pay heedQal perf 3cp · שָׁעָה (H8159)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actשָׁעָה (H8159) 'let them pay heed'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
קְד֣וֹשׁholyAdj · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'holy'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) 'and [obj]'.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
לֹ֥אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
דָרָֽשׁוּI will requireQal perf 3cp · דָּרַשׁ (H1875)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actדָּרַשׁ (H1875) 'I will require'.
2

וְגַם ה֤וּא חָכָם֙ וַיָּ֣בֵא רָ֔ע וְאֶת דְּבָרָ֖יו לֹ֣א הֵסִ֑יר וְקָם֙ עַל בֵּ֣ית מְרֵעִ֔ים וְעַל עֶזְרַ֖ת פֹּ֥עֲלֵי אָֽוֶן

Yet he also wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his words: but will arise against the house of the evildoers, and against the help of them that work iniquity.

Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential actionwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action. Lead predicate is 'and he came'.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְגַםand alsoconj וְ + particle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'and also'.
ה֤וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
חָכָם֙wise [of]Adj · חָכָם (H2450)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָכָם (H2450) 'wise [of]'.
וַיָּ֣בֵאand he cameconj וְ + Hiphil wayyiqtol 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceבּוֹא (H935) 'and he came'.
רָ֔עbadAdj · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'bad'.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) 'and [obj]'.
דְּבָרָ֖יוhis wordsN c · דָּבָר (H1697)Construct chain (genitival)דָּבָר (H1697) 'his words'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
הֵסִ֑ירhe turned asideHiphil perf 3ms · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actסוּר (H5493) 'he turned aside'.
וְקָם֙and risesconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Particle or relational elementקוּם (H6965) 'and rises'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
בֵּ֣יתthe house ofN c · בַּיִת (H1004)Construct chain (genitival)בַּיִת (H1004) 'the house of'.
מְרֵעִ֔יםand it was displeasingHiphil ptc mp · רָעַע (H7489)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorרָעַע (H7489) 'and it was displeasing'.
וְעַלand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'and on'.
עֶזְרַ֖תto the help ofN c · עֶזְרָה (H5833)Construct chain (genitival)עֶזְרָה (H5833) 'to the help of'.
פֹּ֥עֲלֵיdidQal ptc mp · פָּעַל (H6466)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorפָּעַל (H6466) 'did'.
אָֽוֶןiniquityN c · אוֹן (H205)Construct chain (genitival)אוֹן (H205) 'iniquity'.
3

וּמִצְרַ֤יִם אָדָם֙ וְֽלֹא אֵ֔ל וְסוּסֵיהֶ֥ם בָּשָׂ֖ר וְלֹא ר֑וּחַ וַֽיהוָ֞ה יַטֶּ֣ה יָד֗וֹ וְכָשַׁ֤ל עוֹזֵר֙ וְנָפַ֣ל עָזֻ֔ר וְיַחְדָּ֖ו כֻּלָּ֥ם יִכְלָיֽוּן

Now the Egyptians men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit. When YHWH shall stretch out his hand, both he that helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall fall down, and they all shall fail together.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'stretch out'.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וּמִצְרַ֤יִםand Mizraimconj וְ + N proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'and Mizraim'.
אָדָם֙manN c · אָדָם (H120)Construct chain (genitival)אָדָם (H120) 'man'.
וְֽלֹאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
אֵ֔לGodN c · אֵל (H410)Construct chain (genitival)אֵל (H410) 'God'.
וְסוּסֵיהֶ֥םhorseconj וְ + N com m pl constr + sfx 3mp · סוּס (H5483)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)סוּס (H5483) 'horse'.
בָּשָׂ֖רfleshN c · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Construct chain (genitival)בָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh'.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
ר֑וּחַa spirit ofN c · רוּחַ (H7307)Construct chain (genitival)רוּחַ (H7307) 'a spirit of'.
וַֽיהוָ֞הand YHWHconj וְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'and YHWH'.
יַטֶּ֣הstretch outHiphil impf 3ms · נָטָה (H5186)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָטָה (H5186) 'stretch out'.
יָד֗וֹhis handN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'his hand'.
וְכָשַׁ֤לand they shall stumbleconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · כָּשַׁל (H3782)Particle or relational elementכָּשַׁל (H3782) 'and they shall stumble'.
עוֹזֵר֙and help youQal ptc ms · עָזַר (H5826)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעָזַר (H5826) 'and help you'.
וְנָפַ֣לand ... perishconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · נָפַל (H5307)Particle or relational elementנָפַל (H5307) 'and ... perish'.
עָזֻ֔רand help youQal ptc ms · עָזַר (H5826)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעָזַר (H5826) 'and help you'.
וְיַחְדָּ֖וand togetherconj וְ + art · יַחְדָּו (H3162)Particle or relational elementיַחְדָּו (H3162) 'and together'.
כֻּלָּ֥םall of themN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all of them'.
יִכְלָיֽוּןand he finishedQal impf 3mp + Sn · כָּלָה (H3615)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalכָּלָה (H3615) 'and he finished'.
4

כִּ֣י כֹ֣ה אָֽמַר יְהוָ֣ה אֵלַ֡י כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶהְגֶּה֩ הָאַרְיֵ֨ה וְהַכְּפִ֜יר עַל טַרְפּ֗וֹ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִקָּרֵ֤א עָלָיו֙ מְלֹ֣א רֹעִ֔ים מִקּוֹלָם֙ לֹ֣א יֵחָ֔ת וּמֵֽהֲמוֹנָ֖ם לֹ֣א יַֽעֲנֶ֑ה כֵּ֗ן יֵרֵד֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת לִצְבֹּ֥א עַל הַר צִיּ֖וֹן וְעַל גִּבְעָתָֽהּ

For thus has YHWH spoken to me, Like as the lion and the young lion roaring on his prey, when a multitude of shepherds is called forth against him, will not be afraid of their voice, nor abase himself for the noise of them: so shall YHWH of hosts come down to fight for mount Zion, and for the hill thereof.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationwə
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'he said'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 32 words
כִּ֣יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
כֹ֣הthusart · כֹּה (H3541)Particle or relational elementכֹּה (H3541) 'thus'.
אָֽמַרhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָמַר (H559) 'he said'.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
אֵלַ֡יto meprep + sfx 1cs · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to me'.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֣רjust asprep + rel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'just as'.
יֶהְגֶּה֩but you shall meditateQal impf 3ms · הָגָה (H1897)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָגָה (H1897) 'but you shall meditate'.
הָאַרְיֵ֨הa lionart + N com m sg abs · אַרְיֵה (H738)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַרְיֵה (H738) 'a lion'.
וְהַכְּפִ֜ירyoung lionconj וְ + art + N com m sg abs · כְּפִיר (H3715)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כְּפִיר (H3715) 'young lion'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
טַרְפּ֗וֹfrom the preyN c · טֶרֶף (H2964)Construct chain (genitival)טֶרֶף (H2964) 'from the prey'.
אֲשֶׁ֨רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
יִקָּרֵ֤אshall be calledN · קָרָא (H7121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קָרָא (H7121) 'shall be called'.
עָלָיו֙on itprep + sfx 3ms · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on it'.
מְלֹ֣אthe fullness ofN c · מְלֹא (H4393)Construct chain (genitival)מְלֹא (H4393) 'the fullness of'.
רֹעִ֔יםpasturingQal ptc mp · רָעָה (H7462)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorרָעָה (H7462) 'pasturing'.
מִקּוֹלָם֙to the voice ofprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · קוֹל (H6963)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)קוֹל (H6963) 'to the voice of'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יֵחָ֔תbe dismayedN · חָתַת (H2865)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָתַת (H2865) 'be dismayed'.
וּמֵֽהֲמוֹנָ֖םmultitude ofconj וְ + prep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3mp · הָמוֹן (H1995)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הָמוֹן (H1995) 'multitude of'.
לֹ֣אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יַֽעֲנֶ֑הand you shall afflictQal impf 3ms · עָנָה (H6031)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָנָה (H6031) 'and you shall afflict'.
כֵּ֗ןsoadv. · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'so'.
יֵרֵד֙it will come downQal impf 3ms · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָרַד (H3381) 'it will come down'.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
צְבָא֔וֹתof troopsN c · צָבָא (H6635)Construct chain (genitival)צָבָא (H6635) 'of troops'.
לִצְבֹּ֥אto performprep + Qal inf constr · צָבָא (H6633)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementצָבָא (H6633) 'to perform'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
הַרMountN c · הַר (H2022)Construct chain (genitival)הַר (H2022) 'Mount'.
צִיּ֖וֹןZionN · צִיּוֹן (H6726)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִיּוֹן (H6726) 'Zion'.
וְעַלand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'and on'.
גִּבְעָתָֽהּthe hills ofN c · גִּבְעָה (H1389)Construct chain (genitival)גִּבְעָה (H1389) 'the hills of'.
5

כְּצִפֳּרִ֣ים עָפ֔וֹת כֵּ֗ן יָגֵ֛ן יְהוָ֥ה צְבָא֖וֹת עַל יְרֽוּשָׁלִָ֑ם גָּנ֥וֹן וְהִצִּ֖יל פָּסֹ֥חַ וְהִמְלִֽיט

As birds flying, so will YHWH of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver passing over he will preserve it.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'and exhausted'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
כְּצִפֳּרִ֣יםthe birdprep + N com c pl abs · צִפּוֹר (H6833)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִפּוֹר (H6833) 'the bird'.
עָפ֔וֹתand exhaustedQal ptc fp · עוּף (H5774)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעוּף (H5774) 'and exhausted'.
כֵּ֗ןsoadv. · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'so'.
יָגֵ֛ןandQal impf 3ms · גָּנַן (H1598)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalגָּנַן (H1598) 'and'.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
צְבָא֖וֹתof troopsN c · צָבָא (H6635)Construct chain (genitival)צָבָא (H6635) 'of troops'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
יְרֽוּשָׁלִָ֑םJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
גָּנ֥וֹןandQal inf abs · גָּנַן (H1598)Infinitive absolute→ Infinitive absolute: emphasis or attendant actionגָּנַן (H1598) 'and'.
וְהִצִּ֖ילhas deliveredconj וְ + Hiphil q 3ms · נָצַל (H5337)Particle or relational elementנָצַל (H5337) 'has delivered'.
פָּסֹ֥חַpassed overQal inf abs · פָסַח (H6452)Infinitive absolute→ Infinitive absolute: emphasis or attendant actionפָסַח (H6452) 'passed over'.
וְהִמְלִֽיטand he escapedconj וְ + Hiphil q 3ms · מָלַט (H4422)Particle or relational elementמָלַט (H4422) 'and he escaped'.
6

שׁ֗וּבוּ לַאֲשֶׁ֛ר הֶעְמִ֥יקוּ סָרָ֖ה בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

Turn you to whom the children of Israel have deeply revolted.

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'return'.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
שׁ֗וּבוּreturnQal impv 2mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeשׁוּב (H7725) 'return'.
לַאֲשֶׁ֛רto the one whoprep + rel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'to the one who'.
הֶעְמִ֥יקוּ(beHiphil perf 3cp · עָמַק (H6009)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָמַק (H6009) '(be'.
סָרָ֖הseditionN c · סָרָה (H5627)Construct chain (genitival)סָרָה (H5627) 'sedition'.
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN c · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival)בֵּן (H1121) 'the sons of'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
7

כִּ֚י בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא יִמְאָס֗וּן אִ֚ישׁ אֱלִילֵ֣י כַסְפּ֔וֹ וֶאֱלִילֵ֖י זְהָב֑וֹ אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשׂ֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם יְדֵיכֶ֖ם חֵֽטְא

For in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made to you a sin.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'despise'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
כִּ֚יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
בַּיּ֣וֹםon the dayprep + art + N com m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹם (H3117) 'on the day'.
הַה֔וּאthatart + pron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'that'.
יִמְאָס֗וּןdespiseQal impf 3mp + Sn · מָאַס (H3988)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalמָאַס (H3988) 'despise'.
אִ֚ישׁa manN c · אִישׁ (H376)Construct chain (genitival)אִישׁ (H376) 'a man'.
אֱלִילֵ֣יthe idolsN c · אֱלִיל (H457)Construct chain (genitival)אֱלִיל (H457) 'the idols'.
כַסְפּ֔וֹhis moneyN c · כֶּסֶף (H3701)Construct chain (genitival)כֶּסֶף (H3701) 'his money'.
וֶאֱלִילֵ֖יthe idolsconj וְ + N com m pl constr · אֱלִיל (H457)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֱלִיל (H457) 'the idols'.
זְהָב֑וֹgoldN c · זָהָב (H2091)Construct chain (genitival)זָהָב (H2091) 'gold'.
אֲשֶׁ֨רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
עָשׂ֥וּthey didQal perf 3cp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָשָׂה (H6213) 'they did'.
לָכֶ֛םto youprep + sfx 2mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to you'.
יְדֵיכֶ֖םyour handsN c · יָד (H3027)Construct chain (genitival)יָד (H3027) 'your hands'.
חֵֽטְאsinN c · חֵטְא (H2399)Construct chain (genitival)חֵטְא (H2399) 'sin'.
8

וְנָפַ֤ל אַשּׁוּר֙ בְּחֶ֣רֶב לֹא אִ֔ישׁ וְחֶ֥רֶב לֹֽא אָדָ֖ם תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֑נּוּ וְנָ֥ס לוֹ֙ מִפְּנֵי חֶ֔רֶב וּבַחוּרָ֖יו לָמַ֥ס יִהְיֽוּ

Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man; and the sword, not of a mean man, shall devour him: but he shall flee from the sword, and his young men shall be discomfited.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'you shall eat it'.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְנָפַ֤לand ... perishconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · נָפַל (H5307)Particle or relational elementנָפַל (H5307) 'and ... perish'.
אַשּׁוּר֙AsshurN · אַשּׁוּר (H804)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַשּׁוּר (H804) 'Asshur'.
בְּחֶ֣רֶבwith the swordprep + N com f sg abs · חֶרֶב (H2719)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֶרֶב (H2719) 'with the sword'.
לֹאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
אִ֔ישׁa manN c · אִישׁ (H376)Construct chain (genitival)אִישׁ (H376) 'a man'.
וְחֶ֥רֶבand swordconj וְ + N com f sg abs · חֶרֶב (H2719)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֶרֶב (H2719) 'and sword'.
לֹֽאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
אָדָ֖םmanN c · אָדָם (H120)Construct chain (genitival)אָדָם (H120) 'man'.
תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֑נּוּyou shall eat itQal impf 3fs + sfx 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalאָכַל (H398) 'you shall eat it'.
וְנָ֥סand he fleesconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · נוּס (H5127)Particle or relational elementנוּס (H5127) 'and he flees'.
לוֹ֙to himprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to him'.
מִפְּנֵיbecause ofprep + N com c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִים (H6440) 'because of'.
חֶ֔רֶבthe swordN c · חֶרֶב (H2719)Construct chain (genitival)חֶרֶב (H2719) 'the sword'.
וּבַחוּרָ֖יוyoung manconj וְ + N com m pl constr + sfx 3ms · בָּחוּר (H970)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בָּחוּר (H970) 'young man'.
לָמַ֥סforced laborprep + N com m sg abs · מַס (H4522)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַס (H4522) 'forced labor'.
יִהְיֽוּthey shall beQal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'they shall be'.
9

וְסַלְעוֹ֙ מִמָּג֣וֹר יַֽעֲב֔וֹר וְחַתּ֥וּ מִנֵּ֖ס שָׂרָ֑יו נְאֻם יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁר א֥וּר לוֹ֙ בְּצִיּ֔וֹן וְתַנּ֥וּר ל֖וֹ בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם

And he shall pass over to his strong hold for fear, and his princes shall be afraid of the ensign, says YHWH, whose fire in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'are crossing'. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
וְסַלְעוֹ֙the rockconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 3ms · סֶלַע (H5553)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)סֶלַע (H5553) 'the rock'.
מִמָּג֣וֹרfromprep + N com m sg abs · מָגוֹר (H4032)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָגוֹר (H4032) 'from'.
יַֽעֲב֔וֹרare crossingQal impf 3ms · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָבַר (H5674) 'are crossing'.
וְחַתּ֥וּbe dismayedconj וְ + Qal q 3cp · חָתַת (H2865)Particle or relational elementחָתַת (H2865) 'be dismayed'.
מִנֵּ֖סa poleprep + N com m sg abs · נֵס (H5251)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נֵס (H5251) 'a pole'.
שָׂרָ֑יוchief ofN c · שַׂר (H8269)Construct chain (genitival)שַׂר (H8269) 'chief of'.
נְאֻםutterance ofN c · נְאֻם (H5002)Construct chain (genitival)נְאֻם (H5002) 'utterance of'.
יְהוָ֗הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
אֲשֶׁרthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
א֥וּרfireN c · אוּר (H217)Construct chain (genitival)אוּר (H217) 'fire'.
לוֹ֙to himprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to him'.
בְּצִיּ֔וֹןZionprep + N proper · צִיּוֹן (H6726)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִיּוֹן (H6726) 'Zion'.
וְתַנּ֥וּרan ovenconj וְ + N com m sg abs · תַּנּוּר (H8574)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תַּנּוּר (H8574) 'an oven'.
ל֖וֹto himprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to him'.
בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽםin Jerusalemprep + N proper · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'in Jerusalem'.