1
וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֗ה ע֣וֹד נֶ֤גַע אֶחָד֙ אָבִ֤יא עַל פַּרְעֹה֙ וְעַל מִצְרַ֔יִם אַֽחֲרֵי כֵ֕ן יְשַׁלַּ֥ח אֶתְכֶ֖ם מִזֶּ֑ה כְּשַׁ֨לְּח֔וֹ כָּלָ֕ה גָּרֵ֛שׁ יְגָרֵ֥שׁ אֶתְכֶ֖ם מִזֶּֽה
And YHWH said to Moses, ‘Yet one more plague I will bring upon Pharaoh and upon Egypt; after that he will send you away from here. When he sends you away, he will completely, utterly drive you out from here.’
Introduces YHWH's word to Moses; though narrated as continuous with the ch.10 audience scene, its content — spoken to Moses alone, with no report of Pharaoh hearing it — creates the well-known crux that vv.1-3 function as an aside/flashback rather than a further public confrontation (see text_note).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
וַיֹּ֨אמֶרand he saidconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; the standard verb introducing direct speech.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶריְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; introduces the recipient of speech.
מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of preposition אֶל (addressee)מֹשֶׁה (H4872), Israel's deliverer and mediator of the plague oracles.
ע֣וֹדyet, stilladv · עוֹד (H5750)Adverbial modifier of נֶגַע אֶחָדעוֹד (H5750) 'again, yet, still'; signals one further plague after the nine already sent.
נֶ֤גַעa plagueN m sg abs · נֶגַע (H5061)Direct object of אָבִיאנֶגַע (H5061) 'blow, stroke, plague', from נגע 'to touch/strike'; here the climactic tenth affliction.
אֶחָד֙onenumeral m sg abs · אֶחָד (H259)Attributive numeral modifying נֶגַעאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; emphasizes a single, final blow after the preceding nine.
אָבִ֤יאI will bringHiphil impf 1cs · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause, relative-less)→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — YHWH's resolved future actionבּוֹא (H935) Hiphil 'cause to come, bring'; YHWH himself as the agent of the final stroke.
עַלon, againstprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, object of judgmentעַל (H5921) 'on, upon, against'; marks the target of the plague.
פַּרְעֹה֙PharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Object of preposition עַלפַּרְעֹה (H6547), the Egyptian king, primary antagonist of the exodus narrative.
וְעַלand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Coordinated prepositional phrase (second target)וְ joins a second object of judgment, עַל מִצְרַיִם, to עַל פַּרְעֹה.
מִצְרַ֔יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Object of preposition עַל (second target)מִצְרַיִם (H4714), Egypt/the Egyptians; here the nation as a whole, alongside its king.
אַֽחֲרֵיafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase heading the subordinate clauseאַחַר (H310) 'after, behind'; construct form אַחֲרֵי before כֵן.
כֵ֕ןthat (idiom: afterward)adv · כֵּן (H3651)Object of preposition אַחֲרֵי (idiom אַחֲרֵי כֵן 'after that')כֵּן (H3651) 'so, thus'; with אַחֲרֵי forms the fixed temporal idiom 'afterward'.
יְשַׁלַּ֥חhe will send awayPiel impf 3ms · שָׁלַח (H7971)Predicate verb of temporal clause (Pharaoh as subject)→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — anticipated future capitulationשָׁלַח (H7971) Piel 'send away, release, drive out'; the verb of Pharaoh's eventual, coerced release of Israel.
אֶתְכֶ֖םyouobj marker + 2mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of יְשַׁלַּחאֵת (H853) with 2mp suffix, 'you (pl)'; Israel as the direct object of Pharaoh's release.
מִזֶּ֑הfrom hereprep מִן + demonstrative · זֶה (H2088)Adverbial prepositional phrase of sourceזֶה (H2088) 'this'; with מִן, 'from this (place)' — i.e. from Egypt.
כְּשַׁ֨לְּח֔וֹwhen he sends [you] awayprep כְּ + Piel inf constr + 3ms suffix · שָׁלַח (H7971)Temporal infinitival clause, resuming and intensifying יְשַׁלַּח→ Infinitive construct: temporal — 'at the very moment of his sending away'שָׁלַח (H7971); the infinitive construct with כְּ restates the verb to introduce the emphatic construction that follows (infinitive absolute + finite verb).
כָּלָ֕הcompletelyN f sg abs (adverbial) · כָּלָה (H3617)Adverbial accusative intensifying יְגָרֵשׁכָּלָה (H3617) 'completion, totality', from כלה 'to finish, be complete'; used adverbially, 'wholly, altogether'.
גָּרֵ֛שׁutterly drive outPiel infinitive absolute · גָּרַשׁ (H1644)Infinitive absolute intensifying the following finite verb→ Infinitive absolute: emphatic reinforcement of the following finite verbגָּרַשׁ (H1644) Piel 'drive out, expel'; the infinitive absolute before the finite form yields 'he will utterly drive out.'
יְגָרֵ֥שׁhe will drive outPiel impf 3ms · גָּרַשׁ (H1644)Predicate verb intensified by preceding infinitive absolute→ Yiqtol intensified by inf. absolute: certain, forceful future expulsionגָּרַשׁ (H1644); paired with כָּלָה גָּרֵשׁ the sense is 'he will completely, forcibly expel you' — anticipating Pharaoh's abrupt demand that Israel leave (12:31-33).
אֶתְכֶ֖םyouobj marker + 2mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of יְגָרֵשׁאֵת (H853) + 2mp suffix, resumed direct object 'you (pl)'.
מִזֶּֽהfrom hereprep מִן + demonstrative · זֶה (H2088)Adverbial prepositional phrase of source (resumed)זֶה (H2088); repetition of מִזֶּה frames the verse as an inclusio underscoring total, immediate expulsion.
2
דַּבֶּר נָ֖א בְּאָזְנֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם וְיִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ מֵאֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗הוּ וְאִשָּׁה֙ מֵאֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔הּ כְּלֵי כֶ֖סֶף וּכְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב
Speak now in the hearing of the people, that each man ask of his neighbor and each woman of her neighbor, articles of silver and articles of gold.
YHWH's instruction resumes the spoiling-the-Egyptians motif first given in 3:21-22 and later realized in 12:35-36; the jussive וְיִשְׁאֲלוּ marks purpose/result flowing from Moses' speaking.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
דַּבֶּרspeakPiel impv 2ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Predicate verb, direct imperative (main clause)→ Volitional: direct commandדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'speak'; here a command to Moses to relay YHWH's instruction to the people.
נָ֖אpleaseparticle of entreaty · נָא (H4994)Particle softening the imperativeנָא (H4994), a particle of entreaty/urgency attached to imperatives; softens or underscores the command, 'please, now.'
בְּאָזְנֵ֣יin the hearing ofprep בְּ + N f dual constr · אֹזֶן (H241)Adverbial prepositional phrase of manner/audienceאֹזֶן (H241) 'ear'; the idiom בְּאָזְנֵי X 'in the ears/hearing of X' marks a public, audible proclamation.
הָעָ֑םthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Object of construct בְּאָזְנֵיעַם (H5971) 'people'; here the Israelites, addressed collectively.
וְיִשְׁאֲל֞וּand let them askconj וְ + Qal impf/jussive 3mp · שָׁאַל (H7592)Predicate verb of purpose/result clause→ Yiqtol/jussive: volitional — the intended outcome of Moses' speakingשָׁאַל (H7592) 'to ask, request'; here of asking for gifts/valuables from Egyptian neighbors, resuming 3:21-22.
אִ֣ישׁeach manN m sg abs (distributive) · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive subject of וְיִשְׁאֲלוּאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; paired with וְאִשָּׁה below in a distributive 'each man ... each woman' construction.
מֵאֵ֣תfromprep מִן + prep · אֵת (H854)Prepositional phrase marking sourceאֵת (H854, not the object marker H853) 'with, from with'; compound מֵאֵת 'from'.
רֵעֵ֗הוּhis neighborN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · רֵעַ (H7453)Object of preposition מֵאֵתרֵעַ (H7453) 'friend, neighbor, companion'; the Egyptian fellow-resident from whom the Israelite man asks.
וְאִשָּׁה֙and each womanconj וְ + N f sg abs · אִשָּׁה (H802)Coordinated distributive subjectאִשָּׁה (H802) 'woman'; completes the distributive pair with אִישׁ.
מֵאֵ֣תfromprep מִן + prep · אֵת (H854)Prepositional phrase marking source (second)אֵת (H854); repeated for the parallel woman-to-woman request.
רְעוּתָ֔הּher neighborN f sg constr + 3fs suffix · רְעוּת (H7468)Object of preposition מֵאֵתרְעוּת (H7468), feminine of רֵעַ, 'female friend/neighbor'.
כְּלֵיarticles ofN m pl constr · כְּלִי (H3627)Direct object of וְיִשְׁאֲלוּ (understood)כְּלִי (H3627) 'vessel, article, implement'; here valuables/jewelry, echoing 3:22 and anticipating 12:35.
כֶ֖סֶףsilverN m sg abs · כֶּסֶף (H3701)Genitive complement of כְּלֵי (construct chain)כֶּסֶף (H3701) 'silver'; also functions generally for 'money.'
וּכְלֵ֥יand articles ofconj וְ + N m pl constr · כְּלִי (H3627)Coordinated direct objectכְּלִי (H3627); repeated in construct before זָהָב.
זָהָֽבgoldN m sg abs · זָהָב (H2091)Genitive complement of וּכְלֵי (construct chain)זָהָב (H2091) 'gold'; paired with כֶּסֶף as the standard merism for precious metal wealth.
3
וַיִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת חֵ֥ן הָעָ֖ם בְּעֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם גַּ֣ם הָאִ֣ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֗ה גָּד֤וֹל מְאֹד֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּעֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי פַרְעֹ֖ה וּבְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם
And YHWH gave the people favor in the eyes of the Egyptians. Moreover, the man Moses himself was very great in the land of Egypt, in the eyes of Pharaoh's servants and in the eyes of the people.
A narratorial aside confirming that YHWH's promised favor (3:21) is already operative and elevating Moses' personal standing — preparing the reader for why the Egyptians will comply with the request in v.2 and drive Israel out in v.8/12:33.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וַיִּתֵּ֧ןand he gaveconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (narrator resumes)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; here YHWH as subject grants favor, matching the pattern of 3:21 and 12:36.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיִּתֵּןיְהוָה (H3068), acting directly to secure Israel's favorable treatment.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking חֵן הָעָם as the definite direct object; untranslated in English.
חֵ֥ןfavorN m sg constr · חֵן (H2580)Direct object of וַיִּתֵּן (construct head)חֵן (H2580) 'favor, grace'; the same term used of Joseph (Gen 39:21) and of Israel's exodus provisioning.
הָעָ֖םthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive complement of חֵן (construct chain)עַם (H5971); the Israelite people as recipients of favor.
בְּעֵינֵ֣יin the eyes ofprep בְּ + N c dual constr · עַיִן (H5869)Adverbial prepositional phrase of perspectiveעַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; the idiom 'in the eyes of X' means 'in X's estimation/opinion.'
מִצְרָ֑יִםthe EgyptiansN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4713)Genitive complement of בְּעֵינֵי (construct chain)מִצְרַיִם (H4713/H4714); here denoting the Egyptian populace collectively, not merely the land.
גַּ֣םmoreover, alsoparticle · גַּם (H1571)Focus particle introducing the added remark about Mosesגַּם (H1571) 'also, even, moreover'; signals an additional, emphatic observation.
הָאִ֣ישׁthe manart + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (in apposition with מֹשֶׁה)אִישׁ (H376); 'the man Moses' is an honorific apposition, marking his stature.
מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Apposition to הָאִישׁ (subject)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); named in apposition to underscore that even Moses personally was esteemed.
גָּד֤וֹלgreatadj m sg abs · גָּדוֹל (H1419)Predicate adjective (verbless clause)גָּדוֹל (H1419) 'great, important'; predicated of Moses' standing among the Egyptians.
מְאֹד֙veryadv · מְאֹד (H3966)Adverbial intensifier of גָּדוֹלמְאֹד (H3966) 'very, exceedingly'; intensifies the predicate adjective.
בְּאֶ֣רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of locationאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; locates Moses' renown within Egypt specifically.
מִצְרַ֔יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive complement of בְּאֶרֶץ (construct chain)מִצְרַיִם (H4714); the land as opposed to its people (cf. v.3a).
בְּעֵינֵ֥יin the eyes ofprep בְּ + N c dual constr · עַיִן (H5869)Adverbial prepositional phrase of perspective (parallel)עַיִן (H5869); repeated to specify two constituencies who esteemed Moses.
עַבְדֵֽיthe servants ofN m pl constr · עֶבֶד (H5650)Genitive complement of בְּעֵינֵי (construct chain)עֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant'; here Pharaoh's courtiers/officials.
פַרְעֹ֖הPharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Genitive complement of עַבְדֵי (construct chain)פַּרְעֹה (H6547); note the irony — even the king's own servants esteem Moses.
וּבְעֵינֵ֥יand in the eyes ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N c dual constr · עַיִן (H5869)Coordinated adverbial prepositional phraseעַיִן (H5869); third and final constituency in the list.
הָעָֽםthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive complement of וּבְעֵינֵי (construct chain)עַם (H5971); here the Egyptian populace at large, completing the triad (Egyptians / Pharaoh's servants / the people).
4
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה כַּחֲצֹ֣ת הַלַּ֔יְלָה אֲנִ֥י יוֹצֵ֖א בְּת֥וֹךְ מִצְרָֽיִם
And Moses said, ‘Thus says YHWH: About midnight I am going out into the midst of Egypt.
Moses now delivers the oracle using the classic prophetic messenger formula (כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה); the participle יוֹצֵא shifts to vivid, imminent first-person divine action that unfolds through vv.5-8.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559); resumes narrative after the aside of v.3, introducing Moses' delivery of the oracle.
מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶרמֹשֶׁה (H4872); now speaking as YHWH's spokesman using the messenger formula.
כֹּ֖הthusadv · כֹּה (H3541)Adverbial complement of אָמַר (messenger formula)כֹּה (H3541) 'thus, so'; with אָמַר forms the standard prophetic messenger formula 'thus says X.'
אָמַ֣רsaysQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb of quoted messenger formula→ Perfective (performative/messenger use): the oracle is announced as an already-settled divine decreeאָמַר (H559); the 'prophetic perfect' of the messenger formula treats YHWH's word as already spoken and certain.
יְהוָ֑הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of אָמַריְהוָה (H3068); the divine speaker whose words Moses now relays verbatim.
כַּחֲצֹ֣תabout the middle ofprep כְּ + N f sg constr · חֲצוֹת (H2676)Temporal prepositional phrase heading the clauseחֲצוֹת (H2676) 'middle, half'; כַּחֲצֹת הַלַּיְלָה 'about midnight' sets the precise, ominous hour of the coming plague.
הַלַּ֔יְלָהthe nightart + N m sg abs · לַיְלָה (H3915)Genitive complement of כַּחֲצֹת (construct chain)לַיְלָה (H3915) 'night'; the tenth plague, unlike the others, strikes at night, heightening its terror (cf. 12:29).
אֲנִ֥יIindependent pronoun 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Emphatic subject of יוֹצֵאאֲנִי (H589); the emphatic independent pronoun stresses that YHWH himself, not an intermediary, executes the final blow.
יוֹצֵ֖אam going outQal participle m sg abs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate participle expressing imminent action→ Participle: vivid imminent/certain future — YHWH's action pictured as already underwayיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the participle יוֹצֵא dramatizes the nearness and certainty of YHWH's coming through Egypt.
בְּת֥וֹךְinto the midst ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · תָּוֶךְ (H8432)Adverbial prepositional phrase of location/directionתָּוֶךְ (H8432) 'midst, middle'; YHWH moves through the very center of Egypt, sparing no district.
מִצְרָֽיִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive complement of בְּתוֹךְ (construct chain)מִצְרַיִם (H4714); the whole land traversed by the divine visitation.
5
וּמֵ֣ת כָּל בְּכוֹר֮ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַיִם֒ מִבְּכ֤וֹר פַּרְעֹה֙ הַיֹּשֵׁ֣ב עַל כִּסְא֔וֹ עַ֚ד בְּכ֣וֹר הַשִּׁפְחָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר אַחַ֣ר הָרֵחָ֑יִם וְכֹ֖ל בְּכ֥וֹר בְּהֵמָֽה
And every firstborn in the land of Egypt shall die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sits on his throne, to the firstborn of the maidservant who is behind the millstones, and all the firstborn of the livestock.
The merism 'from Pharaoh's firstborn to the slave-girl's' totalizes the plague across the entire Egyptian social hierarchy — an intentional echo/reversal of the earlier decree against Israel's infant sons (1:16, 22).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וּמֵ֣תand shall dieconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · מוּת (H4191)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the future oracle)→ Weqatal: predictive continuation — certain future consequence of YHWH's midnight visitationמוּת (H4191) 'to die'; the central verb of the tenth plague oracle.
כָּלeveryN m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with בְּכוֹר (subject)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; here distributive, 'every firstborn.'
בְּכוֹר֮firstbornN m sg abs · בְּכוֹר (H1060)Subject of וּמֵת (genitive complement of כָּל)בְּכוֹר (H1060) 'firstborn'; the target of the tenth and final plague, striking every household without distinction of rank.
בְּאֶ֣רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of locationאֶרֶץ (H776); locates the plague's scope as nationwide.
מִצְרַיִם֒EgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive complement of בְּאֶרֶץ (construct chain)מִצְרַיִם (H4714); the entire land, without exception.
מִבְּכ֤וֹרfrom the firstborn ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · בְּכוֹר (H1060)Adverbial prepositional phrase, first term of merismבְּכוֹר (H1060); opens the merism spanning the entire social hierarchy of Egypt, from throne to hand-mill.
פַּרְעֹה֙PharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Genitive complement of מִבְּכוֹר (construct chain)פַּרְעֹה (H6547); the highest social rank, the king himself, at the top of the merism.
הַיֹּשֵׁ֣בwho sitsart + Qal participle m sg abs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Attributive/substantival participle modifying פַּרְעֹה→ Participle: characterizing an ongoing state — Pharaoh's enthroned statusיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to sit, dwell'; הַיֹּשֵׁב עַל כִּסְאוֹ, 'who sits on his throne', a royal epithet stressing Pharaoh's supreme rank.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, complement of הַיֹּשֵׁבעַל (H5921); marks the throne as the location of Pharaoh's seated rule.
כִּסְא֔וֹhis throneN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · כִּסֵּא (H3678)Object of preposition עַלכִּסֵּא (H3678) 'throne, seat'; the symbol of Pharaoh's supreme authority, now shown powerless before YHWH.
עַ֚דto, as far asprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase marking the lower bound of the merismעַד (H5704) 'until, as far as'; pairs with מִן (מִבְּכוֹר) to frame the totalizing merism 'from ... to.'
בְּכ֣וֹרthe firstborn ofN m sg constr · בְּכוֹר (H1060)Object of preposition עַדבְּכוֹר (H1060); the second term of the merism, at its lowest social extreme.
הַשִּׁפְחָ֔הthe maidservantart + N f sg abs · שִׁפְחָה (H8198)Genitive complement of בְּכוֹר (construct chain)שִׁפְחָה (H8198) 'maidservant, female slave'; the lowest-ranking woman in an Egyptian household, closing the social merism begun with Pharaoh.
אֲשֶׁ֖רwhorelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing modifying clause on הַשִּׁפְחָהאֲשֶׁר (H834), invariable relative particle 'who, which, that'.
אַחַ֣רbehindprep · אַחַר (H310)Prepositional phrase, predicate of the relative clauseאַחַר (H310) 'behind, after'; locates the maidservant at her menial labor station.
הָרֵחָ֑יִםthe millstonesart + N f dual abs · רֵחַיִם (H7347)Object of preposition אַחַררֵחַיִם (H7347), dual noun 'millstones' (the two grinding stones); grinding grain by hand was menial women's labor of the lowest social rank — the vivid opposite pole to Pharaoh on his throne.
וְכֹ֖לand allconj וְ + N m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with בְּכוֹר, coordinated additional subjectכֹּל (H3605); introduces a third category beyond the human merism — animal firstborn.
בְּכ֥וֹרthe firstborn ofN m sg constr · בְּכוֹר (H1060)Genitive complement of וְכֹל (construct chain)בְּכוֹר (H1060); extends the plague's totality to livestock as well as humans.
בְּהֵמָֽהcattle, livestockN f sg abs · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Genitive complement of בְּכוֹר (construct chain)בְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, cattle, livestock'; completes the totalizing scope of the tenth plague — man and beast alike (cf. 12:12, 29).
6
וְהָֽיְתָ֛ה צְעָקָ֥ה גְדֹלָ֖ה בְּכָל אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְכָמֹ֖הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף
And there shall be a great cry throughout all the land of Egypt, such as there has not been, nor will ever be again.
The 'never before, never again' superlative formula (also used of the locust plague, 10:14, and of Israel's future distress, cf. Dan 12:1) marks the tenth plague as the climactic, unsurpassed catastrophe of the whole cycle.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְהָֽיְתָ֛הand there shall beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the oracle)→ Weqatal: predictive continuation — certain future consequenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become, happen'; here existential, 'there will be.'
צְעָקָ֥הa cry, outcryN f sg abs · צְעָקָה (H6818)Subject of וְהָיְתָהצְעָקָה (H6818) 'outcry, wail'; the collective sound of Egypt's mourning, matched by Israel's earlier cry under bondage (2:23; 3:7).
גְדֹלָ֖הgreatadj f sg abs · גָּדוֹל (H1419)Attributive adjective modifying צְעָקָהגָּדוֹל (H1419) 'great'; intensifies the scale of the coming national lament.
בְּכָלthroughout all ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Adverbial prepositional phrase of extentכֹּל (H3605); בְּכָל אֶרֶץ 'throughout the whole land', stressing universal scope.
אֶ֣רֶץthe land ofN c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive complement of בְּכָל (construct chain)אֶרֶץ (H776); the land of Egypt as a whole, no district exempt.
מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive complement of אֶרֶץ (construct chain)מִצְרַיִם (H4714); repeated for the third time in three verses, hammering the plague's national reach.
אֲשֶׁ֤רsuch as, the like of whichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing comparative clause on צְעָקָהאֲשֶׁר (H834); introduces the superlative comparison clause 'such as has not been ... nor will be again.'
כָּמֹ֨הוּ֙like itprep כְּ + 3ms suffix · כָּמוֹ (H3644)Adverbial prepositional phrase of comparisonכָּמוֹ (H3644) 'like, as'; with 3ms suffix referring back to צְעָקָה, 'the like of it.'
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates נִהְיָתָהלֹא (H3808), the standard negative particle.
נִהְיָ֔תָהhas [not] been, happenedNiphal perf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of relative/comparative clause→ Perfective: retrospective — no precedent exists in Egypt's pastהָיָה (H1961) Niphal 'come to pass, happen'; the perfect looks back over Egypt's whole history to affirm this cry's unprecedented scale.
וְכָמֹ֖הוּand like itconj וְ + prep כְּ + 3ms suffix · כָּמוֹ (H3644)Coordinated adverbial prepositional phrase of comparisonכָּמוֹ (H3644); repeated to form the classic superlative merism (past and future).
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates תֹסִףלֹא (H3808); second negation, completing the 'never before, never again' formula.
תֹסִֽףwill [not] again happenHiphil impf 3fs · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb of comparative clause (future member)→ Yiqtol: modal negation of future recurrence — absolute uniqueness projected forwardיָסַף (H3254) Hiphil 'add, do again'; לֹא תֹסִף, 'it will not happen again' — the classic idiom of unrepeatable superlative catastrophe (cf. Joel 2:2; Dan 12:1).
7
וּלְכֹ֣ל בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ כֶּ֨לֶב֙ לְשֹׁנ֔וֹ לְמֵאִ֖ישׁ וְעַד בְּהֵמָ֑ה לְמַ֨עַן֙ תֵּֽדְע֔וּן אֲשֶׁר֙ יַפְלֶ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין מִצְרַ֖יִם וּבֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל
But against any of the sons of Israel not a dog shall move its tongue, against man or beast, so that you may know that YHWH makes a distinction between Egypt and Israel.
The 'not even a dog's tongue' idiom is proverbial for total, undisturbed peace; the purpose clause לְמַעַן תֵּדְעוּן ties the tenth plague to the cycle's recurring theological aim — Israel and Egypt alike are to recognize YHWH's discriminating power (cf. 8:18-19; 9:4).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וּלְכֹ֣לbut against any ofconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Adversative prepositional phrase, contrasting with Egypt (v.6)כֹּל (H3605); the construction וּלְכֹל forms an emphatic contrast: 'but as for all/any of the sons of Israel...'
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive complement of וּלְכֹל (construct chain)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard designation for the Israelites collectively.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֗לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement of בְּנֵי (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the covenant people, contrasted sharply with Egypt in this verse.
לֹ֤אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יֶחֱרַץלֹא (H3808); negates the dog's action, emphatic denial.
יֶֽחֱרַץshall sharpen, moveQal impf 3ms · חָרַץ (H2782)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol negated: emphatic future denial — total absence of even minimal disturbanceחָרַץ (H2782) 'to cut, sharpen, decide'; idiomatically of a dog's tongue, 'move, growl, snarl' — the same verb used of decisive action elsewhere, here of total canine silence.
כֶּ֨לֶב֙a dogN m sg abs · כֶּלֶב (H3611)Subject of יֶחֱרַץכֶּלֶב (H3611) 'dog'; proverbial for the least, most trivial disturbance — not even a dog will react.
לְשֹׁנ֔וֹits tongueN c sg constr + 3ms suffix · לָשׁוֹן (H3956)Direct object of יֶחֱרַץלָשׁוֹן (H3956) 'tongue'; the idiom 'sharpen/move the tongue' pictures a dog's growl or bark — none will occur against Israel.
לְמֵאִ֖ישׁagainst manprep לְ + prep מִן + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Adverbial prepositional phrase specifying scopeאִישׁ (H376); compound לְמֵאִישׁ, 'whether against man', extends the guarantee to Israel's people.
וְעַדorconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Coordinated prepositional phrase (correlative 'from...to')עַד (H5704); with לְמֵאִישׁ forms the merism 'whether man or beast', matching v.5's merism for Egypt's loss but now for Israel's untouched safety.
בְּהֵמָ֑הbeastN f sg abs · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Object of preposition וְעַדבְּהֵמָה (H929); completes the merism — not even Israel's livestock will be disturbed, unlike Egypt's (v.5).
לְמַ֨עַן֙so that, in order thatprep · מַעַן (H4616)Introduces final/purpose clauseמַעַן (H4616) 'purpose, sake'; לְמַעַן introduces the purpose of Israel's untouched safety.
תֵּֽדְע֔וּןyou may knowQal impf 2mp + paragogic nun · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb of purpose clause→ Yiqtol: purpose/modal — the intended cognitive effect of the distinctionיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; the recurring plague-cycle refrain (cf. 7:5,17; 8:6,18; 9:14,29) — the plagues exist so that Israel/Egypt 'may know' YHWH.
אֲשֶׁר֙thatrelative/complementizer particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Introduces the content clause complementing תֵּדְעוּןאֲשֶׁר (H834), here functioning as a complementizer, 'that', introducing the content of what Israel will know.
יַפְלֶ֣הmakes a distinctionHiphil impf 3ms · פָּלָה (H6395)Predicate verb of content clause→ Yiqtol: durative/characterizing — YHWH's ongoing act of differentiationפָּלָה (H6395) Hiphil 'set apart, distinguish'; the theological center of the plague cycle — YHWH discriminates between Egypt and Israel (cf. 8:18-19; 9:4,6).
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of יַפְלֶהיְהוָה (H3068); the sole agent of the distinguishing act.
בֵּ֥יןbetweenprep · בֵּין (H996)First prepositional term of the compound comparative constructionבֵּין (H996) 'between'; paired with the following וּבֵין in the standard 'between X and Y' construction.
מִצְרַ֖יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Object of preposition בֵּיןמִצְרַיִם (H4714); first term of the distinguished pair.
וּבֵ֥יןand betweenconj וְ + prep · בֵּין (H996)Second prepositional term of the compound constructionבֵּין (H996); completes the correlative pair.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Object of preposition וּבֵיןיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); second term — the covenant people whom YHWH distinguishes from Egypt.
8
וְיָרְד֣וּ כָל עֲבָדֶיךָ֩ אֵ֨לֶּה אֵלַ֜י וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ לִ֣י לֵאמֹ֗ר צֵ֤א אַתָּה֙ וְכָל הָעָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר בְּרַגְלֶ֔יךָ וְאַחֲרֵי כֵ֖ן אֵצֵ֑א וַיֵּצֵ֥א מֵֽעִם פַּרְעֹ֖ה בָּחֳרִי אָֽף
And all these your servants shall come down to me and bow down to me, saying, “Go out, you and all the people who follow at your feet”; and after that I will go out.’ And he went out from Pharaoh's presence in hot anger.
The verse pivots mid-stream: vv.8a-c continue Moses' quoted oracle (weqatal predictions of the courtiers' abject submission), while the final clause וַיֵּצֵא ... בָּחֳרִי אָף snaps back to narrated wayyiqtol, reporting Moses' actual, furious exit — the only place in the plague cycle where Moses' own anger, not just YHWH's or Pharaoh's, is noted.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וְיָרְד֣וּand they shall come downconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the oracle)→ Weqatal: predictive continuation — the anticipated response of Pharaoh's courtיָרַד (H3381) 'to go down'; the royal palace was presumably situated higher, so the courtiers 'come down' to Moses.
כָלallN m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with עֲבָדֶיךָ (subject)כֹּל (H3605); 'all your servants', totalizing Pharaoh's court.
עֲבָדֶיךָ֩your servantsN m pl constr + 2ms suffix · עֶבֶד (H5650)Subject of וְיָרְדוּ (genitive complement of כָל)עֶבֶד (H5650); Pharaoh's officials, addressed by Moses as 'your servants' since Moses is speaking to Pharaoh.
אֵ֨לֶּהthesedemonstrative pronoun c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying עֲבָדֶיךָאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; may gesture at the courtiers Moses expects to see submit.
אֵלַ֜יto meprep אֶל + 1cs suffix · אֶל (H413)Adverbial prepositional phrase, goal of יָרְדוּאֶל (H413) + 1cs suffix; Moses speaks in YHWH's first person throughout the oracle, so 'to me' = to YHWH's spokesman/representative.
וְהִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּand bow themselves downconj וְ + Hishtaphel (Hitpael) weqatal 3cp · חָוָה (H7812)Predicate verb (weqatal continuing the oracle)→ Weqatal: predictive continuation — the courtiers' total capitulationחָוָה (H7812) Hishtaphel 'bow down, prostrate oneself'; an act of homage/submission, striking given that it is offered to Moses, YHWH's representative, not to Pharaoh.
לִ֣יto meprep לְ + 1cs suffix · לְAdverbial prepositional phrase, indirect object of וְהִשְׁתַּחֲווּלְ, the basic dative preposition + 1cs suffix, 'to/before me.'
לֵאמֹ֗רsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitival complement introducing direct speech→ Infinitive construct: introduces quoted speech (standard formula)אָמַר (H559); the frozen infinitive construct לֵאמֹר, 'saying', regularly introduces a quotation.
צֵ֤אgo out!Qal impv 2ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb, direct imperative (quoted speech)→ Volitional: urgent direct commandיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the courtiers' urgent plea for Israel's departure, fulfilled in 12:31-33.
אַתָּה֙youindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Emphatic subject of the imperative צֵאאַתָּה (H859); emphasizes Moses personally as addressee of the plea.
וְכָלand allconj וְ + N m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinated subject with אַתָּהכֹּל (H3605); extends the command beyond Moses to the whole people.
הָעָ֣םthe peopleart + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive complement of וְכָל (construct chain)עַם (H5971); the Israelites, whose full departure the courtiers will beg for.
אֲשֶׁרwhorelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing modifying clause on הָעָםאֲשֶׁר (H834), 'who, which'.
בְּרַגְלֶ֔יךָfollow at your feetprep בְּ + N f dual constr + 2ms suffix · רֶגֶל (H7272)Predicate of relative clause on הָעָםרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot'; the idiom 'at X's feet' means 'following/under X's leadership' (cf. Judg 4:10; 8:5).
וְאַחֲרֵיand afterconj וְ + prep · אַחַר (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase heading the final clauseאַחַר (H310); construct אַחֲרֵי before כֵן.
כֵ֖ןthatadv · כֵּן (H3651)Object of preposition אַחֲרֵי (idiom 'after that')כֵּן (H3651); completes the idiom, echoing v.1's own אַחֲרֵי כֵן.
אֵצֵ֑אI will go outQal impf 1cs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb, closing Moses' (YHWH's) quoted oracle→ Yiqtol: resolved future action closing the speechיָצָא (H3318); Moses, still speaking as YHWH's mouthpiece, announces his own departure only after the courtiers' plea — the oracle's final line.
וַיֵּצֵ֥אand he went outconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (narrator resumes)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the scene's actual closeיָצָא (H3318); the narrator now reports, in the third person, that Moses did in fact leave — the oracle's delivery scene is complete.
מֵֽעִםfrom withprep מִן + prep · עִם (H5973)Adverbial prepositional phrase of sourceעִם (H5973) 'with'; compound מֵעִם, 'away from the presence of.'
פַּרְעֹ֖הPharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Object of preposition מֵעִםפַּרְעֹה (H6547); Moses' final exit from the king's presence, ending their confrontations (cf. 10:29).
בָּחֳרִיin the heat ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · חֳרִי (H2750)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerחֳרִי (H2750) 'heat, burning', from חָרָה; construct with אָף forms the idiom for burning anger.
אָֽףangerN m sg abs · אַף (H639)Genitive complement of בָּחֳרִי (construct chain)אַף (H639) 'nose, anger' (anger pictured as flaring nostrils); בָּחֳרִי אָף 'in hot/burning anger' describes Moses' own indignation at Pharaoh's obstinacy.
9
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל מֹשֶׁ֔ה לֹא יִשְׁמַ֥ע אֲלֵיכֶ֖ם פַּרְעֹ֑ה לְמַ֛עַן רְב֥וֹת מוֹפְתַ֖י בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם
And YHWH said to Moses, ‘Pharaoh will not listen to you, in order that my wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.’
A retrospective theological comment recalling the hardening predictions of 4:21 and 7:3-4; it reassures the reader that Pharaoh's continued refusal, far from thwarting YHWH's plan, serves the very purpose of multiplying his wonders.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וַיֹּ֤אמֶרand he saidconj וַ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (narrator resumes)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceאָמַר (H559); introduces the narrator's closing theological comment on the whole scene.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיֹּאמֶריְהוָה (H3068); this comment recalls YHWH's earlier private word to Moses (e.g. 4:21; 7:3-4) predicting Pharaoh's hardened refusal.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking addresseeאֶל (H413); 'to Moses.'
מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of preposition אֶלמֹשֶׁה (H4872).
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יִשְׁמַעלֹא (H3808); negates Pharaoh's future compliance.
יִשְׁמַ֥עwill listen, heedQal impf 3ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol negated: certain future refusalשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, listen, obey'; predicts Pharaoh's continued non-compliance even after this final oracle.
אֲלֵיכֶ֖םto youprep אֶל + 2mp suffix · אֶל (H413)Adverbial prepositional phrase, indirect object of יִשְׁמַעאֶל (H413) + 2mp suffix; addressed to Moses and (by extension) Aaron, cf. plural suffix.
פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Subject of יִשְׁמַעפַּרְעֹה (H6547); the subject of persistent refusal.
לְמַ֛עַןin order thatprep · מַעַן (H4616)Introduces final/purpose clauseמַעַן (H4616); ties Pharaoh's hardness of heart to YHWH's larger purpose of multiplying wonders.
רְב֥וֹתmay be multipliedQal inf constr · רָבָה (H7235)Predicate verb of purpose clause (infinitival)→ Infinitive construct: purpose — the intended increase of divine wondersרָבָה (H7235) 'to be much, increase'; the infinitive construct expresses purpose, 'that my wonders may increase.'
מוֹפְתַ֖יmy wondersN m pl constr + 1cs suffix · מוֹפֵת (H4159)Subject of the infinitive clause רְבוֹתמוֹפֵת (H4159) 'wonder, sign, portent'; YHWH's first-person possession stresses that the plagues are his self-revelatory acts (cf. 7:3).
בְּאֶ֥רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of locationאֶרֶץ (H776); the stage on which YHWH's wonders are multiplied.
מִצְרָֽיִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive complement of בְּאֶרֶץ (construct chain)מִצְרַיִם (H4714); the final occurrence of the refrain closing the plague cycle proper.
10
וּמֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת כָּל הַמֹּפְתִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַיְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְלֹֽא שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת בְּנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ
Now Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh; and YHWH hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he did not send the sons of Israel out of his land.
The classic plague-cycle closing formula (cf. 7:13, 22; 8:15, 19; 9:12, 35) seals the entire nine-plague sequence and the tenth plague's oracle alike, using the recurring hardening idiom to explain Pharaoh's non-release before the narrative turns to the Passover instructions of ch. 12.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
וּמֹשֶׁ֣הand Mosesconj וְ + N proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject (first member of compound)מֹשֶׁה (H4872); paired with Aaron as the two agents of the plague signs.
וְאַהֲרֹ֗ןand Aaronconj וְ + N proper · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Coordinated subject (second member of compound)אַהֲרֹן (H175), Moses' brother and spokesman/co-agent throughout the plague cycle (cf. 7:1-2).
עָשׂ֛וּdidQal perf 3cp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (summary statement)→ Perfective: summarizing/retrospective narrative noteעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make, perform'; the standard verb of the closing plague-cycle summary formula.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking הַמֹּפְתִים as the definite direct object; untranslated in English.
כָּלallN m sg constr (quantifier) · כֹּל (H3605)Quantifier in construct with הַמֹּפְתִים (direct object)כֹּל (H3605); 'all these wonders', totalizing the entire nine-plus-one plague sequence.
הַמֹּפְתִ֥יםthe wondersart + N m pl abs · מוֹפֵת (H4159)Direct object (genitive complement of כָּל)מוֹפֵת (H4159) 'wonder, sign'; the same term as in v.9, now referring to the whole accomplished sequence.
הָאֵ֖לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pronoun c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַמֹּפְתִיםאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; points back over the entire narrated plague cycle, chs. 7-11.
לִפְנֵ֣יbeforeprep לְ + N c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Adverbial prepositional phrase of locationפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; לִפְנֵי, 'before, in the presence of', the standard idiom for royal audience.
פַרְעֹ֑הPharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Object of preposition לִפְנֵיפַּרְעֹה (H6547); the sole royal witness to whom the wonders were performed.
וַיְחַזֵּ֤קand he hardenedconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · חָזַק (H2388)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main clause)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceחָזַק (H2388) Piel 'strengthen, harden'; the recurring theological formula explaining Pharaoh's persistent refusal (cf. 4:21; 7:13, 22; 9:12).
יְהוָה֙YHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיְחַזֵּקיְהוָה (H3068); explicitly the agent hardening Pharaoh's heart in this closing summary.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking לֵב פַּרְעֹה as the definite direct object; untranslated in English.
לֵ֣בheart ofN m sg constr · לֵב (H3820)Direct object of וַיְחַזֵּק (construct head)לֵב (H3820) 'heart, mind, will'; the seat of Pharaoh's resolve, repeatedly hardened by YHWH across the cycle.
פַּרְעֹ֔הPharaohN proper · פַּרְעֹה (H6547)Genitive complement of לֵב (construct chain)פַּרְעֹה (H6547); the object of the hardening.
וְלֹֽאand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates שִׁלַּחלֹא (H3808); negates Pharaoh's release of Israel, closing the cycle on continued refusal.
שִׁלַּ֥חhe sent awayPiel perf 3ms · שָׁלַח (H7971)Predicate verb (main clause, negated)→ Perfective negated: continued refusal, decisive non-actionשָׁלַח (H7971) Piel 'send away, release'; the same verb repeatedly demanded throughout the cycle (5:1; 7:16; 8:1, etc.), here finally denied one last time.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל as the definite direct object; untranslated in English.
בְּנֵֽיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Direct object of שִׁלַּח (construct head)בֵּן (H1121); בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, the Israelites collectively.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive complement of בְּנֵי (construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); the covenant people, still unreleased as the plague cycle closes.
מֵאַרְצֽוֹfrom his landprep מִן + N c sg constr + 3ms suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of sourceאֶרֶץ (H776) + 3ms suffix; 'his land' — Pharaoh's own territory, from which he refuses to let Israel depart, setting up the final Passover night of ch. 12.