1
דִּבְרֵי֙ קֹהֶ֣לֶת בֶּן דָּוִ֔ד מֶ֖לֶךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם
The words of the Preacher, the son of David, king in Jerusalem.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Nominal or particle frame. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
דִּבְרֵי֙the words ofN c · דָּבָר (H1697)Construct chain (genitival)דָּבָר (H1697) 'the words of'.
קֹהֶ֣לֶתpreacherN c · קֹהֶלֶת (H6953)Construct chain (genitival)קֹהֶלֶת (H6953) 'preacher'.
בֶּןson ofN c · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival)בֵּן (H1121) 'son of'.
דָּוִ֔דDavidN · דָּוִד (H1732)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דָּוִד (H1732) 'David'.
מֶ֖לֶךְking ofN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king of'.
בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽםin Jerusalemprep + N proper · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'in Jerusalem'.
2
הֲבֵ֤ל הֲבָלִים֙ אָמַ֣ר קֹהֶ֔לֶת הֲבֵ֥ל הֲבָלִ֖ים הַכֹּ֥ל הָֽבֶל
Vanity of vanities, says the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all vanity.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'he said'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
הֲבֵ֤לwith their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
הֲבָלִים֙with their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
אָמַ֣רhe saidQal perf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actאָמַר (H559) 'he said'.
קֹהֶ֔לֶתpreacherN c · קֹהֶלֶת (H6953)Construct chain (genitival)קֹהֶלֶת (H6953) 'preacher'.
הֲבֵ֥לwith their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
הֲבָלִ֖יםwith their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
הַכֹּ֥לeverythingart + N com m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'everything'.
הָֽבֶלwith their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
3
מַה יִּתְר֖וֹן לָֽאָדָ֑ם בְּכָל עֲמָל֔וֹ שֶֽׁיַּעֲמֹ֖ל תַּ֥חַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ
What profit has a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun?
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'toil'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
מַהwhatinterrog. · מָה (H4100)Particle or relational elementמָה (H4100) 'what'.
יִּתְר֖וֹןbetterN c · יִתְרוֹן (H3504)Construct chain (genitival)יִתְרוֹן (H3504) 'better'.
לָֽאָדָ֑םto manprep + art + N com m sg abs · אָדָם (H120)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָדָם (H120) 'to man'.
בְּכָלin allprep + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'in all'.
עֲמָל֔וֹtroubleN c · עָמָל (H5999)Construct chain (genitival)עָמָל (H5999) 'trouble'.
שֶֽׁיַּעֲמֹ֖לtoilrel. שֶׁ + Qal impf 3ms · עָמַל (H5998)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָמַל (H5998) 'toil'.
תַּ֥חַתunderprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Particle or relational elementתַּחַת (H8478) 'under'.
הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁthe sunart + N com c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'the sun'.
4
דּ֤וֹר הֹלֵךְ֙ וְד֣וֹר בָּ֔א וְהָאָ֖רֶץ לְעוֹלָ֥ם עֹמָֽדֶת
generation passeth away, and generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'went'.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
דּ֤וֹרgenerationN c · דּוֹר (H1755)Construct chain (genitival)דּוֹר (H1755) 'generation'.
הֹלֵךְ֙wentQal ptc ms · הָלַךְ (H1980)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָלַךְ (H1980) 'went'.
וְד֣וֹרand generationconj וְ + N com m sg abs · דּוֹר (H1755)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דּוֹר (H1755) 'and generation'.
בָּ֔אcameQal ptc ms · בּוֹא (H935)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorבּוֹא (H935) 'came'.
וְהָאָ֖רֶץand the landconj וְ + art + N com c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'and the land'.
לְעוֹלָ֥םforeverprep + N com m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עוֹלָם (H5769) 'forever'.
עֹמָֽדֶתyou stoodQal ptc fs · עָמַד (H5975)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעָמַד (H5975) 'you stood'.
5
וְזָרַ֥ח הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ וּבָ֣א הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ וְאֶ֨ל מְקוֹמ֔וֹ שׁוֹאֵ֛ף זוֹרֵ֥חַֽ ה֖וּא שָֽׁם
The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְזָרַ֥חand he dawnedconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · זָרַח (H2224)Particle or relational elementזָרַח (H2224) 'and he dawned'.
הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁthe sunart + N com c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'the sun'.
וּבָ֣אand he shall comeconj וְ + Qal q 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Particle or relational elementבּוֹא (H935) 'and he shall come'.
הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁthe sunart + N com c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'the sun'.
וְאֶ֨לand toconj וְ + prep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'and to'.
מְקוֹמ֔וֹthe placeN c · מָקוֹם (H4725)Construct chain (genitival)מָקוֹם (H4725) 'the place'.
שׁוֹאֵ֛ףandQal ptc ms · שָׁאַף (H7602)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשָׁאַף (H7602) 'and'.
זוֹרֵ֥חַֽand he dawnedQal ptc ms · זָרַח (H2224)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorזָרַח (H2224) 'and he dawned'.
ה֖וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
שָֽׁםthereart · שָׁם (H8033)Particle or relational elementשָׁם (H8033) 'there'.
6
הוֹלֵךְ֙ אֶל דָּר֔וֹם וְסוֹבֵ֖ב אֶל צָפ֑וֹן סוֹבֵ֤ב סֹבֵב֙ הוֹלֵ֣ךְ הָר֔וּחַ וְעַל סְבִיבֹתָ֖יו שָׁ֥ב הָרֽוּחַ
The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about to the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'walking'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
הוֹלֵךְ֙walkingQal ptc ms · הָלַךְ (H1980)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָלַךְ (H1980) 'walking'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
דָּר֔וֹםand the southN c · דָּרוֹם (H1864)Construct chain (genitival)דָּרוֹם (H1864) 'and the south'.
וְסוֹבֵ֖בand they marched aroundconj וְ + Qal ptc ms · סָבַב (H5437)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorסָבַב (H5437) 'and they marched around'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
צָפ֑וֹןnorthN c · צָפוֹן (H6828)Construct chain (genitival)צָפוֹן (H6828) 'north'.
סוֹבֵ֤בand they marched aroundQal ptc ms · סָבַב (H5437)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorסָבַב (H5437) 'and they marched around'.
סֹבֵב֙and they marched aroundQal ptc ms · סָבַב (H5437)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorסָבַב (H5437) 'and they marched around'.
הוֹלֵ֣ךְwalkingQal ptc ms · הָלַךְ (H1980)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָלַךְ (H1980) 'walking'.
הָר֔וּחַthe spiritart + N com c sg abs · רוּחַ (H7307)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רוּחַ (H7307) 'the spirit'.
וְעַלand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'and on'.
סְבִיבֹתָ֖יוall aroundN c · סָבִיב (H5439)Construct chain (genitival)סָבִיב (H5439) 'all around'.
שָׁ֥בreturn!Qal ptc ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשׁוּב (H7725) 'return!'.
הָרֽוּחַthe spiritart + N com c sg abs · רוּחַ (H7307)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רוּחַ (H7307) 'the spirit'.
7
כָּל הַנְּחָלִים֙ הֹלְכִ֣ים אֶל הַיָּ֔ם וְהַיָּ֖ם אֵינֶ֣נּוּ מָלֵ֑א אֶל מְק֗וֹם שֶׁ֤הַנְּחָלִים֙ הֹֽלְכִ֔ים שָׁ֛ם הֵ֥ם שָׁבִ֖ים לָלָֽכֶת
All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea not full; to the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'going'.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
הַנְּחָלִים֙the wadisart + N com m pl abs · נַחַל (H5158)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נַחַל (H5158) 'the wadis'.
הֹלְכִ֣יםgoingQal ptc mp · הָלַךְ (H1980)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָלַךְ (H1980) 'going'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
הַיָּ֔םthe seaart + N com m sg abs · יָם (H3220)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָם (H3220) 'the sea'.
וְהַיָּ֖םand the [Great] Seaconj וְ + art + N com m sg abs · יָם (H3220)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָם (H3220) 'and the [Great] Sea'.
אֵינֶ֣נּוּis notneg. + sfx 3ms · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'is not'.
מָלֵ֑אfull ofAdj · מָלֵא (H4392)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָלֵא (H4392) 'full of'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
מְק֗וֹםa placeN c · מָקוֹם (H4725)Construct chain (genitival)מָקוֹם (H4725) 'a place'.
שֶׁ֤הַנְּחָלִים֙the brook ofrel. שֶׁ + art + N com m pl abs · נַחַל (H5158)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נַחַל (H5158) 'the brook of'.
הֹֽלְכִ֔יםgoingQal ptc mp · הָלַךְ (H1980)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorהָלַךְ (H1980) 'going'.
שָׁ֛םthereart · שָׁם (H8033)Particle or relational elementשָׁם (H8033) 'there'.
הֵ֥םtheypron 3mp · הֵמָּה (H1992)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הֵמָּה (H1992) 'they'.
שָׁבִ֖יםand he returnedQal ptc mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorשׁוּב (H7725) 'and he returned'.
לָלָֽכֶתto goprep + Qal inf constr · הָלַךְ (H3212)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementהָלַךְ (H3212) 'to go'.
8
כָּל הַדְּבָרִ֣ים יְגֵעִ֔ים לֹא יוּכַ֥ל אִ֖ישׁ לְדַבֵּ֑ר לֹא תִשְׂבַּ֥ע עַ֨יִן֙ לִרְא֔וֹת וְלֹא תִמָּלֵ֥א אֹ֖זֶן מִשְּׁמֹֽעַ
All things full of labour; man cannot utter : the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'he may'.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
הַדְּבָרִ֣יםthe wordsart + N com m pl abs · דָּבָר (H1697)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דָּבָר (H1697) 'the words'.
יְגֵעִ֔יםand tiredAdj · יָגֵעַ (H3023)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יָגֵעַ (H3023) 'and tired'.
לֹאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוּכַ֥לhe mayQal impf 3ms · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָכֹל (H3201) 'he may'.
אִ֖ישׁa manN c · אִישׁ (H376)Construct chain (genitival)אִישׁ (H376) 'a man'.
לְדַבֵּ֑רto speakprep + Piel inf constr · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementדִּבֶּר (H1696) 'to speak'.
לֹאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
תִשְׂבַּ֥עand be satisfiedQal impf 3fs · שָׂבַע (H7646)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשָׂבַע (H7646) 'and be satisfied'.
עַ֨יִן֙eyeN c · עַיִן (H5869)Construct chain (genitival)עַיִן (H5869) 'eye'.
לִרְא֔וֹתto seeprep + Qal inf constr · רָאָה (H7200)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'and not'.
תִמָּלֵ֥אyou shall ordainN · מָלֵא (H4390)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָלֵא (H4390) 'you shall ordain'.
אֹ֖זֶןthe ear ofN c · אֹזֶן (H241)Construct chain (genitival)אֹזֶן (H241) 'the ear of'.
מִשְּׁמֹֽעַand he heardprep + Qal inf constr · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementשָׁמַע (H8085) 'and he heard'.
9
מַה שֶּֽׁהָיָה֙ ה֣וּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶ֔ה וּמַה שֶׁנַּֽעֲשָׂ֔ה ה֖וּא שֶׁיֵּעָשֶׂ֑ה וְאֵ֥ין כָּל חָדָ֖שׁ תַּ֥חַת הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ
The thing that has been, it which shall be; and that which is done that which shall be done: and no new under the sun.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Wayyehî scene-setting or temporal hinge.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
מַהwhatinterrog. · מָה (H4100)Particle or relational elementמָה (H4100) 'what'.
שֶּֽׁהָיָה֙and it happenedrel. שֶׁ + Qal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'and it happened'.
ה֣וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
שֶׁיִּהְיֶ֔הand it happenedrel. שֶׁ + Qal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'and it happened'.
וּמַהand whatconj וְ + interrog. · מָה (H4100)Particle or relational elementמָה (H4100) 'and what'.
שֶׁנַּֽעֲשָׂ֔הhe didrel. שֶׁ + Niphal perf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָשָׂה (H6213) 'he did'.
ה֖וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
שֶׁיֵּעָשֶׂ֑הhe didrel. שֶׁ + Niphal impf 3ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalעָשָׂה (H6213) 'he did'.
וְאֵ֥יןand there is noconj וְ + neg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'and there is no'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
חָדָ֖שׁnewAdj · חָדָשׁ (H2319)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָדָשׁ (H2319) 'new'.
תַּ֥חַתunderprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Particle or relational elementתַּחַת (H8478) 'under'.
הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁthe sunart + N com c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'the sun'.
10
יֵ֥שׁ דָּבָ֛ר שֶׁיֹּאמַ֥ר רְאֵה זֶ֖ה חָדָ֣שׁ ה֑וּא כְּבָר֙ הָיָ֣ה לְעֹֽלָמִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָיָ֖ה מִלְּפָנֵֽנוּ
Is there thing whereof it may be said, See, this new? it has been already of old time, which was before us.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and he said'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
יֵ֥שׁthere isadv. · יֵשׁ (H3426)Particle or relational elementיֵשׁ (H3426) 'there is'.
דָּבָ֛רthe matter ofN c · דָּבָר (H1697)Construct chain (genitival)דָּבָר (H1697) 'the matter of'.
שֶׁיֹּאמַ֥רand he saidrel. שֶׁ + Qal impf 3ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalאָמַר (H559) 'and he said'.
רְאֵהseeQal impv 2ms · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeרָאָה (H7200) 'see'.
זֶ֖הthisdem. pron xms · זֶה (H2088)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֶה (H2088) 'this'.
חָדָ֣שׁnewAdj · חָדָשׁ (H2319)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָדָשׁ (H2319) 'new'.
ה֑וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
כְּבָר֙alreadyart · כְּבָר (H3528)Particle or relational elementכְּבָר (H3528) 'already'.
הָיָ֣הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
לְעֹֽלָמִ֔יםperpetuityprep + N com m pl abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עוֹלָם (H5769) 'perpetuity'.
אֲשֶׁ֥רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
הָיָ֖הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
מִלְּפָנֵֽנוּbeforeprep + prep + N com c pl constr + sfx 1cp · פָּנִים (H6440)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִים (H6440) 'before'.
11
אֵ֥ין זִכְר֖וֹן לָרִאשֹׁנִ֑ים וְגַ֨ם לָאַחֲרֹנִ֜ים שֶׁיִּהְי֗וּ לֹֽא יִהְיֶ֤ה לָהֶם֙ זִכָּר֔וֹן עִ֥ם שֶׁיִּהְי֖וּ לָאַחֲרֹנָֽה
no remembrance of former ; neither shall there be remembrance of that are to come with that shall come after.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Wayyehî scene-setting or temporal hinge.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
אֵ֥יןthere is notneg. · אַיִן (H369)Particle or relational elementאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'.
זִכְר֖וֹןa memorialN c · זִכָרוֹן (H2146)Construct chain (genitival)זִכָרוֹן (H2146) 'a memorial'.
לָרִאשֹׁנִ֑יםthe firstprep + art + Adj · רִאשׁוֹן (H7223)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רִאשׁוֹן (H7223) 'the first'.
וְגַ֨םand alsoconj וְ + particle · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'and also'.
לָאַחֲרֹנִ֜יםafterwardprep + art + Adj · אַחֲרוֹן (H314)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַחֲרוֹן (H314) 'afterward'.
שֶׁיִּהְי֗וּand it happenedrel. שֶׁ + Qal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'and it happened'.
לֹֽאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יִהְיֶ֤הshall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'shall be'.
לָהֶם֙to themprep + sfx 3mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to them'.
זִכָּר֔וֹןa memorialN c · זִכָרוֹן (H2146)Construct chain (genitival)זִכָרוֹן (H2146) 'a memorial'.
עִ֥םwithprep · עִם (H5973)Particle or relational elementעִם (H5973) 'with'.
שֶׁיִּהְי֖וּand it happenedrel. שֶׁ + Qal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָיָה (H1961) 'and it happened'.
לָאַחֲרֹנָֽהlastprep + art + Adj · אַחֲרוֹן (H314)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַחֲרוֹן (H314) 'last'.
12
אֲנִ֣י קֹהֶ֗לֶת הָיִ֥יתִי מֶ֛לֶךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם
I the Preacher was king over Israel in Jerusalem.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'I have been'.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
אֲנִ֣יIpron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֲנִי (H589) 'I'.
קֹהֶ֗לֶתpreacherN c · קֹהֶלֶת (H6953)Construct chain (genitival)קֹהֶלֶת (H6953) 'preacher'.
הָיִ֥יתִיI have beenQal perf 1cs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'I have been'.
מֶ֛לֶךְking ofN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king of'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽםin Jerusalemprep + N proper · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'in Jerusalem'.
13
וְנָתַ֣תִּי אֶת לִבִּ֗י לִדְר֤וֹשׁ וְלָתוּר֙ בַּֽחָכְמָ֔ה עַ֛ל כָּל אֲשֶׁ֥ר נַעֲשָׂ֖ה תַּ֣חַת הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם ה֣וּא עִנְיַ֣ן רָ֗ע נָתַ֧ן אֱלֹהִ֛ים לִבְנֵ֥י הָאָדָ֖ם לַעֲנ֥וֹת בּֽוֹ
And I gave my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all that are done under heaven: this sore travail has God given to the sons of man to be exercised therewith.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and I will give'.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
וְנָתַ֣תִּיand I will giveconj וְ + Qal perf 1cs · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָתַן (H5414) 'and I will give'.
אֶת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
לִבִּ֗יmy heartN c · לֵב (H3820)Construct chain (genitival)לֵב (H3820) 'my heart'.
לִדְר֤וֹשׁI will requireprep + Qal inf constr · דָּרַשׁ (H1875)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementדָּרַשׁ (H1875) 'I will require'.
וְלָתוּר֙to scout outconj וְ + prep + Qal inf constr · תּוּר (H8446)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementתּוּר (H8446) 'to scout out'.
בַּֽחָכְמָ֔הin wisdomprep + art + N com f sg abs · חָכְמָה (H2451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חָכְמָה (H2451) 'in wisdom'.
עַ֛לonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
אֲשֶׁ֥רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
נַעֲשָׂ֖הwe will doN · עָשָׂה (H6213)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָשָׂה (H6213) 'we will do'.
תַּ֣חַתunderprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Particle or relational elementתַּחַת (H8478) 'under'.
הַשָּׁמָ֑יִםthe heavensart + N com m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'the heavens'.
ה֣וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
עִנְיַ֣ןbusinessN c · עִנְיָן (H6045)Construct chain (genitival)עִנְיָן (H6045) 'business'.
רָ֗עbadAdj · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'bad'.
נָתַ֧ןis givingQal perf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָתַן (H5414) 'is giving'.
אֱלֹהִ֛יםGodN c · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Construct chain (genitival)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'.
לִבְנֵ֥יof the sons ofprep + N com m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בֵּן (H1121) 'of the sons of'.
הָאָדָ֖םthe humanart + N com m sg abs · אָדָם (H120)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָדָם (H120) 'the human'.
לַעֲנ֥וֹתand you shall afflictprep + Qal inf constr · עָנָה (H6031)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementעָנָה (H6031) 'and you shall afflict'.
בּֽוֹin itprep + sfx 3msParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'in it'.
14
רָאִ֨יתִי֙ אֶת כָּל הַֽמַּעֲשִׂ֔ים שֶֽׁנַּעֲשׂ֖וּ תַּ֣חַת הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ וְהִנֵּ֥ה הַכֹּ֛ל הֶ֖בֶל וּרְע֥וּת רֽוּחַ
I have seen all the works that are done under the sun; and, behold, all vanity and vexation of spirit.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'I have seen'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
רָאִ֨יתִי֙I have seenQal perf 1cs · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actרָאָה (H7200) 'I have seen'.
אֶת(obj)obj marker · אֵת (H853)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H853) '(obj)'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
הַֽמַּעֲשִׂ֔יםthe worksart + N com m pl abs · מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639) 'the works'.
שֶֽׁנַּעֲשׂ֖וּhe didrel. שֶׁ + Niphal perf 3cp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actעָשָׂה (H6213) 'he did'.
תַּ֣חַתunderprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Particle or relational elementתַּחַת (H8478) 'under'.
הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁthe sunart + N com c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'the sun'.
וְהִנֵּ֥הand beholdconj וְ + adv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'and behold'.
הַכֹּ֛לeverythingart + N com m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'everything'.
הֶ֖בֶלwith their idolsN c · הֶבֶל (H1892)Construct chain (genitival)הֶבֶל (H1892) 'with their idols'.
וּרְע֥וּתandconj וְ + N com f sg constr · רְעוּת (H7469)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רְעוּת (H7469) 'and'.
רֽוּחַa spirit ofN c · רוּחַ (H7307)Construct chain (genitival)רוּחַ (H7307) 'a spirit of'.
15
מְעֻוָּ֖ת לֹא יוּכַ֣ל לִתְקֹ֑ן וְחֶסְר֖וֹן לֹא יוּכַ֥ל לְהִמָּנֽוֹת
crooked cannot be made straight: and that which is wanting cannot be numbered.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'has bent/wronged me'.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
מְעֻוָּ֖תhas bent/wronged mePual ptc ms · עִוֵּת (H5791)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorעִוֵּת (H5791) 'has bent/wronged me'.
לֹאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוּכַ֣לhe mayQal impf 3ms · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָכֹל (H3201) 'he may'.
לִתְקֹ֑ןtoprep + Qal inf constr · תָּקַן (H8626)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementתָּקַן (H8626) 'to'.
וְחֶסְר֖וֹןandconj וְ + N com m sg abs · חֶסְרוֹן (H2642)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חֶסְרוֹן (H2642) 'and'.
לֹאnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יוּכַ֥לhe mayQal impf 3ms · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָכֹל (H3201) 'he may'.
לְהִמָּנֽוֹתhas countedprep + Niphal inf constr · מָנָה (H4487)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementמָנָה (H4487) 'has counted'.
16
דִּבַּ֨רְתִּי אֲנִ֤י עִם לִבִּי֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר אֲנִ֗י הִנֵּ֨ה הִגְדַּ֤לְתִּי וְהוֹסַ֨פְתִּי֙ חָכְמָ֔ה עַ֛ל כָּל אֲשֶׁר הָיָ֥ה לְפָנַ֖י עַל יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וְלִבִּ֛י רָאָ֥ה הַרְבֵּ֖ה חָכְמָ֥ה וָדָֽעַת
I communed with mine own heart, saying, Lo, I am come to great estate, and have gotten more wisdom than all that have been before me in Jerusalem: yea, my heart had great experience of wisdom and knowledge.
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'I spoke'. Speech formula or quoted address.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
דִּבַּ֨רְתִּיI spokePiel perf 1cs · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actדִּבֶּר (H1696) 'I spoke'.
אֲנִ֤יIpron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֲנִי (H589) 'I'.
עִםwithprep · עִם (H5973)Particle or relational elementעִם (H5973) 'with'.
לִבִּי֙my heartN c · לֵב (H3820)Construct chain (genitival)לֵב (H3820) 'my heart'.
לֵאמֹ֔רsayingprep + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementאָמַר (H559) 'saying'.
אֲנִ֗יIpron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֲנִי (H589) 'I'.
הִנֵּ֨הbeholdadv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'behold'.
הִגְדַּ֤לְתִּיand he grewHiphil perf 1cs · גָּדַל (H1431)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actגָּדַל (H1431) 'and he grew'.
וְהוֹסַ֨פְתִּי֙he shall addconj וְ + Hiphil perf 1cs · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָסַף (H3254) 'he shall add'.
חָכְמָ֔הwisdomN c · חָכְמָה (H2451)Construct chain (genitival)חָכְמָה (H2451) 'wisdom'.
עַ֛לonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
אֲשֶׁרthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
הָיָ֥הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
לְפָנַ֖יbeforeprep + N com c pl constr + sfx 1cs · פָּנִים (H6440)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִים (H6440) 'before'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑םJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
וְלִבִּ֛יhis heartconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 1cs · לֵב (H3820)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לֵב (H3820) 'his heart'.
רָאָ֥הseeQal perf 3ms · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actרָאָה (H7200) 'see'.
הַרְבֵּ֖הgreatlyHiphil inf abs · רָבָה (H7235)Infinitive absolute→ Infinitive absolute: emphasis or attendant actionרָבָה (H7235) 'greatly'.
חָכְמָ֥הwisdomN c · חָכְמָה (H2451)Construct chain (genitival)חָכְמָה (H2451) 'wisdom'.
וָדָֽעַתthe knowledge ofconj וְ + N com f sg abs · דַּעַת (H1847)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דַּעַת (H1847) 'the knowledge of'.
17
וָאֶתְּנָ֤ה לִבִּי֙ לָדַ֣עַת חָכְמָ֔ה וְדַ֥עַת הוֹלֵל֖וֹת וְשִׂכְל֑וּת יָדַ֕עְתִּי שֶׁגַּם זֶ֥ה ה֖וּא רַעְי֥וֹן רֽוּחַ
And I gave my heart to know wisdom, and to know madness and folly: I perceived that this also is vexation of spirit.
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Narrative wayyiqtol — foregrounded sequential action. Lead predicate is 'and I will give'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וָאֶתְּנָ֤הand I will giveconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 1cs + Sh · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (wayyiqtol of narrative sequence)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceנָתַן (H5414) 'and I will give'.
לִבִּי֙my heartN c · לֵב (H3820)Construct chain (genitival)לֵב (H3820) 'my heart'.
לָדַ֣עַתto knowprep + Qal inf constr · יָדַע (H3045)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'.
חָכְמָ֔הwisdomN c · חָכְמָה (H2451)Construct chain (genitival)חָכְמָה (H2451) 'wisdom'.
וְדַ֥עַתI knowconj וְ + Qal inf constr · יָדַע (H3045)Infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose, result, or complementיָדַע (H3045) 'I know'.
הוֹלֵל֖וֹתmadnessN c · הוֹלֵלָה (H1947)Construct chain (genitival)הוֹלֵלָה (H1947) 'madness'.
וְשִׂכְל֑וּתandconj וְ + N com f sg abs · סִכְלוּת (H5531)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)סִכְלוּת (H5531) 'and'.
יָדַ֕עְתִּיI knowQal perf 1cs · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָדַע (H3045) 'I know'.
שֶׁגַּםalsorel. שֶׁ + art · גַּם (H1571)Particle or relational elementגַּם (H1571) 'also'.
זֶ֥הthisdem. pron xms · זֶה (H2088)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֶה (H2088) 'this'.
ה֖וּאhepron 3ms · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'he'.
רַעְי֥וֹןvexationN c · רַעְיוֹן (H7475)Construct chain (genitival)רַעְיוֹן (H7475) 'vexation'.
רֽוּחַa spirit ofN c · רוּחַ (H7307)Construct chain (genitival)רוּחַ (H7307) 'a spirit of'.
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כִּ֛י בְּרֹ֥ב חָכְמָ֖ה רָב כָּ֑עַס וְיוֹסִ֥יף דַּ֖עַת יוֹסִ֥יף מַכְאֽוֹב
For in much wisdom much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'he shall add'. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
כִּ֛יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
בְּרֹ֥בfor multitudeprep + N com c sg constr · רֹב (H7230)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רֹב (H7230) 'for multitude'.
חָכְמָ֖הwisdomN c · חָכְמָה (H2451)Construct chain (genitival)חָכְמָה (H2451) 'wisdom'.
רָבgreatN c · רַב (H7227)Construct chain (genitival)רַב (H7227) 'great'.
כָּ֑עַסthe provocation ofN c · כַּעַס (H3708)Construct chain (genitival)כַּעַס (H3708) 'the provocation of'.
וְיוֹסִ֥יףhe shall addconj וְ + Hiphil impf 3ms · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָסַף (H3254) 'he shall add'.
דַּ֖עַתknowledgeN c · דַּעַת (H1847)Construct chain (genitival)דַּעַת (H1847) 'knowledge'.
יוֹסִ֥יףhe will continueHiphil impf 3ms · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalיָסַף (H3254) 'he will continue'.
מַכְאֽוֹבtheir sufferingsN c · מַכְאוֹב (H4341)Construct chain (genitival)מַכְאוֹב (H4341) 'their sufferings'.