Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Micah, Chapter 1מיכה 1

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Micah 1 (16 verses in the MT) opens: The word of YHWH that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. The middle of the chapter continues: For her wound incurable; for it is come to Judah; he is come to the gate of my people, to Jerusalem. It closes: Make you bald, and poll you for your delicate children; enlarge your baldness as the eagle; for they are gone into captivity from you.

Translation & textual notes

The Hebrew base text here follows the Masoretic Text in the Leningrad tradition as represented by the Westminster Leningrad Codex / MorphHB diplomatic stream imported from OSHB; distinctively copyrighted apparatus from BHS or BHQ is not reproduced. Micah 1 comprises 16 verses in MT order. Movement I (vv. 1-4) — The word of YHWH that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham. The word of YHWH that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. Hear, all you people; hearken, O earth, and all that therein is: and let YHWH YHWH be witness against you, YHWH from his holy temple. For, behold, YHWH cometh forth out of his place, and will come down, and. Movement II (vv. 5-8) — For the transgression of Jacob all this, and for the sins of the house o. For the transgression of Jacob all this, and for the sins of the house of Israel. What the transgression of Jacob? not Samaria? and what the high places of Judah? not Jerusalem? Therefore I will make Samaria as an heap of the field, as plantings of a vineyard: and I will pour down the stones thereof into the valley, and I will discover the foundations. Movement III (vv. 9-12) — For her wound incurable; for it is come to Judah; he is come to the gate. For her wound incurable; for it is come to Judah; he is come to the gate of my people, to Jerusalem. Declare you not at Gath, weep you not at all: in the house of Aphrah roll thyself in the dust. Pass you away, you inhabitant of Saphir, having your shame naked: the inhabitant of Zaanan came not forth in the mourning of Bethezel; he shall receive of you his. Movement IV (vv. 13-16) — O you inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift beast: she th. O you inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift beast: she the beginning of the sin to the daughter of Zion: for the transgressions of Israel were found in you. Therefore shall you give presents to Moreshethgath: the houses of Achzib a lie to the kings of Israel. Yet will I bring an heir to you, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he shall come to Adullam. Where English printed Bibles divide verses differently, this annotation follows MT versification throughout.

1

דְּבַר יְהוָ֣ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֗ה אֶל מִיכָה֙ הַמֹּ֣רַשְׁתִּ֔י בִּימֵ֥י יוֹתָ֛ם אָחָ֥ז יְחִזְקִיָּ֖ה מַלְכֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֑ה אֲשֶׁר חָזָ֥ה עַל שֹׁמְר֖וֹן וִירֽוּשָׁלִָֽם

The word of YHWH that came to Micah the Morasthite in the days of Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'was'. Opens the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
דְּבַרthe matter ofN c · דָּבָר (H1697)Construct chain (genitival)דָּבָר (H1697) 'the matter of'.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
אֲשֶׁ֣רthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
הָיָ֗הwasQal perf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actהָיָה (H1961) 'was'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Particle or relational elementאֶל (H413) 'to'.
מִיכָה֙MicahN · מִיכָה (H4318)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מִיכָה (H4318) 'Micah'.
הַמֹּ֣רַשְׁתִּ֔יMorashthiteart + N gentilic m sg abs · מוֹרַשְׁתִּי (H4183)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מוֹרַשְׁתִּי (H4183) 'Morashthite'.
בִּימֵ֥יin the days ofprep + N com m pl constr · יוֹם (H3117)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹם (H3117) 'in the days of'.
יוֹתָ֛םJothamN · יוֹתָם (H3147)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יוֹתָם (H3147) 'Jotham'.
אָחָ֥זAhazN · אָחָז (H271)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָחָז (H271) 'Ahaz'.
יְחִזְקִיָּ֖הHezekiahN · חִזְקִיָּה (H2396)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חִזְקִיָּה (H2396) 'Hezekiah'.
מַלְכֵ֣יkings ofN c · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'kings of'.
יְהוּדָ֑הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
אֲשֶׁרthatrel. שֶׁ · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Particle or relational elementאֲשֶׁר (H834) 'that'.
חָזָ֥הhe sees/beholdsQal perf 3ms · חָזָה (H2372)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחָזָה (H2372) 'he sees/beholds'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
שֹׁמְר֖וֹןSamariaN · שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111) 'Samaria'.
וִירֽוּשָׁלִָֽםJerusalemconj וְ + N proper · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
2

שִׁמְעוּ֙ עַמִּ֣ים כֻּלָּ֔ם הַקְשִׁ֖יבִי אֶ֣רֶץ וּמְלֹאָ֑הּ וִיהִי֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֤ה בָּכֶם֙ לְעֵ֔ד אֲדֹנָ֖י מֵהֵיכַ֥ל קָדְשֽׁוֹ

Hear, all you people; hearken, O earth, and all that therein is: and let YHWH YHWH be witness against you, YHWH from his holy temple.

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'his hearing'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
שִׁמְעוּ֙his hearingQal impv 2mp · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeשָׁמַע (H8085) 'his hearing'.
עַמִּ֣יםpeoplesN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'peoples'.
כֻּלָּ֔םall of themN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all of them'.
הַקְשִׁ֖יבִיtoHiphil impv 2fs · קָשַׁב (H7181)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeקָשַׁב (H7181) 'to'.
אֶ֣רֶץthe land ofN c · אֶרֶץ (H776)Construct chain (genitival)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'the land of'.
וּמְלֹאָ֑הּand its fullnessconj וְ + N com m sg constr + sfx 3fs · מְלֹא (H4393)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מְלֹא (H4393) 'and its fullness'.
וִיהִי֩and it happenedconj וְ + Qal jussive 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (jussive)→ Jussive: volitionalהָיָה (H1961) 'and it happened'.
אֲדֹנָ֨יmy LordN c · אֲדֹנָי (H136)Construct chain (genitival)אֲדֹנָי (H136) 'my Lord'.
יְהוִ֤הYHWHN · יְהוִה (H3069)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוִה (H3069) 'YHWH'.
בָּכֶם֙against youprep + sfx 2mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'against you'.
לְעֵ֔דas a witnessprep + N com m sg abs · עֵד (H5707)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֵד (H5707) 'as a witness'.
אֲדֹנָ֖יmy LordN c · אֲדֹנָי (H136)Construct chain (genitival)אֲדֹנָי (H136) 'my Lord'.
מֵהֵיכַ֥לpalaceprep + N com m sg constr · הֵיכָל (H1964)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הֵיכָל (H1964) 'palace'.
קָדְשֽׁוֹholyN c · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Construct chain (genitival)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holy'.
3

כִּֽי הִנֵּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה יֹצֵ֣א מִמְּקוֹמ֑וֹ וְיָרַ֥ד וְדָרַ֖ךְ עַל במותי בָּ֥מֳתֵי אָֽרֶץ

For, behold, YHWH cometh forth out of his place, and will come down, and tread upon the high places of the earth.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorwə
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'one going out (to)'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
הִנֵּ֥הbeholdadv. · הִנֵּה (H2009)Particle or relational elementהִנֵּה (H2009) 'behold'.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
יֹצֵ֣אone going out (to)Qal ptc ms · יָצָא (H3318)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָצָא (H3318) 'one going out (to)'.
מִמְּקוֹמ֑וֹfrom its placeprep + N com m sg constr + sfx 3ms · מָקוֹם (H4725)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָקוֹם (H4725) 'from its place'.
וְיָרַ֥דand went downconj וְ + Qal perf 3ms · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָרַד (H3381) 'and went down'.
וְדָרַ֖ךְhe trodconj וְ + Qal perf 3ms · דָּרַךְ (H1869)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actדָּרַךְ (H1869) 'he trod'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
במותיtheir high placesN c · בָּמָה (H1116)Construct chain (genitival)בָּמָה (H1116) 'their high places'.
בָּ֥מֳתֵיheights ofN c · בָּמָה (H1116)Construct chain (genitival)בָּמָה (H1116) 'heights of'.
אָֽרֶץthe land ofN c · אֶרֶץ (H776)Construct chain (genitival)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'the land of'.
4

וְנָמַ֤סּוּ הֶֽהָרִים֙ תַּחְתָּ֔יו וְהָעֲמָקִ֖ים יִתְבַּקָּ֑עוּ כַּדּוֹנַג֙ מִפְּנֵ֣י הָאֵ֔שׁ כְּמַ֖יִם מֻגָּרִ֥ים בְּמוֹרָֽד

And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, as the waters poured down a steep place.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and were divided'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְנָמַ֤סּוּand it meltedconj וְ + Niphal q 3cp · מָסַס (H4549)Particle or relational elementמָסַס (H4549) 'and it melted'.
הֶֽהָרִים֙the mountainsart + N com m pl abs · הַר (H2022)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הַר (H2022) 'the mountains'.
תַּחְתָּ֔יוin his placeprep + sfx 3ms · תַּחַת (H8478)Particle or relational elementתַּחַת (H8478) 'in his place'.
וְהָעֲמָקִ֖יםin the valley ofconj וְ + art + N com m pl abs · עֵמֶק (H6010)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֵמֶק (H6010) 'in the valley of'.
יִתְבַּקָּ֑עוּand were dividedHithpael impf 3mp · בָּקַע (H1234)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבָּקַע (H1234) 'and were divided'.
כַּדּוֹנַג֙as / likeprep + art + N com m sg abs · דּוֹנַג (H1749)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)דּוֹנַג (H1749) 'as / like'.
מִפְּנֵ֣יbecause ofprep + N com c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פָּנִים (H6440) 'because of'.
הָאֵ֔שׁthe fireart + N com c sg abs · אֵשׁ (H784)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֵשׁ (H784) 'the fire'.
כְּמַ֖יִםlike waterprep + N com m pl abs · מַיִם (H4325)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַיִם (H4325) 'like water'.
מֻגָּרִ֥יםfallHophal ptc mp · נָגַר (H5064)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorנָגַר (H5064) 'fall'.
בְּמוֹרָֽדat the descent ofprep + N com m sg abs · מוֹרָד (H4174)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מוֹרָד (H4174) 'at the descent of'.
5

בְּפֶ֤שַׁע יַֽעֲקֹב֙ כָּל זֹ֔את וּבְחַטֹּ֖אות בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל מִֽי פֶ֣שַׁע יַעֲקֹ֗ב הֲלוֹא֙ שֹֽׁמְר֔וֹן וּמִי֙ בָּמ֣וֹת יְהוּדָ֔ה הֲל֖וֹא יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם

For the transgression of Jacob all this, and for the sins of the house of Israel. What the transgression of Jacob? not Samaria? and what the high places of Judah? not Jerusalem?

Linked non-verbal clausewə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Linked non-verbal clause.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
בְּפֶ֤שַׁעand transgressionprep + N com m sg constr · פֶשַע (H6588)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)פֶשַע (H6588) 'and transgression'.
יַֽעֲקֹב֙JacobN · יַעֲקֹב (H3290)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יַעֲקֹב (H3290) 'Jacob'.
כָּלallN c · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival)כֹּל (H3605) 'all'.
זֹ֔אתthisdem. pron xfs · זֹאת (H2063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֹאת (H2063) 'this'.
וּבְחַטֹּ֖אותas a sin offeringconj וְ + prep + N com f pl constr · חַטָּאת (H2403)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'as a sin offering'.
בֵּ֣יתthe house ofN c · בַּיִת (H1004)Construct chain (genitival)בַּיִת (H1004) 'the house of'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
מִֽיwhointerrog. · מִי (H4310)Particle or relational elementמִי (H4310) 'who'.
פֶ֣שַׁעtransgression/disputed claimN c · פֶשַע (H6588)Construct chain (genitival)פֶשַע (H6588) 'transgression/disputed claim'.
יַעֲקֹ֗בJacobN · יַעֲקֹב (H3290)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יַעֲקֹב (H3290) 'Jacob'.
הֲלוֹא֙is it notinterrog. + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'is it not'.
שֹֽׁמְר֔וֹןSamariaN · שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111) 'Samaria'.
וּמִי֙and whoconj וְ + interrog. · מִי (H4310)Particle or relational elementמִי (H4310) 'and who'.
בָּמ֣וֹתthe heights ofN c · בָּמָה (H1116)Construct chain (genitival)בָּמָה (H1116) 'the heights of'.
יְהוּדָ֔הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
הֲל֖וֹאis it notinterrog. + neg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'is it not'.
יְרוּשָׁלִָֽםJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
6

וְשַׂמְתִּ֥י שֹׁמְר֛וֹן לְעִ֥י הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה לְמַטָּ֣עֵי כָ֑רֶם וְהִגַּרְתִּ֤י לַגַּי֙ אֲבָנֶ֔יהָ וִיסֹדֶ֖יהָ אֲגַלֶּֽה

Therefore I will make Samaria as an heap of the field, as plantings of a vineyard: and I will pour down the stones thereof into the valley, and I will discover the foundations thereof.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'shall you uncover'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְשַׂמְתִּ֥יand I will putconj וְ + Qal q 1cs · שִׂים (H7760)Particle or relational elementשִׂים (H7760) 'and I will put'.
שֹׁמְר֛וֹןSamariaN · שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שֹׁמְרוֹן (H8111) 'Samaria'.
לְעִ֥יheapprep + N com m sg constr · עִי (H5856)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עִי (H5856) 'heap'.
הַשָּׂדֶ֖הthe fieldart + N com m sg abs · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'the field'.
לְמַטָּ֣עֵיplant(-ationprep + N com m pl constr · מַטָּע (H4302)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מַטָּע (H4302) 'plant(-ation'.
כָ֑רֶםa vineyardN c · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Construct chain (genitival)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'a vineyard'.
וְהִגַּרְתִּ֤יfallconj וְ + Hiphil q 1cs · נָגַר (H5064)Particle or relational elementנָגַר (H5064) 'fall'.
לַגַּי֙in the valleyprep + art + N com c sg abs · גַּיְא (H1516)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גַּיְא (H1516) 'in the valley'.
אֲבָנֶ֔יהָits stonesN c · אֶבֶן (H68)Construct chain (genitival)אֶבֶן (H68) 'its stones'.
וִיסֹדֶ֖יהָthe base ofconj וְ + N com m pl constr + sfx 3fs · יְסוֹד (H3247)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְסוֹד (H3247) 'the base of'.
אֲגַלֶּֽהshall you uncoverPiel impf 1cs · גָּלָה (H1540)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalגָּלָה (H1540) 'shall you uncover'.
7

וְכָל פְּסִילֶ֣יהָ יֻכַּ֗תּוּ וְכָל אֶתְנַנֶּ֨יהָ֙ יִשָּׂרְפ֣וּ בָאֵ֔שׁ וְכָל עֲצַבֶּ֖יהָ אָשִׂ֣ים שְׁמָמָ֑ה כִּ֠י מֵאֶתְנַ֤ן זוֹנָה֙ קִבָּ֔צָה וְעַד אֶתְנַ֥ן זוֹנָ֖ה יָשֽׁוּבוּ

And all the graven images thereof shall be beaten to pieces, and all the hires thereof shall be burned with the fire, and all the idols thereof will I lay desolate: for she gathered of the hire of an harlot, and they shall return to the hire of an harlot.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedwə
wə-chaining from the preceding clause. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'to him'.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וְכָלand allconj וְ + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'and all'.
פְּסִילֶ֣יהָthe carved imagesN c · פֶּסֶל (H6456)Construct chain (genitival)פֶּסֶל (H6456) 'the carved images'.
יֻכַּ֗תּוּto himHophal impf 3mp · כָּתַת (H3807)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalכָּתַת (H3807) 'to him'.
וְכָלand allconj וְ + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'and all'.
אֶתְנַנֶּ֨יהָ֙the hire ofN c · אֶתְנָן (H868)Construct chain (genitival)אֶתְנָן (H868) 'the hire of'.
יִשָּׂרְפ֣וּthey burnN · שָׂרַף (H8313)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׂרַף (H8313) 'they burn'.
בָאֵ֔שׁwith fireprep + art + N com c sg abs · אֵשׁ (H784)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֵשׁ (H784) 'with fire'.
וְכָלand allconj וְ + N com m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)כֹּל (H3605) 'and all'.
עֲצַבֶּ֖יהָidolN c · עָצָב (H6091)Construct chain (genitival)עָצָב (H6091) 'idol'.
אָשִׂ֣יםputQal impf 1cs · שִׂים (H7760)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשִׂים (H7760) 'put'.
שְׁמָמָ֑הa desolationN c · שְׁמָמָה (H8077)Construct chain (genitival)שְׁמָמָה (H8077) 'a desolation'.
כִּ֠יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
מֵאֶתְנַ֤ןthe hire ofprep + N com m sg constr · אֶתְנָן (H868)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֶתְנָן (H868) 'the hire of'.
זוֹנָה֙a prostituteQal ptc fs · זָנָה (H2181)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorזָנָה (H2181) 'a prostitute'.
קִבָּ֔צָהand he gatheredPiel perf 3fs · קָבַץ (H6908)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actקָבַץ (H6908) 'and he gathered'.
וְעַדand toconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'and to'.
אֶתְנַ֥ןthe hire ofN c · אֶתְנָן (H868)Construct chain (genitival)אֶתְנָן (H868) 'the hire of'.
זוֹנָ֖הa prostituteQal ptc fs · זָנָה (H2181)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorזָנָה (H2181) 'a prostitute'.
יָשֽׁוּבוּthey will returnQal impf 3mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalשׁוּב (H7725) 'they will return'.
8

עַל זֹאת֙ אֶסְפְּדָ֣ה וְאֵילִ֔ילָה אֵילְכָ֥ה שילל שׁוֹלָ֖ל וְעָר֑וֹם אֶעֱשֶׂ֤ה מִסְפֵּד֙ כַּתַּנִּ֔ים וְאֵ֖בֶל כִּבְנ֥וֹת יַעֲנָֽה

Therefore I will wail and howl, I will go stripped and naked: I will make a wailing like the dragons, and mourning as the owls.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'and they lamented'.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
זֹאת֙thisdem. pron xfs · זֹאת (H2063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)זֹאת (H2063) 'this'.
אֶסְפְּדָ֣הand they lamentedQal impf 1cs · סָפַד (H5594)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalסָפַד (H5594) 'and they lamented'.
וְאֵילִ֔ילָה(make to) howlconj וְ + Hiphil cohortative 1cs · יָלַל (H3213)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalיָלַל (H3213) '(make to) howl'.
אֵילְכָ֥הand he wentQal impf 1cs · הָלַךְ (H3212)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalהָלַךְ (H3212) 'and he went'.
שיללspoiledAdj · שׁוֹלָל (H7758)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שׁוֹלָל (H7758) 'spoiled'.
שׁוֹלָ֖לspoiledAdj · שׁוֹלָל (H7758)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שׁוֹלָל (H7758) 'spoiled'.
וְעָר֑וֹםnakedconj וְ + Adj · עָרֹם (H6174)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עָרֹם (H6174) 'naked'.
אֶעֱשֶׂ֤הI will doQal cohortative 1cs · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (weqatal / cohortative)→ Weqatal/cohortative: sequential or volitionalעָשָׂה (H6213) 'I will do'.
מִסְפֵּד֙lamentationN c · מִסְפֵּד (H4553)Construct chain (genitival)מִסְפֵּד (H4553) 'lamentation'.
כַּתַּנִּ֔יםserpentsprep + art + N com m pl abs · תַּנִּין (H8577)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)תַּנִּין (H8577) 'serpents'.
וְאֵ֖בֶלmourningconj וְ + N com m sg abs · אֵבֶל (H60)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אֵבֶל (H60) 'mourning'.
כִּבְנ֥וֹתdaughter ofprep + N com f pl constr · בַּת (H1323)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter of'.
יַעֲנָֽהthe ostrichN c · יַעֲנָה (H3284)Construct chain (genitival)יַעֲנָה (H3284) 'the ostrich'.
9

כִּ֥י אֲנוּשָׁ֖ה מַכּוֹתֶ֑יהָ כִּי בָ֨אָה֙ עַד יְהוּדָ֔ה נָגַ֛ע עַד שַׁ֥עַר עַמִּ֖י עַד יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם

For her wound incurable; for it is come to Judah; he is come to the gate of my people, to Jerusalem.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationwə
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'has come'.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
כִּ֥יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
אֲנוּשָׁ֖הandAdj · אָנַשׁ (H605)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אָנַשׁ (H605) 'and'.
מַכּוֹתֶ֑יהָa blowN c · מַכָּה (H4347)Construct chain (genitival)מַכָּה (H4347) 'a blow'.
כִּיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
בָ֨אָה֙has comeQal perf 3fs · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actבּוֹא (H935) 'has come'.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'until'.
יְהוּדָ֔הJudahN · יְהוּדָה (H3063)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוּדָה (H3063) 'Judah'.
נָגַ֛עhe touchedQal perf 3ms · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actנָגַע (H5060) 'he touched'.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'until'.
שַׁ֥עַרthe gate ofN c · שַׁעַר (H8179)Construct chain (genitival)שַׁעַר (H8179) 'the gate of'.
עַמִּ֖יmy peopleN c · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival)עַם (H5971) 'my people'.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'until'.
יְרוּשָׁלִָֽםJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
10

בְּגַת֙ אַל תַּגִּ֔ידוּ בָּכ֖וֹ אַל תִּבְכּ֑וּ בְּבֵ֣ית לְעַפְרָ֔ה עָפָ֖ר התפלשתי הִתְפַּלָּֽשִׁי

Declare you not at Gath, weep you not at all: in the house of Aphrah roll thyself in the dust.

Jussive — volitionalasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Jussive — volitional. Lead predicate is 'you tell'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
בְּגַת֙in Gathprep + N proper · גַּת (H1661)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)גַּת (H1661) 'in Gath'.
אַלdo notneg. · אַל (H408)Particle or relational elementאַל (H408) 'do not'.
תַּגִּ֔ידוּyou tellHiphil jussive 2mp · נָגַד (H5046)Predicate verb (jussive)→ Jussive: volitionalנָגַד (H5046) 'you tell'.
בָּכ֖וֹand they weptQal inf abs · בָּכָה (H1058)Infinitive absolute→ Infinitive absolute: emphasis or attendant actionבָּכָה (H1058) 'and they wept'.
אַלdo notneg. · אַל (H408)Particle or relational elementאַל (H408) 'do not'.
תִּבְכּ֑וּand they weptQal jussive 2mp · בָּכָה (H1058)Predicate verb (jussive)→ Jussive: volitionalבָּכָה (H1058) 'and they wept'.
בְּבֵ֣יתinprep + N com m sg constr · בֵּית לְעַפְרָה (H1036)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בֵּית לְעַפְרָה (H1036) 'in'.
לְעַפְרָ֔הhouse of AphrahN · בֵּית לְעַפְרָה (H1036)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בֵּית לְעַפְרָה (H1036) 'house of Aphrah'.
עָפָ֖רdustN c · עָפָר (H6083)Construct chain (genitival)עָפָר (H6083) 'dust'.
התפלשתיandHithpael perf 1cs · פָּלַשׁ (H6428)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actפָּלַשׁ (H6428) 'and'.
הִתְפַּלָּֽשִׁיandHithpael impv 2fs · פָּלַשׁ (H6428)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeפָּלַשׁ (H6428) 'and'.
11

עִבְרִ֥י לָכֶ֛ם יוֹשֶׁ֥בֶת שָׁפִ֖יר עֶרְיָה בֹ֑שֶׁת לֹ֤א יָֽצְאָה֙ יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת צַֽאֲנָ֔ן מִסְפַּד֙ בֵּ֣ית הָאֵ֔צֶל יִקַּ֥ח מִכֶּ֖ם עֶמְדָּתֽוֹ

Pass you away, you inhabitant of Saphir, having your shame naked: the inhabitant of Zaanan came not forth in the mourning of Bethezel; he shall receive of you his standing.

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'I would cross'.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
עִבְרִ֥יI would crossQal impv 2fs · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeעָבַר (H5674) 'I would cross'.
לָכֶ֛םto youprep + sfx 2mpParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to you'.
יוֹשֶׁ֥בֶתwas dwellingQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'was dwelling'.
שָׁפִ֖ירSaphirN · שָׁפִיר (H8208)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שָׁפִיר (H8208) 'Saphir'.
עֶרְיָהandN c · עֶרְיָה (H6181)Construct chain (genitival)עֶרְיָה (H6181) 'and'.
בֹ֑שֶׁתtoN c · בֹּשֶׁת (H1322)Construct chain (genitival)בֹּשֶׁת (H1322) 'to'.
לֹ֤אnotneg. · לֹא (H3808)Particle or relational elementלֹא (H3808) 'not'.
יָֽצְאָה֙came outQal perf 3fs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָצָא (H3318) 'came out'.
יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶתwas dwellingQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'was dwelling'.
צַֽאֲנָ֔ןZaananN · צַאֲנָן (H6630)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צַאֲנָן (H6630) 'Zaanan'.
מִסְפַּד֙and they lamentedN c · סָפַד (H5594)Construct chain (genitival)סָפַד (H5594) 'and they lamented'.
בֵּ֣יתBeth-ezelN c · בֵּית הָאֵצֶל (H1018)Construct chain (genitival)בֵּית הָאֵצֶל (H1018) 'Beth-ezel'.
הָאֵ֔צֶלBeth-ezelN · בֵּית הָאֵצֶל (H1018)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בֵּית הָאֵצֶל (H1018) 'Beth-ezel'.
יִקַּ֥חhe shall takeQal impf 3ms · לָקַח (H3947)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalלָקַח (H3947) 'he shall take'.
מִכֶּ֖םof youprep + sfx 2mp · מִן (H4480)Particle or relational elementמִן (H4480) 'of you'.
עֶמְדָּתֽוֹstandingN c · עֶמְדָּה (H5979)Construct chain (genitival)עֶמְדָּה (H5979) 'standing'.
12

כִּֽי חָ֥לָֽה לְט֖וֹב יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת מָר֑וֹת כִּֽי יָ֤רַד רָע֙ מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה לְשַׁ֖עַר יְרוּשָׁלִָֽם

For the inhabitant of Maroth waited carefully for good: but evil came down from YHWH to the gate of Jerusalem.

Qatal — perfective or stative predicationwə
kî-clause (causal, recitative, or evidential). Qatal — perfective or stative predication. Lead predicate is 'and be in anguish'.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
חָ֥לָֽהand be in anguishQal perf 3fs · חוּל (H2342)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actחוּל (H2342) 'and be in anguish'.
לְט֖וֹבfor goodprep + Adj · טוֹב (H2896)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)טוֹב (H2896) 'for good'.
יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶתwas dwellingQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'was dwelling'.
מָר֑וֹתMarothN · מָרוֹת (H4796)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָרוֹת (H4796) 'Maroth'.
כִּֽיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
יָ֤רַדit will come downQal perf 3ms · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actיָרַד (H3381) 'it will come down'.
רָע֙badAdj · רַע (H7451)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רַע (H7451) 'bad'.
מֵאֵ֣תfromprep + prep · אֵת (H854)Particle or relational elementאֵת (H854) 'from'.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHN · יְהוָה (H3068)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְהוָה (H3068) 'YHWH'.
לְשַׁ֖עַרof the gate ofprep + N com m sg constr · שַׁעַר (H8179)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)שַׁעַר (H8179) 'of the gate of'.
יְרוּשָׁלִָֽםJerusalemN · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'.
13

רְתֹ֧ם הַמֶּרְכָּבָ֛ה לָרֶ֖כֶשׁ יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת לָכִ֑ישׁ רֵאשִׁ֨ית חַטָּ֥את הִיא֙ לְבַת צִיּ֔וֹן כִּי בָ֥ךְ נִמְצְא֖וּ פִּשְׁעֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

O you inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift beast: she the beginning of the sin to the daughter of Zion: for the transgressions of Israel were found in you.

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'bind'.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
רְתֹ֧םbindQal impv 2ms · רָתַם (H7573)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeרָתַם (H7573) 'bind'.
הַמֶּרְכָּבָ֛הthe chariotart + N com f sg abs · מֶרְכָּבָה (H4818)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מֶרְכָּבָה (H4818) 'the chariot'.
לָרֶ֖כֶשׁandprep + art + N com m sg abs · רֶכֶשׁ (H7409)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)רֶכֶשׁ (H7409) 'and'.
יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶתwas dwellingQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'was dwelling'.
לָכִ֑ישׁLachishN · לָכִישׁ (H3923)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)לָכִישׁ (H3923) 'Lachish'.
רֵאשִׁ֨יתthe first ofN c · רֵאשִׁית (H7225)Construct chain (genitival)רֵאשִׁית (H7225) 'the first of'.
חַטָּ֥אתas a sin offeringN c · חַטָּאת (H2403)Construct chain (genitival)חַטָּאת (H2403) 'as a sin offering'.
הִיא֙that ispron 3fs · הִיא (H1931)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)הִיא (H1931) 'that is'.
לְבַתto the daughter ofprep + N com f sg constr · בַּת (H1323)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)בַּת (H1323) 'to the daughter of'.
צִיּ֔וֹןZionN · צִיּוֹן (H6726)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)צִיּוֹן (H6726) 'Zion'.
כִּיforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
בָ֥ךְamong youprep + sfx 2fsParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'among you'.
נִמְצְא֖וּwere foundN · מָצָא (H4672)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָצָא (H4672) 'were found'.
פִּשְׁעֵ֥יmy transgressionN c · פֶשַע (H6588)Construct chain (genitival)פֶשַע (H6588) 'my transgression'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
14

לָכֵן֙ תִּתְּנִ֣י שִׁלּוּחִ֔ים עַ֖ל מוֹרֶ֣שֶׁת גַּ֑ת בָּתֵּ֤י אַכְזִיב֙ לְאַכְזָ֔ב לְמַלְכֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

Therefore shall you give presents to Moreshethgath: the houses of Achzib a lie to the kings of Israel.

Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-orientedasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Yiqtol — imperfective, modal, or future-oriented. Lead predicate is 'is giving'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
לָכֵן֙thereforeprep + art · כֵּן (H3651)Particle or relational elementכֵּן (H3651) 'therefore'.
תִּתְּנִ֣יis givingQal impf 2fs · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalנָתַן (H5414) 'is giving'.
שִׁלּוּחִ֔יםher being sent awayN c · שִׁלּוּחִים (H7964)Construct chain (genitival)שִׁלּוּחִים (H7964) 'her being sent away'.
עַ֖לonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
מוֹרֶ֣שֶׁתMoresheth-gathN · מוֹרֶשֶׁת גַּת (H4182)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מוֹרֶשֶׁת גַּת (H4182) 'Moresheth-gath'.
גַּ֑תMoresheth-gathN · מוֹרֶשֶׁת גַּת (H4182)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מוֹרֶשֶׁת גַּת (H4182) 'Moresheth-gath'.
בָּתֵּ֤יthe houses ofN c · בַּיִת (H1004)Construct chain (genitival)בַּיִת (H1004) 'the houses of'.
אַכְזִיב֙AchzibN · אַכְזִיב (H392)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַכְזִיב (H392) 'Achzib'.
לְאַכְזָ֔בliarprep + Adj · אַכְזָב (H391)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)אַכְזָב (H391) 'liar'.
לְמַלְכֵ֖יking ofprep + N com m pl constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king of'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
15

עֹ֗ד הַיֹּרֵשׁ֙ אָ֣בִי לָ֔ךְ יוֹשֶׁ֖בֶת מָֽרֵשָׁ֑ה עַד עֲדֻּלָּ֥ם יָב֖וֹא כְּב֥וֹד יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

Yet will I bring an heir to you, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he shall come to Adullam the glory of Israel.

Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actorasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Participle — attendant circumstance or substantival actor. Lead predicate is 'to possess it'.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
עֹ֗דstill, elseart · עוֹד (H5750)Particle or relational elementעוֹד (H5750) 'still, else'.
הַיֹּרֵשׁ֙to possess itart + Qal ptc ms · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָרַשׁ (H3423) 'to possess it'.
אָ֣בִיand they cameHiphil impf 1cs · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'and they came'.
לָ֔ךְto youprep + sfx 2fsParticle or relational elementFunction word: 'to you'.
יוֹשֶׁ֖בֶתwas dwellingQal ptc fs · יָשַׁב (H3427)Participle→ Participle: attendant circumstance or substantival actorיָשַׁב (H3427) 'was dwelling'.
מָֽרֵשָׁ֑הand MareshahN · מָרֵאשָׁה (H4762)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)מָרֵאשָׁה (H4762) 'and Mareshah'.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Particle or relational elementעַד (H5704) 'until'.
עֲדֻּלָּ֥םAdullamN · עֲדֻלָּם (H5725)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)עֲדֻלָּם (H5725) 'Adullam'.
יָב֖וֹאhe may comeQal impf 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (yiqtol)→ Yiqtol: imperfective or modalבּוֹא (H935) 'he may come'.
כְּב֥וֹדthe glory ofN c · כָּבוֹד (H3519)Construct chain (genitival)כָּבוֹד (H3519) 'the glory of'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'.
16

קָרְחִ֣י וָגֹ֔זִּי עַל בְּנֵ֖י תַּעֲנוּגָ֑יִךְ הַרְחִ֤בִי קָרְחָתֵךְ֙ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר כִּ֥י גָל֖וּ מִמֵּֽךְ

Make you bald, and poll you for your delicate children; enlarge your baldness as the eagle; for they are gone into captivity from you.

Imperative — volitional addressasyndeton
Asyndeton: no clause-level wə. Imperative — volitional address. Lead predicate is 'they shall make bald'. Closes the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
קָרְחִ֣יthey shall make baldQal impv 2fs · קָרַח (H7139)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeקָרַח (H7139) 'they shall make bald'.
וָגֹ֔זִּיto shearconj וְ + Qal impv 2fs · גָּזַז (H1494)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeגָּזַז (H1494) 'to shear'.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Particle or relational elementעַל (H5921) 'on'.
בְּנֵ֖יthe sons ofN c · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival)בֵּן (H1121) 'the sons of'.
תַּעֲנוּגָ֑יִךְdelicateN c · תַּעֲנוּג (H8588)Construct chain (genitival)תַּעֲנוּג (H8588) 'delicate'.
הַרְחִ֤בִיhe enlargesHiphil impv 2fs · רָחַב (H7337)Predicate verb (imperative)→ Volitional: imperativeרָחַב (H7337) 'he enlarges'.
קָרְחָתֵךְ֙baldnessN c · קָרְחָה (H7144)Construct chain (genitival)קָרְחָה (H7144) 'baldness'.
כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁרlike an eagleprep + art + N com m sg abs · נֶשֶׁר (H5404)Nominal (subject, object, or apposition)נֶשֶׁר (H5404) 'like an eagle'.
כִּ֥יforconj וְ · כִּי (H3588)Particle or relational elementכִּי (H3588) 'for'.
גָל֖וּshall you uncoverQal perf 3cp · גָּלָה (H1540)Predicate verb (qatal)→ Perfective: a completed actגָּלָה (H1540) 'shall you uncover'.
מִמֵּֽךְfrom youprep + sfx 2fs · מִן (H4480)Particle or relational elementמִן (H4480) 'from you'.