Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Leviticus, Chapter 25ויקרא 25

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Land itself keeps Sabbath: every seventh year the fields rest and their spontaneous yield is shared in common, and every fiftieth year the shofar proclaims דְּרוֹר, liberty, as ancestral land reverts and Israelites return home — because, as the chapter's keystone declares, 'the land is mine; you are but sojourners with me.'

Translation & textual notes

Leviticus 25 is textually stable in the MT, though it preserves one of the classic Kethiv/Qere pairs: v. 30's אֲשֶׁר לא לוֹ חֹמָה, where the consonantal Kethiv לא ('not') is read per the Qere as לוֹ ('to it') — one of the ancient list of fifteen לא/לו variants the Masoretes flagged throughout the Hebrew Bible, here disambiguating 'a house in a walled city which has no wall [around it]' from a possible misreading of the near-homophonous forms. The chapter's dense technical vocabulary already creates difficulty in the versions: the LXX renders יוֹבֵל not by transliteration but by ἄφεσις ('release'), and struggles with the rare נָזִיר as 'unpruned vine' (vv. 5, 11) against its more familiar sense 'Nazirite'. The paired terms נֶשֶׁךְ and תַּרְבִּית/מַרְבִּית (vv. 36-37) for 'interest' are rendered variously across the ancient versions and remain debated among modern commentators as either near-synonyms or technically distinct — interest deducted in advance versus increase added at repayment. Fragments overlapping this chapter survive among the Qumran Leviticus manuscripts and are consistent with the MT's consonantal text, showing no substantive variation from the tradition preserved here. Versification follows the MT throughout.

1

וַיְדַבֵּ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֶל מֹשֶׁ֔ה בְּהַ֥ר סִינַ֖י לֵאמֹֽר

And YHWH spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai, saying,

Introductory speech formula (chapter heading)asyndeton
The chapter opens with the standard prophetic-legislative formula, but בְּהַר סִינַי explicitly ties the sabbath-year/jubilee legislation to Sinai, matching the chapter's own closing colophon (26:46; 27:34) rather than the tent-of-meeting setting of 1:1 — a seam long noted by source critics.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֤רand he spokePiel wayyiqtol 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main verb, speech formula)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advanceדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; the standard formula introducing divine legislative speech to Moses.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Subjectיְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God, traditionally read אֲדֹנָי.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; marks the recipient of divine speech.
מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesN proper · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of the preposition אֶלמֹשֶׁה (H4872), the mediator of the Sinai legislation.
בְּהַ֥רon the mountain ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · הַר (H2022)Locative prepositional phrase (construct head)הַר (H2022) 'mountain'; construct chain with סִינַי locates this speech, distinct from 1:1's tent of meeting.
סִינַ֖יSinaiN proper · סִינַי (H5514)Genitive of the construct chainסִינַי (H5514); explicitly locating chs. 25-27 at Sinai (matching the colophon of 26:46; 27:34), a notable seam against 1:1's tent-of-meeting setting.
לֵאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Infinitival complement introducing direct speech→ Infinitive construct: formulaic quotation-markerאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; the inf. constr. with לְ is the standard Hebrew equivalent of an opening quotation mark.
2

דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶ֔ם כִּ֤י תָבֹ֨אוּ֙ אֶל הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י נֹתֵ֣ן לָכֶ֑ם וְשָׁבְתָ֣ה הָאָ֔רֶץ שַׁבָּ֖ת לַיהוָֽה

Speak to the Israelites and say to them: When you come into the land that I am giving you, the land shall keep a sabbath to YHWH.

Command to transmit the law (citation-formula opening)asyndeton
The legal content begins with the standard דַּבֵּר...וְאָמַרְתָּ commissioning formula. The protasis כִּי תָבֹאוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ frames the whole sabbatical/jubilee system as a law of the land, contingent on and beginning with the conquest/settlement rather than applying in the wilderness.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
דַּבֵּ֞רspeakPiel impv 2ms · דָּבַר (H1696)Predicate verb (imperative, main clause)→ Volitional: direct commandדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; opens the citation formula proper.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to'.
בְּנֵ֤יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (head)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'Israelites', the standing designation of the covenant people.
יִשְׂרָאֵל֙IsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the patriarch's covenant name, here designating his descendants collectively.
וְאָמַרְתָּ֣and you shall sayconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · אָמַר (H559)Weqatal continuing the imperative chain→ Weqatal: sequential instruction continuing the commandאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; weqatal after an imperative carries on its force, introducing the actual content of the speech.
אֲלֵהֶ֔םto themprep אֶל + 3mp suffix · (H413)Indirect object (prepositional phrase with pronominal suffix)אֶל + 3mp suffix, resuming בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל as addressee.
כִּ֤יwhenconj · כִּי (H3588)Subordinating conjunction introducing a temporal/conditional protasisכִּי (H3588), here temporal-conditional 'when' rather than causal 'because', introducing the entry-into-the-land protasis (cf. 14:34; 19:23; 23:10).
תָבֹ֨אוּ֙you comeQal impf 2mp · בּוֹא (H935)Verb of the protasis (temporal clause)→ Yiqtol: future/contingent — the anticipated entryבּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; the standard verb for Israel's entry into Canaan.
אֶלintoprep · אֶל (H413)Locative prepositional phraseאֶל (H413), directional 'into'.
הָאָ֔רֶץthe landart + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of the preposition (antecedent of the relative clause)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; here specifically Canaan, the promised land.
אֲשֶׁ֥רthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing an attributive clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle.
אֲנִ֖יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Emphatic subject of the participial clauseאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun, emphasizing YHWH's own agency in the gift of the land.
נֹתֵ֣ןam givingQal ptc ms abs · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate participle (present/durative)→ Participle: ongoing, characteristic action — YHWH's continual givingנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the participle casts the land-gift as YHWH's settled, ongoing disposition, not a one-time past act.
לָכֶ֑םto youprep לְ + 2mp suffixIndirect objectלְ + 2mp suffix, the recipients of the gift.
וְשָׁבְתָ֣הthen it shall restconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · שָׁבַת (H7673)Weqatal, apodosis of the temporal clause (main legislative verb)→ Weqatal: the legislated consequence — a solemn future obligationשָׁבַת (H7673) 'to cease, rest'; root of שַׁבָּת, the verb governing the chapter's sabbatical theme.
הָאָ֔רֶץthe landart + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Subject of וְשָׁבְתָהאֶרֶץ (H776), now personified as the subject that keeps sabbath.
שַׁבָּ֖תa sabbathN f/c sg abs · שַׁבָּת (H7676)Adverbial accusative (cognate-type object describing the resting)שַׁבָּת (H7676) 'sabbath, rest'; the land itself observes a sabbath, extending the weekly Sabbath principle to the agricultural cycle.
לַיהוָֽהto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Dative of reference/dedicationלְ + יְהוָה; the rest is dedicated to YHWH, as the weekly Sabbath is (Exod 20:10).
3

שֵׁ֤שׁ שָׁנִים֙ תִּזְרַ֣ע שָׂדֶ֔ךָ וְשֵׁ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים תִּזְמֹ֣ר כַּרְמֶ֑ךָ וְאָסַפְתָּ֖ אֶת תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ

Six years you shall sow your field, and six years you shall prune your vineyard, and gather in its yield.

Statement of the six-year work cycle (asyndetic)asyndeton
Vv. 3-4 form the sabbatical year's core case: six years of normal agricultural labor (sowing, pruning, gathering) set against the seventh year's total cessation in v. 4. The bicolon structure (field // vineyard) covers the two basic forms of Israelite agriculture.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
שֵׁ֤שׁsixnumeral f sg abs · שֵׁשׁ (H8337)Numeral modifying שָׁנִים (adverbial accusative of duration)שֵׁשׁ (H8337) 'six'; opens the six-year work cycle contrasted with the seventh-year rest.
שָׁנִים֙yearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Accusative of durationשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
תִּזְרַ֣עyou shall sowQal impf 2ms · זָרַע (H2232)Predicate verb (main clause, durative instruction)→ Yiqtol: habitual/durative obligation over the six yearsזָרַע (H2232) 'to sow'; the paradigm agricultural activity permitted in the six work-years.
שָׂדֶ֔ךָyour fieldN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Direct objectשָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field, open country'; the arable land under cultivation.
וְשֵׁ֥שׁand sixconj וְ + numeral f sg abs · שֵׁשׁ (H8337)Numeral modifying שָׁנִים, coordinate with v. 3aשֵׁשׁ (H8337), repeated for the vineyard clause in synonymous parallelism with the field clause.
שָׁנִ֖יםyearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Accusative of durationשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
תִּזְמֹ֣רyou shall pruneQal impf 2ms · זָמַר (H2168)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: habitual/durative obligationזָמַר (H2168) 'to prune'; vineyard-specific labor, paired with זרע for the field.
כַּרְמֶ֑ךָyour vineyardN m/c sg constr + 2ms suffix · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Direct objectכֶּרֶם (H3754) 'vineyard'.
וְאָסַפְתָּ֖and you shall gatherconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · אָסַף (H622)Weqatal continuing the sequence of permitted labors→ Weqatal: sequential instructionאָסַף (H622) 'to gather, harvest'; the ingathering that completes the six-year cycle before v. 4's cessation.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
תְּבוּאָתָֽהּits yieldN f sg constr + 3fs suffix · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Direct objectתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield', from בּוֹא 'to come in'; the land's produce, referring back to שָׂדֶךָ.
4

וּבַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗ת שַׁבַּ֤ת שַׁבָּתוֹן֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה לָאָ֔רֶץ שַׁבָּ֖ת לַיהוָ֑ה שָֽׂדְךָ֙ לֹ֣א תִזְרָ֔ע וְכַרְמְךָ֖ לֹ֥א תִזְמֹֽר

But in the seventh year the land shall have a sabbath of complete rest, a sabbath to YHWH: you shall not sow your field, and you shall not prune your vineyard.

Contrastive apodosis: the seventh-year cessationוְ
The chiastic fronting of שָׂדְךָ and וְכַרְמְךָ before their negated verbs mirrors and reverses v. 3's structure (verb-then-object becomes object-then-negated-verb), formally marking the seventh year as the precise negation of the six-year pattern.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וּבַשָּׁנָ֣הbut in the yearconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted, contrastive)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; fronted for contrast with the six years of v. 3.
הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗תthe seventhart + ordinal f sg abs · שְׁבִיעִי (H7637)Attributive adjective modifying שָׁנָהשְׁבִיעִי (H7637) 'seventh'; the sabbatical year, שְׁמִטָּה (cf. Exod 23:11; Deut 15:1).
שַׁבַּ֤תa sabbath ofN f/c sg constr · שַׁבָּת (H7676)Predicate nominative (construct head)שַׁבָּת (H7676) 'sabbath, cessation'.
שַׁבָּתוֹן֙of complete restN m sg abs · שַׁבָּתוֹן (H7677)Genitive of the construct chain (intensifying)שַׁבָּתוֹן (H7677), an intensive/abstract form of שַׁבָּת, 'solemn rest'; שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן is a superlative-like idiom — total cessation, echoing the weekly Sabbath's own description in Exod 31:15.
יִהְיֶ֣הshall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
לָאָ֔רֶץfor the landprep לְ + art + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Dative of possession/referenceאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the land, not merely the farmer, is grammatically the subject of the rest.
שַׁבָּ֖תa sabbathN f/c sg abs · שַׁבָּת (H7676)Predicate nominative in apposition (restating v. 4a)שַׁבָּת (H7676), repeated in apposition, reinforcing the dedication to YHWH.
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Dative of reference/dedicationלְ + יְהוָה; as with the weekly Sabbath, the land's rest is dedicated to YHWH, not merely agronomic fallowing.
שָֽׂדְךָ֙your fieldN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Direct object (fronted for emphasis)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field'; fronted before the negated verb for emphatic contrast with v. 3.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), the standard verbal negative.
תִזְרָ֔עshall you sowQal impf 2ms · זָרַע (H2232)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibition/negated obligationזָרַע (H2232) 'to sow'; the sabbatical prohibition directly negates the six-year permission of v. 3.
וְכַרְמְךָ֖and your vineyardconj + N m/c sg constr + 2ms suffix · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Direct object (fronted for emphasis)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'vineyard'.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808).
תִזְמֹֽרshall you pruneQal impf 2ms · זָמַר (H2168)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibition/negated obligationזָמַר (H2168) 'to prune'.
5

אֵ֣ת סְפִ֤יחַ קְצִֽירְךָ֙ לֹ֣א תִקְצ֔וֹר וְאֶת עִנְּבֵ֥י נְזִירֶ֖ךָ לֹ֣א תִבְצֹ֑ר שְׁנַ֥ת שַׁבָּת֖וֹן יִהְיֶ֥ה לָאָֽרֶץ

You shall not reap the aftergrowth of your harvest, and you shall not gather the grapes of your unpruned vines; it shall be a year of complete rest for the land.

Specification: even casual harvesting is forbiddenasyndeton
Vv. 5-6 tighten v. 4's prohibition: not only planned sowing/pruning but even reaping the volunteer growth (סָפִיחַ) and grapes of the untended vine (נְזִירֶךָ) is barred as a formal harvest — though v. 6 clarifies the produce remains available for casual eating by all.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
אֵ֣ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (fronted, definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
סְפִ֤יחַthe aftergrowth ofN m sg constr · סָפִיחַ (H5599)Direct object (construct head)סָפִיחַ (H5599) 'aftergrowth, self-sown crop', from ספח 'to add, join'; grain sprouting from spilled seed without deliberate sowing — permitted to grow but not to be formally harvested.
קְצִֽירְךָ֙your harvestN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · קָצִיר (H7105)Genitive of the construct chainקָצִיר (H7105) 'harvest, harvest time'.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808).
תִקְצ֔וֹרshall you reapQal impf 2ms · קָצַר (H7114)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitionקָצַר (H7114) 'to reap, harvest'; the formal harvest act, distinguished from casual gleaning which remains permitted (v. 6).
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object markerוְ joins the second clause; אֵת marks עִנְּבֵי as the definite object.
עִנְּבֵ֥יthe grapes ofN m pl constr · עֵנָב (H6025)Direct object (construct head)עֵנָב (H6025) 'grape'.
נְזִירֶ֖ךָyour unpruned vinesN constr + 2ms suffix · נָזִיר (H5139)Genitive of the construct chainנָזִיר (H5139) here denominal, 'untrimmed (unharvested) vine' — the same root as נָזִיר 'Nazirite', both from נזר 'to consecrate, set apart, abstain'; the unpruned vine is 'set apart' from normal labor.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808).
תִבְצֹ֑רshall you gatherQal impf 2ms · בָּצַר (H1219)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitionבָּצַר (H1219) 'to gather grapes, cut off'; the formal grape-harvest act, forbidden as תִקְצוֹר is for grain.
שְׁנַ֥תa year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Predicate nominative (construct head)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
שַׁבָּת֖וֹןof complete restN m sg abs · שַׁבָּתוֹן (H7677)Genitive of the construct chainשַׁבָּתוֹן (H7677), repeating v. 4's term for the whole year's character.
יִהְיֶ֥הit shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
לָאָֽרֶץfor the landprep לְ + art + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Dative of referenceאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; closes the inclusio with v. 4's לָאָרֶץ.
6

וְ֠הָיְתָה שַׁבַּ֨ת הָאָ֤רֶץ לָכֶם֙ לְאָכְלָ֔ה לְךָ֖ וּלְעַבְדְּךָ֣ וְלַאֲמָתֶ֑ךָ וְלִשְׂכִֽירְךָ֙ וּלְתוֹשָׁ֣בְךָ֔ הַגָּרִ֖ים עִמָּֽךְ

And the sabbath-produce of the land shall be food for you: for you, and for your male slave and your female slave, and for your hired worker and your resident alien who sojourn with you,

Consequence: universal access to sabbatical produceוְ
V. 6 answers the practical question raised by vv. 4-5's prohibition on formal harvest: the land's spontaneous yield is not abandoned but shared as common food among the whole household — owner, slaves, hired workers, and resident aliens alike — and, in v. 7, even livestock and wild animals. The sabbatical year democratizes subsistence.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְ֠הָיְתָהand it shall beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Weqatal, main clause→ Weqatal: sequential/consequential statementהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
שַׁבַּ֨תthe sabbath-produce ofN f/c sg constr · שַׁבָּת (H7676)Subject (construct head)שַׁבָּת (H7676) here concretized: not the abstract rest but its produce — whatever the resting land yields on its own.
הָאָ֤רֶץthe landart + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive of the construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'.
לָכֶם֙for youprep לְ + 2mp suffixDative of advantageלְ + 2mp suffix.
לְאָכְלָ֔הfor foodprep לְ + N f sg abs · אָכְלָה (H402)Predicate complement (purpose)אָכְלָה (H402) 'food, something to eat', from אכל 'to eat'; the sabbatical produce remains edible even though not formally harvested.
לְךָ֖for youprep לְ + 2ms suffixFirst item in a list of beneficiaries (resumptive)לְ + 2ms suffix, opening the enumeration of household members who share the produce.
וּלְעַבְדְּךָ֣and for your male slaveconj + prep + N constr + 2ms suffix · עֶבֶד (H5650)Beneficiary, coordinateעֶבֶד (H5650) 'slave, servant'; the household's bondman shares equally in the sabbatical yield.
וְלַאֲמָתֶ֑ךָand for your female slaveconj + prep + N constr + 2ms suffix · אָמָה (H519)Beneficiary, coordinateאָמָה (H519) 'female slave, maidservant'.
וְלִשְׂכִֽירְךָ֙and for your hired workerconj + prep + N constr + 2ms suffix · שָׂכִיר (H7916)Beneficiary, coordinateשָׂכִיר (H7916) 'hired worker, laborer for wages', from שכר 'to hire'; a free day-laborer, distinct from the bondman.
וּלְתוֹשָׁ֣בְךָ֔and for your resident alienconj + prep + N constr + 2ms suffix · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Beneficiary, coordinateתּוֹשָׁב (H8453) 'resident alien, sojourner', from ישׁב 'to dwell'; a non-Israelite permanently settled among Israel, often paired with גֵּר — a key term of this chapter (cf. vv. 23, 35, 40, 45, 47).
הַגָּרִ֖יםwho sojournart + Qal ptc m pl abs · גּוּר (H1481)Attributive participle modifying the preceding beneficiaries→ Participle: characteristic/ongoing state of dwellingגּוּר (H1481) 'to sojourn, dwell as a resident alien'; describes the ongoing status of the שָׂכִיר and תּוֹשָׁב living among Israel.
עִמָּֽךְwith youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (pausal) · (H5973)Locative/accompaniment phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; the pausal form עִמָּךְ, though vocalized like 2fs, functions here as 2ms address to the (implicitly male) householder.
7

וְלִ֨בְהֶמְתְּךָ֔ וְלַֽחַיָּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּאַרְצֶ֑ךָ תִּהְיֶ֥ה כָל תְּבוּאָתָ֖הּ לֶאֱכֹֽל

and for your livestock and for the wild animals that are in your land, all its yield shall be for food.

Extension of the beneficiary list to animalsוְ
Completing v. 6, the sabbatical produce is available even to livestock and wild beasts — the fullest possible extension of the sabbath principle beyond the human and even beyond the domestic sphere.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וְלִ֨בְהֶמְתְּךָ֔and for your livestockconj + prep + N f sg constr + 2ms suffix · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Beneficiary, coordinate (continuing v. 6's list)בְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, livestock, cattle'; domestic animals are included among those fed by the sabbatical yield.
וְלַֽחַיָּ֖הand for the wild animalconj + prep + art + N f sg abs · חַיָּה (H2416)Beneficiary, coordinateחַיָּה (H2416) 'living thing, wild animal'; extends provision beyond the domestic sphere to untamed creatures.
אֲשֶׁ֣רthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing attributive clause modifying חַיָּהאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle.
בְּאַרְצֶ֑ךָare in your landprep בְּ + N f/c sg constr + 2ms suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Locative predicate of the relative clauseאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'.
תִּהְיֶ֥הshall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
כָלall ofN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Subject (construct head, quantifier)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every, whole'.
תְּבוּאָתָ֖הּits yieldN f sg constr + 3fs suffix · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Genitive of the construct chainתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield', referring back to הָאָרֶץ.
לֶאֱכֹֽלfor foodprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָכַל (H398)Infinitival complement of purpose→ Infinitive construct: purposeאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; closes vv. 6-7 by naming the same purpose, food, for both human and animal beneficiaries.
8

וְסָפַרְתָּ֣ לְךָ֗ שֶׁ֚בַע שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת שָׁנִ֔ים שֶׁ֥בַע שָׁנִ֖ים שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֑ים וְהָי֣וּ לְךָ֗ יְמֵי֙ שֶׁ֚בַע שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת הַשָּׁנִ֔ים תֵּ֥שַׁע וְאַרְבָּעִ֖ים שָׁנָֽה

And you shall count off seven sabbaths of years for yourself, seven years seven times, so that the days of the seven sabbaths of years give you forty-nine years.

New instruction: the jubilee count (7×7 years)וְ
V. 8 shifts from the single sabbatical year (vv. 2-7) to the larger sabbath-of-sabbaths structure: seven cycles of seven years yields forty-nine years, the count culminating in the fiftieth-year jubilee proclaimed in vv. 9-10. The arithmetic mirrors the weekly-Sabbath-to-Pentecost pattern of 23:15-16.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וְסָפַרְתָּ֣and you shall countconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · סָפַר (H5608)Weqatal, main clause (new instruction)→ Weqatal: sequential instructionסָפַר (H5608) 'to count, number'; opens the jubilee reckoning, counting sabbatical cycles rather than single years.
לְךָ֗for yourselfprep לְ + 2ms suffixDative of interest/reflexiveלְ + 2ms suffix, reflexive-benefactive 'for yourself'.
שֶׁ֚בַעsevennumeral f sg abs · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Numeral modifying שַׁבְּתֹת (construct head of the counted phrase)שֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven'; the sabbatical-of-sabbaticals structure (7×7) underlying the jubilee count.
שַׁבְּתֹ֣תsabbaths ofN f/c pl constr · שַׁבָּת (H7676)Direct object (construct head)שַׁבָּת (H7676) here plural, 'sabbath-cycles', i.e. sabbatical years, each a שְׁמִטָּה.
שָׁנִ֔יםyearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
שֶׁ֥בַעsevennumeral f sg abs · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Numeral in apposition, restating the countשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven', repeated for the distributive שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים 'seven years seven times'.
שָׁנִ֖יםyearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Accusative of duration (distributive apposition)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
שֶׁ֣בַעsevennumeral f sg abs · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Numeral modifying פְּעָמִיםשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven'.
פְּעָמִ֑יםtimesN f pl abs · פַּעַם (H6471)Adverbial accusative (multiplicative)פַּעַם (H6471) 'foot-fall, occurrence, time'; שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִים 'seven times' — the sevenfold repetition yielding the 49-year cycle.
וְהָי֣וּso that they shall beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Weqatal, result clause (main verb)→ Weqatal: resultant consequenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the arithmetic result of the count.
לְךָ֗for youprep לְ + 2ms suffixDative of possessionלְ + 2ms suffix.
יְמֵי֙the days ofN m pl constr · יוֹם (H3117)Subject (construct head)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; יְמֵי...הַשָּׁנִים 'the days of the years', i.e. the total span.
שֶׁ֚בַעsevennumeral f sg abs · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Numeral modifying שַׁבְּתֹתשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven', resuming the count from v. 8a.
שַׁבְּתֹ֣תsabbaths ofN f/c pl constr · שַׁבָּת (H7676)Genitive of the construct chainשַׁבָּת (H7676) pl., 'sabbatical cycles'.
הַשָּׁנִ֔יםthe yearsart + N f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
תֵּ֥שַׁעninenumeral f sg abs · תֵּשַׁע (H8672)Numeral, first element of the compound 'forty-nine'תֵּשַׁע (H8672) 'nine'.
וְאַרְבָּעִ֖יםand fortyconj + numeral · אַרְבָּעִים (H705)Numeral, second element of the compound; together predicate of יְמֵי...הַשָּׁנִיםאַרְבָּעִים (H705) 'forty'; תֵּשַׁע וְאַרְבָּעִים 'forty-nine' — 7×7 years, the count preceding the jubilee's fiftieth year.
שָׁנָֽהyearsN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Accusative of specification (with the compound numeral)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', singular after the compound numeral per Hebrew usage.
9

וְהַֽעֲבַרְתָּ֞ שׁוֹפַ֤ר תְּרוּעָה֙ בַּחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִעִ֔י בֶּעָשׂ֖וֹר לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ בְּיוֹם֙ הַכִּפֻּרִ֔ים תַּעֲבִ֥ירוּ שׁוֹפָ֖ר בְּכָל אַרְצְכֶֽם

Then you shall sound the ram's horn of alarm in the seventh month, on the tenth of the month; on the Day of Atonement you shall sound the ram's horn throughout all your land.

Instruction: the jubilee proclamation by shofarוְ
The fiftieth year is inaugurated not merely by a calendar date but by a ritual sound-event on the Day of Atonement — Israel's day of national purgation — linking the jubilee's social release to the cultic atonement that precedes it. The shofar-blast recalls Sinai (Exod 19:16) and anticipates the language of דְּרוֹר, 'liberty', in v. 10.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְהַֽעֲבַרְתָּ֞then you shall soundconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 2ms · עָבַר (H5674)Weqatal, main clause (new instruction)→ Weqatal: sequential instruction, culminating the count of v. 8עָבַר (H5674) Hiphil 'to cause to pass through', hence 'to sound (a horn)'; opens the jubilee proclamation.
שׁוֹפַ֤רthe horn ofN m sg constr · שׁוֹפָר (H7782)Direct object (construct head)שׁוֹפָר (H7782) 'ram's horn, trumpet'; the instrument sounding both alarm and jubilee proclamation (cf. Exod 19:16; Josh 6).
תְּרוּעָה֙of alarmN f sg abs · תְּרוּעָה (H8643)Genitive of the construct chainתְּרוּעָה (H8643) 'shout, alarm-blast', from רוע 'to raise a sound'; a piercing signal-blast, here inaugurating the jubilee.
בַּחֹ֣דֶשׁin the monthprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · חֹדֶשׁ (H2320)Temporal prepositional phraseחֹדֶשׁ (H2320) 'month, new moon'.
הַשְּׁבִעִ֔יthe seventhart + ordinal m sg abs · שְׁבִיעִי (H7637)Attributive adjective modifying חֹדֶשׁשְׁבִיעִי (H7637) 'seventh'; the month Tishrei, home to the Day of Atonement and Sukkot.
בֶּעָשׂ֖וֹרon the tenthprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · עָשׂוֹר (H6218)Temporal prepositional phrase, apposedעָשׂוֹר (H6218) 'ten, tenth day'; the Day of Atonement (cf. 23:27).
לַחֹ֑דֶשׁof the monthprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · חֹדֶשׁ (H2320)Prepositional phrase specifying עָשׂוֹרחֹדֶשׁ (H2320) 'month'.
בְּיוֹם֙on the day ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (restating the date)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'.
הַכִּפֻּרִ֔יםthe atonementsart + N m pl abs · כִּפֻּרִים (H3725)Genitive of the construct chainכִּפֻּרִים (H3725) 'atonement, expiation', plural of intensity from כפר; יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים, the Day of Atonement (ch. 16; 23:26-32) — the jubilee is proclaimed on Israel's most solemn fast day.
תַּעֲבִ֥ירוּyou shall soundHiphil impf 2mp · עָבַר (H5674)Predicate verb (main clause, restating the instruction)→ Yiqtol: imperatival future, the actual proclamation commandעָבַר (H5674) Hiphil, repeated from v. 9a; the plural (all Israel) versus the earlier singular addressee marks the shift from individual to communal proclamation.
שׁוֹפָ֖רa hornN m sg abs · שׁוֹפָר (H7782)Direct objectשׁוֹפָר (H7782) 'ram's horn'.
בְּכָלthroughout all ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Locative prepositional phrase (construct head)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'.
אַרְצְכֶֽםyour landN f/c sg constr + 2mp suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive of the construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the jubilee blast sounds nationwide, not merely locally.
10

וְקִדַּשְׁתֶּ֗ם אֵ֣ת שְׁנַ֤ת הַחֲמִשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה וּקְרָאתֶ֥ם דְּר֛וֹר בָּאָ֖רֶץ לְכָל יֹשְׁבֶ֑יהָ יוֹבֵ֥ל הִוא֙ תִּהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֔ם וְשַׁבְתֶּ֗ם אִ֚ישׁ אֶל אֲחֻזָּת֔וֹ וְאִ֥ישׁ אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתּ֖וֹ תָּשֻֽׁבוּ

And you shall sanctify the fiftieth year, and you shall proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants; it shall be a jubilee for you, and each of you shall return to his holding, and each of you shall return to his clan.

The jubilee's core proclamation: sanctification, liberty, and returnוְ
V. 10 is the chapter's central legal declaration, giving the jubilee its name (יוֹבֵל) and its watchword (דְּרוֹר, 'liberty' — the source of the Liberty Bell's inscription). The distributive אִישׁ...וְאִישׁ construction makes explicit that every individual Israelite, not just the nation collectively, is restored to both land (אֲחֻזָּה) and kin-group (מִשְׁפָּחָה).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וְקִדַּשְׁתֶּ֗םand you shall sanctifyconj וְ + Piel weqatal 2mp · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Weqatal, main clause→ Weqatal: sequential instructionקָדַשׁ (H6942) Piel 'to consecrate, declare holy'; the fiftieth year itself is set apart, not merely observed.
אֵ֣ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
שְׁנַ֤תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Direct object (construct head)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַחֲמִשִּׁים֙the fiftiethart + numeral · חֲמִשִּׁים (H2572)Genitive of the construct chainחֲמִשִּׁים (H2572) 'fifty'; the year following the 49-year count of v. 8, the jubilee itself.
שָׁנָ֔הyearN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Appositional noun clarifying the numeralשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', in apposition specifying the numeral as a year-count.
וּקְרָאתֶ֥םand you shall proclaimconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · קָרָא (H7121)Weqatal, main clause (coordinate)→ Weqatal: sequential instructionקָרָא (H7121) 'to call, proclaim'; a formal, public legal proclamation.
דְּר֛וֹרlibertyN m sg abs · דְּרוֹר (H1865)Direct objectדְּרוֹר (H1865) 'liberty, release, manumission'; a rare, weighty term (cf. Isa 61:1; Jer 34:8, 15, 17), the jubilee's defining watchword — release of both persons and property.
בָּאָ֖רֶץthroughout the landprep בְּ + art + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Locative prepositional phraseאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the proclamation covers the whole territory.
לְכָלto all ofprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Dative prepositional phrase (construct head)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'.
יֹשְׁבֶ֑יהָits inhabitantsQal ptc m pl constr + 3fs suffix · יָשַׁב (H3427)Substantival participle, genitive of the construct chain→ Participle: those characteristically dwelling — a substantive classיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to sit, dwell'; used substantivally, 'dwellers, inhabitants' — every resident of the land.
יוֹבֵ֥לa jubileeN m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Predicate nominativeיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'ram's horn, jubilee', named for the horn that proclaims it (v. 9); by metonymy the fiftieth year itself — English 'jubilee'.
הִוא֙it (shall be)indep pron 3fs · הִיא (H1931)Resumptive subject of the clauseהִיא (H1931), independent 3fs pronoun agreeing with שָׁנָה (fem.), resuming שְׁנַת הַחֲמִשִּׁים as subject.
תִּהְיֶ֣הshall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
לָכֶ֔םfor youprep לְ + 2mp suffixDative of referenceלְ + 2mp suffix.
וְשַׁבְתֶּ֗םand you shall returnconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Weqatal, main clause (coordinate)→ Weqatal: sequential instruction, the jubilee's practical outcomeשׁוּב (H7725) 'to return, turn back'; the jubilee's core mechanism — restoration to original holdings.
אִ֚ישׁeach manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition to the subject, 'each one'אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; used distributively, 'each (one)', governing the following prepositional phrase.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (destination)אֶל (H413) 'to'.
אֲחֻזָּת֔וֹhis holdingN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Object of the prepositionאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession, landed property', from אחז 'to grasp, hold'; the ancestral land-allotment, a key term of the chapter (cf. vv. 13, 24-28, 32-34, 41, 45-46).
וְאִ֥ישׁand each manconj + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition, second clauseאִישׁ (H376), repeated distributively for the parallel clan-clause.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (destination)אֶל (H413) 'to'.
מִשְׁפַּחְתּ֖וֹhis clanN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940)Object of the prepositionמִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940) 'clan, family'; the sub-tribal kinship unit, paired with אֲחֻזָּה — the jubilee restores both land and social belonging.
תָּשֻֽׁבוּyou shall returnQal impf 2mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (main clause, closing the distributive construction)→ Yiqtol: future obligation, concluding the weqatal begun in v. 10bשׁוּב (H7725) 'to return'; 2mp verb concluding the אִישׁ...וְאִישׁ distributive construction.
11

יוֹבֵ֣ל הִ֗וא שְׁנַ֛ת הַחֲמִשִּׁ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה תִּהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם לֹ֣א תִזְרָ֔עוּ וְלֹ֤א תִקְצְרוּ֙ אֶת סְפִיחֶ֔יהָ וְלֹ֥א תִבְצְר֖וּ אֶת נְזִרֶֽיהָ

It is a jubilee; the fiftieth year shall be for you; you shall not sow, nor reap its aftergrowth, nor gather its unpruned vines.

Restatement: the jubilee's agricultural rest mirrors the sabbatical yearasyndeton
V. 11 restates vv. 4-5's sabbatical prohibitions in substance for the jubilee year — implying the fiftieth year follows directly on a sabbatical forty-ninth year, two consecutive fallow years, a point later rabbinic and modern interpreters have debated at length.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
יוֹבֵ֣לa jubileeN m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Predicate nominativeיוֹבֵל (H3104), repeated from v. 10 to open a fresh clause restating the year's status.
הִ֗ואit (is)indep pron 3fs · הִיא (H1931)Subject/copula of the verbless clauseהִיא (H1931), independent 3fs pronoun.
שְׁנַ֛תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Subject (construct head) of the following clauseשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַחֲמִשִּׁ֥יםthe fiftiethart + numeral · חֲמִשִּׁים (H2572)Genitive of the construct chainחֲמִשִּׁים (H2572) 'fifty'.
שָׁנָ֖הyearN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Appositional nounשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', in apposition.
תִּהְיֶ֣הshall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
לָכֶ֑םfor youprep לְ + 2mp suffixDative of referenceלְ + 2mp suffix.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808).
תִזְרָ֔עוּshall you sowQal impf 2mp · זָרַע (H2232)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibition, jubilee-year cessation echoing vv. 4-5זָרַע (H2232) 'to sow'; the jubilee year is agriculturally identical to a sabbatical year, its own year of rest layered atop the sabbatical cycle.
וְלֹ֤אnorconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verb (coordinate)לֹא (H3808), continuing the prohibition series.
תִקְצְרוּ֙shall you reapQal impf 2mp · קָצַר (H7114)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitionקָצַר (H7114) 'to reap'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
סְפִיחֶ֔יהָits aftergrowthN m pl constr + 3fs suffix · סָפִיחַ (H5599)Direct objectסָפִיחַ (H5599) 'aftergrowth, self-sown crop', repeated from v. 5, its suffix referring to הָאָרֶץ.
וְלֹ֥אnorconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verb (coordinate)לֹא (H3808).
תִבְצְר֖וּshall you gatherQal impf 2mp · בָּצַר (H1219)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitionבָּצַר (H1219) 'to gather grapes'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
נְזִרֶֽיהָits unpruned vinesN constr + 3fs suffix · נָזִיר (H5139)Direct objectנָזִיר (H5139) 'untrimmed vine', repeated from v. 5, its suffix referring to הָאָרֶץ.
12

כִּ֚י יוֹבֵ֣ל הִ֔וא קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם מִן הַ֨שָּׂדֶ֔ה תֹּאכְל֖וּ אֶת תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ

For it is a jubilee; it shall be holy to you; you shall eat its yield out of the field.

Ground clause: the jubilee's sanctityכִּי
V. 12 grounds the preceding prohibitions theologically: the year is prohibited from ordinary harvest not merely because it is agriculturally fallow but because it is קֹדֶשׁ, holy — the jubilee shares the sacred status elsewhere reserved for sanctuary and offerings.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כִּ֚יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the grounds for v. 11's prohibitionsכִּי (H3588) 'for, because', causal.
יוֹבֵ֣לa jubileeN m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Predicate nominativeיוֹבֵל (H3104); the reason clause: it is precisely the year's jubilee-status that grounds the prohibition.
הִ֔ואit (is)indep pron 3fs · הִיא (H1931)Subject/copulaהִיא (H1931), independent 3fs pronoun.
קֹ֖דֶשׁholyN m sg abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Predicate nominativeקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holiness, sacred thing'; the jubilee year carries a sanctity comparable to sacred offerings, not merely an economic reset.
תִּהְיֶ֣הshall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'.
לָכֶ֑םto youprep לְ + 2mp suffixDative of referenceלְ + 2mp suffix.
מִןout ofprep · מִן (H4480)Source prepositional phraseמִן (H4480) 'from, out of'.
הַ֨שָּׂדֶ֔הthe fieldart + N m sg abs · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Object of the prepositionשָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field'; produce is eaten directly where it grows, not stored or traded like ordinary harvest.
תֹּאכְל֖וּyou shall eatQal impf 2mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: permission/obligationאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; echoes vv. 6-7's provision for the sabbatical year, extended here to the jubilee.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
תְּבוּאָתָֽהּits yieldN f sg constr + 3fs suffix · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Direct objectתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield', suffix referring to הַשָּׂדֶה/הָאָרֶץ.
13

בִּשְׁנַ֥ת הַיּוֹבֵ֖ל הַזֹּ֑את תָּשֻׁ֕בוּ אִ֖ישׁ אֶל אֲחֻזָּתֽוֹ

In this year of jubilee each of you shall return to his holding.

Closing restatement of the jubilee's core commandasyndeton
V. 13 closes the jubilee-proclamation unit (vv. 8-13) by restating its central command from v. 10 in compressed form, functioning as an inclusio and transition to the redemption laws of vv. 14ff.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
בִּשְׁנַ֥תin the year ofprep בְּ + N f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַיּוֹבֵ֖לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Genitive of the construct chainיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'.
הַזֹּ֑אתthisart + dem pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying שָׁנָהזֹאת (H2063), fem. demonstrative agreeing with שָׁנָה, emphasizing 'this very year'.
תָּשֻׁ֕בוּyou shall returnQal impf 2mp · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future obligation, restating v. 10's commandשׁוּב (H7725) 'to return'; restates v. 10's core command as this legal unit closes.
אִ֖ישׁeach manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition to the subjectאִישׁ (H376) 'man', distributive 'each one'.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase (destination)אֶל (H413) 'to'.
אֲחֻזָּתֽוֹhis holdingN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Object of the prepositionאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'.
14

וְכִֽי תִמְכְּר֤וּ מִמְכָּר֙ לַעֲמִיתֶ֔ךָ א֥וֹ קָנֹ֖ה מִיַּ֣ד עֲמִיתֶ֑ךָ אַל תּוֹנ֖וּ אִ֥ישׁ אֶת אָחִֽיו

And if you sell something to your neighbor, or buy from your neighbor's hand, you shall not wrong one another.

New casuistic law: fair dealing in sale and purchaseוְכִי
V. 14 opens a new legal unit (vv. 14-17) on honest commerce, transitioning from the jubilee's temporal framework to its ethical corollary: because land reverts at the jubilee, sale prices must be calculated fairly by years remaining (vv. 15-16), and no one may exploit another in the transaction.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְכִֽיand ifconj וְ + conj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing a new casuistic lawכִּי (H3588), conditional 'if', opening a new casuistic (case) law, matching the chapter's recurring כִּי-clause structure.
תִמְכְּר֤וּyou sellQal impf 2mp · מָכַר (H4376)Verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: contingent/futureמָכַר (H4376) 'to sell'; opens the chapter's extended treatment of sale and redemption.
מִמְכָּר֙a saleN m sg abs · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Direct object (cognate accusative)מִמְכָּר (H4465) 'sale, thing sold', cognate noun to מָכַר; a generic object covering any item of property.
לַעֲמִיתֶ֔ךָto your neighborprep לְ + N constr + 2ms suffix · עָמִית (H5997)Indirect objectעָמִית (H5997) 'associate, fellow, neighbor'; a term for a fellow member of the covenant community, rare outside Leviticus (cf. 19:11, 15, 17; 6:2).
א֥וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'.
קָנֹ֖הbuyQal inf abs · קָנָה (H7069)Infinitive absolute functioning as a finite verb (parallel to תִמְכְּרוּ)→ Infinitive absolute: standing for the finite verb, continuing the conditional protasisקָנָה (H7069) 'to acquire, buy'; the inf. absolute here substitutes for a finite verb, a known idiom.
מִיַּ֣דfrom the hand ofprep מִן + N f/c sg constr · יָד (H3027)Source prepositional phraseיָד (H3027) 'hand'; מִיַּד idiomatically 'from (the possession of)'.
עֲמִיתֶ֑ךָyour neighborN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · עָמִית (H5997)Genitive of the construct chainעָמִית (H5997) 'associate, fellow'.
אַלdo notnegative particle · אַל (H408)Negates the following jussiveאַל (H408), the negative used with volitional forms (jussive/cohortative/imperative), distinct from indicative לֹא.
תּוֹנ֖וּshall you wrongHiphil jussive 2mp · יָנָה (H3238)Predicate verb (prohibitive jussive, main clause)→ Jussive: prohibition (with אַל)יָנָה (H3238) Hiphil 'to oppress, wrong, exploit'; a strong ethical term for taking advantage of another, especially in trade.
אִ֥ישׁeach manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition to the subject, 'one another'אִישׁ (H376) 'man', distributive; with אָחִיו forms the reciprocal idiom 'one another'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
אָחִֽיוhis brotherN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · אָח (H251)Direct object, completing the reciprocal idiomאָח (H251) 'brother'; אִישׁ...אֶת אָחִיו, 'each man his brother' = 'one another' — fellow Israelites as kin.
15

בְּמִסְפַּ֤ר שָׁנִים֙ אַחַ֣ר הַיּוֹבֵ֔ל תִּקְנֶ֖ה מֵאֵ֣ת עֲמִיתֶ֑ךָ בְּמִסְפַּ֥ר שְׁנֵֽי תְבוּאֹ֖ת יִמְכָּר לָֽךְ

According to the number of years after the jubilee you shall buy from your neighbor; according to the number of years of crops he shall sell to you.

Pricing principle: sale price proportional to years until jubileeasyndeton
Vv. 15-16 establish the arithmetic underlying all jubilee-bound land transactions: what is 'sold' is not the land itself (which cannot leave the family permanently, v. 23) but the number of harvests remaining until the next jubilee — effectively a lease, priced accordingly.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
בְּמִסְפַּ֤רaccording to the number ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · מִסְפָּר (H4557)Prepositional phrase of manner/standard (fronted)מִסְפָּר (H4557) 'number, count'; the price standard for jubilee-bound land sales.
שָׁנִים֙yearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
אַחַ֣רafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase modifying שָׁנִיםאַחַר (H310) 'after, behind'.
הַיּוֹבֵ֔לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Object of the prepositionיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; years are counted from the most recent jubilee, i.e. years remaining until the next one.
תִּקְנֶ֖הyou shall buyQal impf 2ms · קָנָה (H7069)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: instruction/permissionקָנָה (H7069) 'to acquire, buy'.
מֵאֵ֣תfromprep מִן + prep · אֵת (H854)Source prepositional phraseאֵת (H854) 'with'; compound מֵאֵת 'from (the possession of)'.
עֲמִיתֶ֑ךָyour neighborN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · עָמִית (H5997)Object of the prepositionעָמִית (H5997) 'associate, fellow'.
בְּמִסְפַּ֥רaccording to the number ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · מִסְפָּר (H4557)Prepositional phrase of manner/standard (fronted, resumptive)מִסְפָּר (H4557) 'number, count', repeated to restate the pricing principle from the seller's perspective.
שְׁנֵֽיyears ofN f pl constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', here in construct governing תְּבוּאֹת.
תְבוּאֹ֖תof cropsN f pl abs · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Genitive of the construct chainתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield', pl.; שְׁנֵי תְבוּאֹת 'years of crops' — the price reflects the number of harvests the buyer will actually get before the jubilee reversion.
יִמְכָּרhe shall sellQal impf 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: instructionמָכַר (H4376) 'to sell'; the seller's side of the same transaction.
לָֽךְto youprep לְ + 2ms suffix (pausal)Indirect objectלְ + 2ms suffix; the pausal form לָךְ, orthographically identical to 2fs, addresses the male hearer.
16

לְפִ֣י רֹ֣ב הַשָּׁנִ֗ים תַּרְבֶּה֙ מִקְנָת֔וֹ וּלְפִי֙ מְעֹ֣ט הַשָּׁנִ֔ים תַּמְעִ֖יט מִקְנָת֑וֹ כִּ֚י מִסְפַּ֣ר תְּבוּאֹ֔ת ה֥וּא מֹכֵ֖ר לָֽךְ

According to the greater number of years you shall increase its price, and according to the fewer number of years you shall diminish its price, for it is a number of crops that he is selling to you.

Elaboration and rationale of the pricing formulaasyndeton
V. 16 spells out v. 15's principle in both directions (more years = higher price, fewer years = lower price) and then states its rationale explicitly with כִּי: what changes hands is not land in perpetuity but a fixed, countable number of crop-years — reinforcing v. 23's theology that the land itself is never truly for sale.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
לְפִ֣יaccording toprep לְ + N m sg constr · פֶּה (H6310)Prepositional phrase of manner/standard (fronted)פֶּה (H6310) 'mouth', idiomatically 'according to, in proportion to' in לְפִי.
רֹ֣בthe abundance ofN m/c sg constr · רֹב (H7230)Genitive of the construct chainרֹב (H7230) 'abundance, multitude'; here 'the greater number' of years.
הַשָּׁנִ֗יםthe yearsart + N f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
תַּרְבֶּה֙you shall increaseHiphil impf 2ms · רָבָה (H7235)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: instructionרָבָה (H7235) Hiphil 'to make great, increase'; the price rises with more remaining years.
מִקְנָת֔וֹits priceN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִקְנָה (H4736)Direct objectמִקְנָה (H4736) 'purchase, price', from קנה 'to acquire'.
וּלְפִי֙and according toconj + prep לְ + N m sg constr · פֶּה (H6310)Prepositional phrase, coordinateפֶּה (H6310), idiomatic לְפִי, repeated for the inverse case.
מְעֹ֣טthe fewness ofQal inf constr (substantival) · מָעַט (H4591)Genitive of the construct chain (infinitive used substantivally)מָעַט (H4591) 'to be few, small'; the infinitive construct used as an abstract noun, 'fewness, smallness'.
הַשָּׁנִ֔יםthe yearsart + N f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
תַּמְעִ֖יטyou shall diminishHiphil impf 2ms · מָעַט (H4591)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: instructionמָעַט (H4591) Hiphil 'to make few/small, diminish'; the price falls with fewer remaining years.
מִקְנָת֑וֹits priceN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִקְנָה (H4736)Direct objectמִקְנָה (H4736) 'purchase, price'.
כִּ֚יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction, grounding the pricing ruleכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'.
מִסְפַּ֣רa number ofN m sg constr · מִסְפָּר (H4557)Predicate nominative (construct head)מִסְפָּר (H4557) 'number, count'.
תְּבוּאֹ֔תcropsN f pl abs · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Genitive of the construct chainתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield', pl.
ה֥וּאit (is)indep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject/copula, resuming the object clauseהוּא (H1931), independent 3ms pronoun; resumptive, restating the object of the sale as 'a number of crops'.
מֹכֵ֖רhe is sellingQal ptc ms abs · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate participle (present/durative)→ Participle: characterizing the transaction — what is really being soldמָכַר (H4376) 'to sell'; the participle names what is truly transacted: not land itself but a countable number of future harvests.
לָֽךְto youprep לְ + 2ms suffix (pausal)Indirect objectלְ + 2ms suffix, pausal form.
17

וְלֹ֤א תוֹנוּ֙ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת עֲמִית֔וֹ וְיָרֵ֖אתָ מֵֽאֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהֹוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם

And you shall not wrong one another, but you shall fear your God, for I am YHWH your God.

Closing exhortation with the self-identification refrainוְ
V. 17 closes the fair-dealing unit (vv. 14-17) by generalizing v. 14's commercial prohibition to all social dealing and grounding it in the fear of God rather than mere legal enforceability — the first occurrence in this chapter of the 'I am YHWH your God' refrain that recurs as the theological seal of each major section (vv. 38, 55).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְלֹ֤אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), the standard verbal negative.
תוֹנוּ֙shall you wrongHiphil impf 2mp · יָנָה (H3238)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitionיָנָה (H3238) Hiphil 'to oppress, wrong, exploit', repeated from v. 14, now generalizing the principle beyond commerce.
אִ֣ישׁeach manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition, 'one another'אִישׁ (H376), distributive, forming the reciprocal idiom with עֲמִיתוֹ.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
עֲמִית֔וֹhis neighborN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · עָמִית (H5997)Direct object, completing the reciprocal idiomעָמִית (H5997) 'associate, fellow'; אִישׁ אֶת עֲמִיתוֹ, 'each man his fellow' = 'one another', broadening v. 14's commercial context to all dealings.
וְיָרֵ֖אתָbut you shall fearconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · יָרֵא (H3372)Weqatal, main clause (positive counterpart to the prohibition)→ Weqatal: sequential instructionיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear, revere'; the positive ground of ethical fair-dealing, a recurring refrain in Leviticus (cf. 19:14, 32; 25:36, 43).
מֵֽאֱלֹהֶ֑יךָyour Godprep מִן + N m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Object of the preposition (source/object of fear)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; fearing God, not merely fear of legal sanction, restrains exploitation where no earthly court could detect it.
כִּ֛יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunctionכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'.
אֲנִ֥יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the verbless self-identification clauseאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun; opens the self-identification formula.
יְהֹוָ֖הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominative in apposition to אֲנִייְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name.
אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽםyour GodN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Predicate nominative in further appositionאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, the self-identification refrain closing this unit, recurring at vv. 38, 55 and throughout the Holiness Code.
18

וַעֲשִׂיתֶם֙ אֶת חֻקֹּתַ֔י וְאֶת מִשְׁפָּטַ֥י תִּשְׁמְר֖וּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֣ם אֹתָ֑ם וִֽישַׁבְתֶּ֥ם עַל הָאָ֖רֶץ לָבֶֽטַח

And you shall do my statutes and keep my ordinances and do them, and you shall dwell in the land securely.

Transition: general covenant obedience as guarantor of secure land-tenureוְ
V. 18 pivots from the specific fair-dealing law of vv. 14-17 to a general exhortation to obedience, promising secure dwelling in the land as its reward — anticipating v. 19's agricultural blessing and directly answering the anxiety of v. 20 about the sabbatical year's viability.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וַעֲשִׂיתֶם֙and you shall doconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Weqatal, main clause→ Weqatal: sequential instructionעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; general covenant-obedience formula opening a new paraenetic unit.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi; untranslated.
חֻקֹּתַ֔יmy statutesN f pl constr + 1cs suffix · חֻקָּה (H2708)Direct objectחֻקָּה (H2708) 'statute, prescribed limit', from חקק 'to inscribe'; fixed decrees, often ritual/cultic in Leviticus.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object markerוְ joins the second object; אֵת marks מִשְׁפָּטַי as definite object (fronted before its verb).
מִשְׁפָּטַ֥יmy ordinancesN m pl constr + 1cs suffix · מִשְׁפָּט (H4941)Direct object (fronted for emphasis)מִשְׁפָּט (H4941) 'judgment, ordinance', from שׁפט 'to judge'; case-law rulings, often social/civil, paired with חֻקָּה.
תִּשְׁמְר֖וּyou shall keepQal impf 2mp · שָׁמַר (H8104)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: instruction/obligationשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, guard, observe'; standard verb for covenant fidelity.
וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֣םand doconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Weqatal, main clause (coordinate)→ Weqatal: sequential instructionעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do', repeated — statutes and ordinances alike must be both kept (guarded) and done (enacted).
אֹתָ֑םthemobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object (resumptive pronoun)אֵת (H853) + 3mp suffix, resuming both חֻקֹּתַי and מִשְׁפָּטַי.
וִֽישַׁבְתֶּ֥םand you shall dwellconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · יָשַׁב (H3427)Weqatal, main clause (result)→ Weqatal: consequential result of obedienceיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to sit, dwell'; secure tenure in the land is the promised outcome of covenant fidelity.
עַלinprep · עַל (H5921)Locative prepositional phraseעַל (H5921) 'upon, on'.
הָאָ֖רֶץthe landart + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of the prepositionאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'.
לָבֶֽטַחsecurelyprep לְ + N m sg abs · בֶּטַח (H983)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerבֶּטַח (H983) 'security, safety'; לָבֶטַח, idiomatic adverb 'securely' — obedience to the sabbatical/jubilee laws, not military strength, guarantees secure tenure.
19

וְנָתְנָ֤ה הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ פִּרְיָ֔הּ וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֖ם לָשֹׂ֑בַע וִֽישַׁבְתֶּ֥ם לָבֶ֖טַח עָלֶֽיהָ

And the land shall yield its fruit, and you shall eat your fill, and dwell securely upon it.

Promise of agricultural abundance and security as the reward of obedienceוְ
V. 19 completes the blessing begun in v. 18, forming a tight inclusio (וִישַׁבְתֶּם...לָבֶטַח repeated) that frames covenant obedience — including the sabbatical/jubilee laws just given — as the true guarantor of both fertility and safety in the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
וְנָתְנָ֤הand it shall giveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · נָתַן (H5414)Weqatal, main clause→ Weqatal: consequential result of obedienceנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the land's yielding fruit is the direct effect of Israel's obedience (v. 18).
הָאָ֨רֶץ֙the landart + N f/c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Subjectאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land', personified as an active giver.
פִּרְיָ֔הּits fruitN m sg constr + 3fs suffix · פְּרִי (H6529)Direct objectפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit, produce'.
וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֖םand you shall eatconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · אָכַל (H398)Weqatal, main clause (coordinate)→ Weqatal: consequential resultאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'.
לָשֹׂ֑בַעto your fillprep לְ + N m sg abs · שֹׂבַע (H7648)Adverbial prepositional phrase of result/mannerשֹׂבַע (H7648) 'satiety, fullness', from שׂבע 'to be satisfied'; obedience yields not mere subsistence but abundance.
וִֽישַׁבְתֶּ֥םand you shall dwellconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · יָשַׁב (H3427)Weqatal, main clause (coordinate)→ Weqatal: consequential resultיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to dwell', repeated from v. 18.
לָבֶ֖טַחsecurelyprep לְ + N m sg abs · בֶּטַח (H983)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerבֶּטַח (H983) 'security', repeated from v. 18, forming an inclusio around this promise.
עָלֶֽיהָupon itprep עַל + 3fs suffix · (H5921)Locative prepositional phrase (referring to הָאָרֶץ)עַל (H5921) + 3fs suffix, referring back to הָאָרֶץ.
20

וְכִ֣י תֹאמְר֔וּ מַה נֹּאכַ֤֖ל בַּשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשְּׁבִיעִ֑ת הֵ֚ן לֹ֣א נִזְרָ֔ע וְלֹ֥א נֶאֱסֹ֖ף אֶת תְּבוּאָתֵֽנוּ

And if you say, 'What shall we eat in the seventh year, since we may not sow or gather in our produce?'

Rhetorical objection opening YHWH's reassurance (vv. 20-22)וְ
The chapter's only quoted human speech: a hypothetical objection anticipating the practical anxiety a sabbatical fallow year provokes. Its placement right after the sabbatical (vv. 1-7) and jubilee (vv. 8-19) legislation shows the text pre-empting the obvious objection before it becomes an excuse for disobedience.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְכִ֣יand ifconj וְ + conditional particle · כִּי (H3588)Coordinating conjunction + conditional particle (protasis marker)כִּי (H3588) here conditional 'if'; introduces the people's anxious hypothetical question about sabbatical-year survival.
תֹאמְר֔וּyou sayQal impf 2mp · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb of the conditional protasis→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — a hypothetical future utteranceאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces the quoted objection voiced by the people, a rhetorical device answered directly by YHWH in v. 21.
מַהwhatinterrog pron · מָה (H4100)Interrogative pronoun, fronted direct object of נֹּאכַלמָה (H4100) 'what?'; fronted for emphasis, framing the deliberative question.
נֹּאכַ֤֖לshall we eatQal impf 1cp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the quoted question (deliberative)→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — deliberative futureאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; deliberative imperfect voicing anxious uncertainty about food supply.
בַּשָּׁנָ֣הin the yearprep בְּ + N f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Temporal prepositional phraseשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַשְּׁבִיעִ֑תthe seventhart + Aof sg abs · שְׁבִיעִי (H7637)Attributive adjective modifying שָׁנָהשְׁבִיעִי (H7637) 'seventh', from שֶׁבַע 'seven'; the sabbatical year legislated in vv. 1-7.
הֵ֚ןif indeedparticle · הֵן (H2005)Conditional/asseverative particle introducing the grounds clauseהֵן (H2005) 'behold, if'; restates the conditional force, spelling out why the question arises: no sowing, no gathering.
לֹ֣אnotneg particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates נִזְרָע
נִזְרָ֔עwe sowQal impf 1cp · זָרַע (H2232)Predicate verb, first clause under הֵן→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — anticipated action forgoneזָרַע (H2232) 'to sow'; the sabbatical prohibition of v. 4 (לֹא תִזְרָע) restated as the people's own complaint.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + neg particle · לֹא (H3808)Coordinating conjunction + negative particle
נֶאֱסֹ֖ףwe gatherQal impf 1cp · אָסַף (H622)Predicate verb, second clause under הֵן→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — anticipated action forgoneאָסַף (H622) 'to gather, harvest'; paired with זָרַע for the full sowing-and-reaping cycle suspended in the sabbatical year.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
תְּבוּאָתֵֽנוּour produceN f sg constr + Sp1cp · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Direct object of נֶאֱסֹףתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield, crop', from בּוֹא 'to come in'; the anticipated harvest income that the sabbatical year suspends.
21

וְצִוִּ֤יתִי אֶת בִּרְכָתִי֙ לָכֶ֔ם בַּשָּׁנָ֖ה הַשִּׁשִּׁ֑ית וְעָשָׂת֙ אֶת הַתְּבוּאָ֔ה לִשְׁלֹ֖שׁ הַשָּׁנִֽים

Then I will command my blessing for you in the sixth year, and it will produce enough crop for three years.

Divine answer/promise responding to the objection of v. 20וְ
YHWH answers the anticipated objection not by relaxing the sabbatical law but by promising a supernatural triple yield in year six — the same rhetorical pattern as the manna's double portion on the sixth day (Exod 16:5). Obedience to the fallow year is thus underwritten by a concrete divine guarantee, not left as an act of blind faith alone.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְצִוִּ֤יתִיand I will commandconj וְ + Piel weqatal 1cs · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb (weqatal apodosis of YHWH's promise)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — a future promise following the people's hypothetical questionצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command, ordain'; 'command my blessing' personifies בְּרָכָה as summoned into effect by divine decree, cf. Deut 28:8.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
בִּרְכָתִי֙my blessingN f sg constr + Sp1cs · בְּרָכָה (H1293)Direct object of וְצִוִּיתִיבְּרָכָה (H1293) 'blessing', root ברך; here a specific triple-yield agricultural blessing that answers the anxiety of v. 20.
לָכֶ֔םfor youprep לְ + Sp2mpPrepositional phrase, beneficiary of the blessingלְ dative/benefactive preposition + 2mp suffix; marks Israel as recipient.
בַּשָּׁנָ֖הin the yearprep בְּ + N f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Temporal prepositional phraseשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַשִּׁשִּׁ֑יתthe sixthart + Aof sg abs · שִׁשִּׁי (H8345)Attributive adjective modifying שָׁנָהשִׁשִּׁי (H8345) 'sixth', from שֵׁשׁ 'six'; the year before the sabbatical, when the triple blessing is sent.
וְעָשָׂת֙and it will produceconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (weqatal, continuing the promise; subject = the sixth year's land, implied)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — consequent future resultעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; of land/crop, 'to yield, produce' (cf. Gen 1:11-12); the feminine subject agrees with שָׁנָה.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
הַתְּבוּאָ֔הthe produceart + N f sg abs · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Direct object of וְעָשָׂתתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield'; the sixth year's harvest, miraculously enlarged to cover three years.
לִשְׁלֹ֖שׁfor threeprep לְ + Acf sg abs · שָׁלֹשׁ (H7969)Prepositional phrase of duration/extentשָׁלֹשׁ (H7969) 'three'; the produce of year six must last through years 7 (sabbatical, no sowing), 8 (sown but not yet harvested), and into year 9 (v. 22).
הַשָּׁנִֽיםthe yearsart + N f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive completing לִשְׁלֹשׁשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', plural; the three-year span the sixth-year blessing must cover.
22

וּזְרַעְתֶּ֗ם אֵ֚ת הַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשְּׁמִינִ֔ת וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֖ם מִן הַתְּבוּאָ֣ה יָשָׁ֑ן עַ֣ד הַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַתְּשִׁיעִ֗ת עַד בּוֹא֙ תְּב֣וּאָתָ֔הּ תֹּאכְל֖וּ יָשָֽׁן

And you shall sow in the eighth year but eat from the old produce until the ninth year; until its produce comes in, you shall eat the old.

Continuation of YHWH's provision-promise, specifying the timelineוְ
The verse works out the practical logistics of v. 21's blessing across the full cycle: year six's surplus (blessed triple yield) must cover year seven (sabbatical fallow), year eight (sown but not yet ready), and into year nine, when the eighth year's crop is finally harvested. The double עַד clause underscores just how long the stored grain must last — nearly three full years — magnifying the promised blessing's scale.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וּזְרַעְתֶּ֗םand you shall sowconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · זָרַע (H2232)Predicate verb (weqatal, main clause)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — future instruction continuing the sequenceזָרַע (H2232) 'to sow'; normal sowing resumes in year eight, the first full year after the sabbatical.
אֵ֚ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (marking the following phrase as a temporal accusative)Here אֵת marks a temporal accusative ('[in] the eighth year') rather than a true object of זָרַע.
הַשָּׁנָ֣הthe yearart + N f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Adverbial accusative of time (marked by אֵת)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַשְּׁמִינִ֔תthe eighthart + Aof sg abs · שְׁמִינִי (H8066)Attributive adjective modifying שָׁנָהשְׁמִינִי (H8066) 'eighth', from שְׁמֹנֶה 'eight'; the year immediately following the sabbatical, when sowing resumes.
וַאֲכַלְתֶּ֖םand you shall eatconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (weqatal, coordinate main clause)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — continuing future instructionאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; eating precedes the new harvest, sustained by the old stored crop.
מִןfromprep · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase, source/partitiveמִן (H4480) 'from, out of'; partitive, 'some of the old produce'.
הַתְּבוּאָ֣הthe produceart + N f sg abs · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Object of preposition מִןתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce, yield'; here the stored sixth-year surplus of v. 21.
יָשָׁ֑ןoldAam sg abs · יָשָׁן (H3465)Attributive adjective modifying הַתְּבוּאָהיָשָׁן (H3465) 'old'; describes grain held over from the previous (sixth-year) harvest, still fit to eat.
עַ֣דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of temporal extentעַד (H5704) 'until, as far as'; marks the terminus of the interim eating period.
הַשָּׁנָ֣הthe yearart + N f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Object of preposition עַדשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'.
הַתְּשִׁיעִ֗תthe ninthart + Aof sg abs · תְּשִׁיעִי (H8671)Attributive adjective modifying שָׁנָהתְּשִׁיעִי (H8671) 'ninth', from תֵּשַׁע 'nine'; the year in which the eighth year's new crop finally comes in.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase, second temporal clause (resumptive)עַד (H5704) 'until'; restates and sharpens the timing — until the new produce actually arrives.
בּוֹא֙the coming in ofQal inf constr · בּוֹא (H935)Infinitive construct governing תְּבוּאָתָהּ (subject of the infinitive)→ Infinitive construct: nominalized verbal action, temporal-clause headבּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; of a harvest, 'to come in, be brought in.'
תְּב֣וּאָתָ֔הּits produceN f sg constr + Sp3fs · תְּבוּאָה (H8393)Subject of the infinitive construct בּוֹאתְּבוּאָה (H8393) 'produce'; the suffix refers back to הַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁמִינִת, the eighth year's own crop.
תֹּאכְל֖וּyou shall eatQal impf 2mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb resuming the main clause after the עַד ... בּוֹא temporal clause→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — continued future instructionאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; picks back up the main verb from וַאֲכַלְתֶּם, now with its object יָשָׁן.
יָשָֽׁןold (produce)Aam sg abs · יָשָׁן (H3465)Direct object of תֹּאכְלוּיָשָׁן (H3465) 'old'; used substantivally, 'the old [store]' — the point is restated for emphasis: old grain sustains Israel clear through year nine.
23

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ לֹ֤א תִמָּכֵר֙ לִצְמִתֻ֔ת כִּי לִ֖י הָאָ֑רֶץ כִּֽי גֵרִ֧ים וְתוֹשָׁבִ֛ים אַתֶּ֖ם עִמָּדִֽי

The land shall not be sold in perpetuity, for the land is mine; for you are sojourners and residents with me.

Theological ground clause — the keystone principle underlying the whole chapter's land lawוְ
This is the chapter's hinge verse: every rule about sabbatical fallow, jubilee reversion, and redemption ultimately rests on the double claim made here — the land belongs to YHWH, and Israel's tenure on it is that of a גֵּר/תוֹשָׁב, a resident alien graciously granted use but never outright ownership. 'In perpetuity' (לִצְמִתֻת) sale is barred precisely because ultimate title can never pass to a human seller.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְהָאָ֗רֶץand the landconj וְ + art + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Subject of תִמָּכֵר (fronted for emphasis)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; fronted as the topic — this verse states the chapter's theological keystone.
לֹ֤אnotneg particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates תִמָּכֵר
תִמָּכֵר֙shall be soldNiphal impf 3fs · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb (passive, main clause prohibition)→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — durative prohibition ('is never to be sold')מָכַר (H4376) Niphal 'to be sold'; the passive voice removes the human agent, framing the prohibition as an absolute, categorical rule.
לִצְמִתֻ֔תin perpetuityprep לְ + N f sg abs · צְמִיתֻת (H6783)Adverbial prepositional phrase of manner (permanence)צְמִיתֻת (H6783) 'finality, permanence', root צמת 'to come to an end, be cut off'; לִצְמִתֻת = 'irrevocably, outright' — the very thing forbidden for land, but later permitted for walled-city houses (v. 30).
כִּיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground clauseכִּי (H3588) causal 'for, because'; grounds the prohibition of v. 23a in the theological claim that follows.
לִ֖יmineprep לְ + Sp1csPredicate of the verbless clause (possessive)לְ + 1cs suffix, predicate possessive — 'the land belongs to me'; the ultimate legal ground of every land law in this chapter.
הָאָ֑רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Subject of the verbless clauseאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; YHWH's ownership of the land of Israel is the theological axiom underlying jubilee, sabbatical, and redemption law alike.
כִּֽיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing a second, parallel ground clauseכִּי (H3588) causal; a second 'for' clause spells out Israel's own status as a consequence of YHWH's landownership.
גֵרִ֧יםsojournersN m pl abs · גֵּר (H1616)Predicate nominative (first of a double predicate)גֵּר (H1616) 'sojourner, resident alien', root גור 'to sojourn'; normally a non-Israelite living among Israel — here strikingly applied to Israel itself before YHWH, the true landowner.
וְתוֹשָׁבִ֛יםand residentsconj וְ + N m pl abs · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Predicate nominative, second of the double predicateתּוֹשָׁב (H8453) 'resident, settler', a paired term with גֵּר (cf. Gen 23:4) denoting a landless resident dependent on the actual owner's goodwill — Israel's status vis-à-vis YHWH.
אַתֶּ֖םyou (are)indep pron 2mp · אַתֶּם (H859)Subject of the verbless clauseאַתֶּם (H859), independent 2mp pronoun; emphatic subject, addressing all Israel directly.
עִמָּדִֽיwith meprep עִם + Sp1cs · עִם (H5978)Prepositional phrase, adverbial (locative/relational)עִמָּדִי (H5978), extended form of עִם 'with' + 1cs suffix; frames Israel's tenancy as a relationship of nearness to YHWH, not mere subordination.
24

וּבְכֹ֖ל אֶ֣רֶץ אֲחֻזַּתְכֶ֑ם גְּאֻלָּ֖ה תִּתְּנ֥וּ לָאָֽרֶץ

And in all the land of your possession you shall grant a right of redemption for the land.

General rule stated before the case law that follows (vv. 25-28 develop it)וְ
V. 24 states the governing principle — every sale of ancestral land carries an inalienable right of redemption — before the following verses work out its casuistic details: who may redeem (v. 25), what if there is no redeemer (v. 26), how the price is prorated (v. 27), and what happens if redemption never occurs (v. 28).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
וּבְכֹ֖לand in allconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase, distributive ('throughout')כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; construct governing אֶרֶץ אֲחֻזַּתְכֶם — the redemption right applies universally, without local exception.
אֶ֣רֶץthe land ofN c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive, head of a construct chain (object of preposition)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; construct before אֲחֻזַּתְכֶם, 'the land of your holding.'
אֲחֻזַּתְכֶ֑םyour possessionN f sg constr + Sp2mp · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Genitive completing the construct chainאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession', root אחז 'to grasp, hold'; the tribal/family land allotment inalienably tied to each clan (Num 27, Josh 13-19), the very thing jubilee law protects.
גְּאֻלָּ֖הredemptionN f sg abs · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Direct object of תִּתְּנוּ (fronted for emphasis)גְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption, right of repurchase', root גאל 'to redeem, act as kinsman'; the legal mechanism (vv. 25-28) that keeps land tenure ultimately reversible, matching YHWH's own ownership claim in v. 23.
תִּתְּנ֥וּyou shall grantQal impf 2mp · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause, general legal instruction)→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — durative legal obligation ('you must always grant')נָתַן (H5414) 'to give, grant, allow'; legislative here — every land sale in Israel must carry a legally recognized redemption right.
לָאָֽרֶץfor the landprep לְ + art + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Prepositional phrase, indirect object/referenceאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the redemption right attaches to the land itself, not merely to particular sellers.
25

כִּֽי יָמ֣וּךְ אָחִ֔יךָ וּמָכַ֖ר מֵאֲחֻזָּת֑וֹ וּבָ֤א גֹֽאֲלוֹ֙ הַקָּרֹ֣ב אֵלָ֔יו וְגָאַ֕ל אֵ֖ת מִמְכַּ֥ר אָחִֽיו

If your brother becomes poor and sells part of his holding, his nearest redeemer shall come and redeem what his brother has sold.

First case of the redemption procedure — the kinsman-redeemer's right/dutyכִּי
Opens the graduated redemption casuistry (vv. 25-28): first, the nearest qualified relative (גֹּאֵל) has the right and responsibility to buy back land sold by an impoverished kinsman, keeping the property within the extended family. Vv. 26-27 handle the case where no such redeemer exists or steps in.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
כִּֽיifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing a casuistic protasisכִּי (H3588) conditional 'if, when'; introduces a new case-law unit, typical of the chapter's casuistic style (cf. v. 35, v. 39).
יָמ֣וּךְbecomes poorQal impf 3ms · מוּךְ (H4134)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — hypothetical future conditionמוּךְ (H4134) 'to become poor, be brought low'; the trigger condition for the whole redemption procedure of vv. 25-28.
אָחִ֔יךָyour brotherN m sg constr + Sp2ms · אָח (H251)Subject of יָמוּךְאָח (H251) 'brother'; used broadly for fellow Israelite/kinsman, framing land law as an obligation of solidarity within the extended family/clan.
וּמָכַ֖רand sellsconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb (weqatal, continuing the protasis)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — sequential hypothetical actionמָכַר (H4376) 'to sell'; the impoverished kinsman is forced to sell some of his ancestral holding.
מֵאֲחֻזָּת֑וֹsome of his possessionprep מִן + N f sg constr + Sp3ms · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Prepositional phrase, partitive object of מָכַראֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'; מִן is partitive — he sells part, not necessarily all, of his ancestral land.
וּבָ֤אand shall comeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (weqatal, apodosis begins)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the legally required consequent actionבּוֹא (H935) 'to come'; the kinsman-redeemer's coming initiates the legal redemption process.
גֹֽאֲלוֹ֙his redeemerQal ptc m sg constr + Sp3ms · גָּאַל (H1350)Subject of וּבָא (participle used substantivally)גָּאַל (H1350) Qal participle used as a title, 'redeemer, kinsman-redeemer' (גֹּאֵל); the nearest relative obligated/entitled to buy back family land, ransom a kinsman, or avenge blood — cf. Ruth 4, Num 35:19.
הַקָּרֹ֣בthe near oneart + Aam sg abs · קָרוֹב (H7138)Attributive adjective modifying גֹאֲלוֹ (appositional, 'his redeemer, the near one')קָרוֹב (H7138) 'near, close'; specifies degree of kinship — the closest qualified relative has first right/duty to redeem.
אֵלָ֔יוto himprep אֶל + Sp3ms · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase completing קָרֹבאֶל (H413) 'to, toward' + 3ms suffix; 'near to him' = closely related to the impoverished seller.
וְגָאַ֕לand shall redeemconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb (weqatal, main obligation of the apodosis)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — legally mandated future actionגָּאַל (H1350) 'to redeem, buy back', the technical term for restoring alienated family property (or persons) through a kinsman's payment; root of גֹּאֵל and גְּאֻלָּה.
אֵ֖ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
מִמְכַּ֥רthe sale ofN m sg constr · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Direct object of וְגָאַל (construct, head of chain)מִמְכָּר (H4465) 'sale, what is sold', root מכר; here 'what his brother sold', i.e., the alienated land itself.
אָחִֽיוhis brotherN m sg constr + Sp3ms · אָח (H251)Genitive completing the construct chainאָח (H251) 'brother'; specifies whose sale is being redeemed, reiterating the kinship bond underlying the law.
26

וְאִ֕ישׁ כִּ֛י לֹ֥א יִֽהְיֶה לּ֖וֹ גֹּאֵ֑ל וְהִשִּׂ֣יגָה יָד֔וֹ וּמָצָ֖א כְּדֵ֥י גְאֻלָּתֽוֹ

And if a man has no redeemer, but he himself prospers and finds sufficient means for his own redemption,

Second case: self-redemption when no kinsman-redeemer existsוְ
Provides for the case where the nearest-kin mechanism of v. 25 is unavailable: the seller himself, once his own fortunes improve ('his hand attains'), may redeem his own land. The law never leaves land permanently alienated by choice — only inability to pay, resolved at the jubilee (v. 28), keeps it in another's hand.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְאִ֕ישׁand a manconj וְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the conditional clause (fronted, casus pendens)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; fronted subject introducing a new sub-case within the redemption law.
כִּ֛יifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunctionכִּי (H3588) conditional 'if'; introduces the sub-case of a man lacking a redeemer.
לֹ֥אnotneg particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יִהְיֶה
יִֽהְיֶהthere will beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, existential ('there is/be')→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — hypothetical existential conditionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; existential use with לְ, 'to belong to, be available to' — here 'he has no redeemer.'
לּ֖וֹto himprep לְ + Sp3msPrepositional phrase, possessive ('belonging to him')לְ + 3ms suffix marking possession in an existential clause.
גֹּאֵ֑לa redeemerQal ptc m sg abs · גָּאַל (H1350)Subject of יִהְיֶה→ Substantival participle: a redeemer — the kinsman with the duty/right of geullahגָּאַל (H1350) Qal participle, substantival 'redeemer' — here he lacks any qualified kinsman to redeem for him.
וְהִשִּׂ֣יגָהand attainsconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3fs · נָשַׂג (H5381)Predicate verb (weqatal; subject יָדוֹ, 'his hand')→ Weqatal: converted perfective — a future turn of fortune within the conditional sequenceנָשַׂג (H5381) Hiphil 'to reach, attain, overtake'; idiom הִשִּׂיגָה יָדוֹ 'his hand attains/reaches' = he becomes able to afford it, gains sufficient means.
יָד֔וֹhis handN c sg constr + Sp3ms · יָד (H3027)Subject of וְהִשִּׂיגָהיָד (H3027) 'hand', idiomatic for personal means/resources/ability to pay; the same idiom recurs at vv. 28, 47, 49.
וּמָצָ֖אand findsconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · מָצָא (H4672)Predicate verb (weqatal, coordinate with וְהִשִּׂיגָה)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — continuing hypothetical sequenceמָצָא (H4672) 'to find'; here 'finds/comes up with' the requisite sum.
כְּדֵ֥יsufficient forprep כְּ + N m sg constr · דַּי (H1767)Object of וּמָצָא (construct phrase, 'enough of')דַּי (H1767) 'enough, sufficiency'; כְּדֵי + noun = 'as much as is needed for' — the exact prorated redemption price of v. 27.
גְאֻלָּתֽוֹhis redemptionN f sg constr + Sp3ms · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Genitive completing כְּדֵיגְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption'; here the redemption price required — the self-redemption option that follows when no kinsman-redeemer is available.
27

וְחִשַּׁב֙ אֶת שְׁנֵ֣י מִמְכָּר֔וֹ וְהֵשִׁיב֙ אֶת הָ֣עֹדֵ֔ף לָאִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מָֽכַר ל֑וֹ וְשָׁ֖ב לַאֲחֻזָּתֽוֹ

he shall reckon the years since his sale and refund the balance to the man to whom he sold it, and he shall return to his own possession.

Procedural detail: the prorated redemption calculationוְ
Specifies how self-redemption (v. 26) works mechanically: the price is not the full original sale price but a refund calculated against the years remaining until the next jubilee, since the buyer only ever purchased a lease of harvests, not the land itself (cf. vv. 15-16). The verse closes with שָׁב לַאֲחֻזָּתוֹ, echoing the jubilee's own refrain (v. 10, 13) and previewing v. 28's automatic reversion.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְחִשַּׁב֙then he shall reckonconj וְ + Piel weqatal 3ms · חָשַׁב (H2803)Predicate verb (weqatal, apodosis of v. 26's condition)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — required legal calculationחָשַׁב (H2803) Piel 'to reckon, calculate, account'; the redemption price is not arbitrary but computed precisely, prorated to years remaining.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
שְׁנֵ֣יthe years ofN f pl constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Direct object of וְחִשַּׁב, head of construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; construct form governing מִמְכָּרוֹ.
מִמְכָּר֔וֹhis saleN m sg constr + Sp3ms · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Genitive completing the construct chainמִמְכָּר (H4465) 'sale'; 'the years of his sale' = years elapsed/remaining since the transaction, the basis for the prorated price.
וְהֵשִׁיב֙and shall returnconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (weqatal, coordinate with וְחִשַּׁב)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the payment obligationשׁוּב (H7725) Hiphil 'to bring back, restore, repay'; here of money, 'refund' the excess.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker
הָ֣עֹדֵ֔ףthe excessart + Qal ptc m sg abs · עָדַף (H5736)Direct object of וְהֵשִׁיב (substantival participle)→ Participle: ongoing/resultative state ('what remains over')עָדַף (H5736) Qal 'to remain over, be in excess'; substantival participle 'the surplus' — the unused portion of the original sale price, proportional to the years left until jubilee.
לָאִ֖ישׁto the manprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Prepositional phrase, indirect object of וְהֵשִׁיבאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; the buyer, to whom the refund of unused purchase price is owed.
אֲשֶׁ֣רto whomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause modifying הָאִישׁאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle, 'who, that'.
מָֽכַרhe soldQal perf 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, prior act (the original sale)מָכַר (H4376) 'to sell'; refers back to the original transaction — the impoverished seller (of vv. 25-26), from the buyer's point of view: 'to whom he had sold [it].'
ל֑וֹto himprep לְ + Sp3msPrepositional phrase, indirect object of מָכַרלְ + 3ms suffix, referring to the buyer — 'sold [it] to him.'
וְשָׁ֖בand he shall returnconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (weqatal, resuming the main apodosis; subject = original seller)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — final legal outcomeשׁוּב (H7725) Qal 'to return, go back'; the seller himself returns to reoccupy his ancestral land once redemption is complete.
לַאֲחֻזָּתֽוֹto his possessionprep לְ + N f sg constr + Sp3ms · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Prepositional phrase, goal of וְשָׁבאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'; the redemption's goal — restoration of the ancestral allotment to its original family.
28

וְאִ֨ם לֹֽא מָֽצְאָ֜ה יָד֗וֹ דֵּי֮ הָשִׁ֣יב לוֹ֒ וְהָיָ֣ה מִמְכָּר֗וֹ בְּיַד֙ הַקֹּנֶ֣ה אֹת֔וֹ עַ֖ד שְׁנַ֣ת הַיּוֹבֵ֑ל וְיָצָא֙ בַּיֹּבֵ֔ל וְשָׁ֖ב לַאֲחֻזָּתֽוֹ

But if he has not found sufficient means to restore it to himself, then what he sold shall remain in the hand of its buyer until the year of jubilee; it shall be released in the jubilee, and he shall return to his possession.

Default/backstop case: automatic reversion at the jubilee absent redemptionוְ
Closes the redemption casuistry of vv. 25-28 with the guarantee that makes the whole system tolerable: whether or not a kinsman-redeemer exists (v. 25) and whether or not the seller ever regains the means to redeem himself (vv. 26-27), the jubilee itself functions as an unconditional, cost-free reversion — no sale of rural land can ever become permanent. This is the direct legal outworking of v. 23's claim that ultimate ownership belongs to YHWH alone.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וְאִ֨םbut ifconj וְ + conditional particle · אִם (H518)Coordinating conjunction + conditional particle introducing the negative counter-caseאִם (H518) conditional 'if'; opens the contrasting scenario to v. 26 — the seller who cannot afford redemption.
לֹֽאnotneg particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates מָצְאָה
מָֽצְאָ֜הhas foundQal perf 3fs · מָצָא (H4672)Predicate verb of the protasis (subject יָדוֹ, fem. 'his hand')→ Perfective: a completed (non-)state assessed at the time in viewמָצָא (H4672) 'to find'; negated with the idiom יָדוֹ, 'his hand has not found [enough]' = he remains unable to afford redemption.
יָד֗וֹhis handN c sg constr + Sp3ms · יָד (H3027)Subject of מָצְאָהיָד (H3027) 'hand', idiom for financial means; same idiom as v. 26, now negated.
דֵּי֮enoughN m sg constr · דַּי (H1767)Object/complement of מָצְאָה, head of a phrase completed by the infinitiveדַּי (H1767) 'enough, sufficiency'; here governing the infinitive הָשִׁיב, 'enough to restore.'
הָשִׁ֣יבto restoreHiphil inf constr · שׁוּב (H7725)Infinitive construct completing דֵּי (epexegetical)→ Infinitive construct: nominalized verbal complement, purpose/resultשׁוּב (H7725) Hiphil 'to restore, give back'; the sum needed to buy back the land and return it to himself.
לוֹ֒to himselfprep לְ + Sp3msPrepositional phrase completing הָשִׁיבלְ + 3ms suffix, reflexive-ish 'to himself' — restoring the land to his own hand.
וְהָיָ֣הthen it shall beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (weqatal, apodosis)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the legal default outcomeהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the default state of affairs absent successful redemption.
מִמְכָּר֗וֹhis saleN m sg constr + Sp3ms · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Subject of וְהָיָהמִמְכָּר (H4465) 'sale, what was sold'; i.e., the land itself remains as sold.
בְּיַד֙in the hand ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · יָד (H3027)Predicate prepositional phrase (locative of possession/control)יָד (H3027) 'hand'; idiom for possession/control — the land stays in the buyer's control, not ownership.
הַקֹּנֶ֣הthe one who boughtart + Qal ptc m sg abs · קָנָה (H7069)Genitive completing בְּיַד (substantival participle)→ Participle: ongoing/characterizing state, substantival ('the buyer')קָנָה (H7069) 'to acquire, buy'; substantival participle 'the acquirer/buyer', paired with אֹתוֹ as its object marker.
אֹת֔וֹitobj marker + Sp3ms · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (of הַקֹּנֶה, 'the one who bought it')
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of temporal extentעַד (H5704) 'until'; sets the outer time-limit of the buyer's control — the jubilee.
שְׁנַ֣תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Object of עַד, head of construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', construct before הַיּוֹבֵל.
הַיּוֹבֵ֑לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Genitive completing the construct chainיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee, ram's horn'; the fiftieth-year release legislated in vv. 8-13, the outer limit on any land alienation.
וְיָצָא֙and it shall go outconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (weqatal, continuing the apodosis; subject = the land)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the automatic legal releaseיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; technical term for jubilee release (cf. v. 10, 13) — the land automatically leaves the buyer's control, no payment required.
בַּיֹּבֵ֔לin the jubileeprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; the fiftieth year, the guaranteed backstop when no human redemption has occurred.
וְשָׁ֖בand he shall returnconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (weqatal, final clause; subject = original seller)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the guaranteed final outcomeשׁוּב (H7725) Qal 'to return'; even without redemption money, the jubilee itself restores the original family to its land.
לַאֲחֻזָּתֽוֹto his possessionprep לְ + N f sg constr + Sp3ms · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Prepositional phrase, goal of וְשָׁבאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'; the same refrain as v. 27, now guaranteed by the jubilee rather than by payment.
29

וְאִ֗ישׁ כִּֽי יִמְכֹּ֤ר בֵּית מוֹשַׁב֙ עִ֣יר חוֹמָ֔ה וְהָיְתָה֙ גְּאֻלָּת֔וֹ עַד תֹּ֖ם שְׁנַ֣ת מִמְכָּר֑וֹ יָמִ֖ים תִּהְיֶ֥ה גְאֻלָּתֽוֹ

And if a man sells a dwelling house in a walled city, his right of redemption shall last until the completion of the year of its sale; a full year shall be his time to redeem it.

Special case: urban walled-city houses, a stricter redemption deadlineוְ
Introduces a legal category distinct from ancestral field land: a house within a walled city is redeemable only within one calendar year of the sale — a rule stated twice in the verse (וְהָיְתָה גְּאֻלָּתוֹ ... יָמִים תִּהְיֶה גְאֻלָּתוֹ) for emphasis. Because city houses are not tied to tribal land allotments the way fields are, they fall outside the jubilee's automatic-reversion logic, as v. 30 makes explicit.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְאִ֗ישׁand a manconj וְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the conditional clause (fronted)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; introduces a new special-case sub-law, the walled-city house.
כִּֽיifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunctionכִּי (H3588) conditional 'if'.
יִמְכֹּ֤רsellsQal impf 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — hypothetical future conditionמָכַר (H4376) 'to sell'; here the object is not farmland but a house — a legally distinct category, as the rest of the verse shows.
בֵּיתa house ofN m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Direct object of יִמְכֹּר, head of construct chainבַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; construct before מוֹשַׁב, 'a dwelling-house.'
מוֹשַׁב֙dwellingN m sg constr · מוֹשָׁב (H4186)Genitive completing בֵּית (construct chain continues into עִיר)מוֹשָׁב (H4186) 'dwelling, seat, habitation', root ישׁב 'to sit, dwell'; בֵּית מוֹשַׁב עִיר חוֹמָה = 'a residential house in a walled city' — as opposed to a rural field or a village house (cf. v. 31, v. 33).
עִ֣ירa city ofN f sg abs · עִיר (H5892)Genitive completing the construct chain, itself governing חוֹמָהעִיר (H5892) 'city, town'.
חוֹמָ֔הwalledN f sg abs · חוֹמָה (H2346)Attributive/genitive noun modifying עִיר (a walled city)חוֹמָה (H2346) 'wall'; עִיר חוֹמָה, a fortified/walled city — legally distinct from open villages (v. 31), whose houses are treated as field land.
וְהָיְתָה֙then shall beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (weqatal, apodosis; subject גְּאֻלָּתוֹ)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the legal default consequenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; introduces the specific, time-limited redemption right for city houses.
גְּאֻלָּת֔וֹhis right of redemptionN f sg constr + Sp3ms · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Subject of וְהָיְתָהגְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption, right of repurchase'; unlike field land (v. 24), this right is sharply time-bound.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of temporal limitעַד (H5704) 'until'.
תֹּ֖םthe completion ofQal inf constr · תָּמַם (H8537)Infinitive construct, object of עַד, head of a phrase completed by שְׁנַת מִמְכָּרוֹ→ Infinitive construct: nominalized verbal action ('the completing')תָּמַם (H8537) 'to be complete, finished'; תֹּם שְׁנַת מִמְכָּרוֹ = 'the completion of the year of his sale' — a strict one-year deadline.
שְׁנַ֣תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Object of the infinitive תֹּם, head of a construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year', construct before מִמְכָּרוֹ.
מִמְכָּר֑וֹhis saleN m sg constr + Sp3ms · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Genitive completing the construct chainמִמְכָּר (H4465) 'sale'; the one-year clock starts from the date of the house sale, unlike field land, which is prorated to the jubilee.
יָמִ֖יםa full yearN m pl abs · יוֹם (H3117)Subject of תִּהְיֶה (idiomatic, 'days' = 'a full year')יוֹם (H3117) 'day', plural; יָמִים תִּהְיֶה גְאֻלָּתוֹ idiomatically means 'a full year [lit. days] shall be his right of redemption' — restating and emphasizing the strict one-year window.
תִּהְיֶ֥הshall beQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (resumptive, emphatic restatement of the rule)→ Yiqtol: imperfective/modal — durative legal statementהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; the sentence's second, emphatic restatement of the deadline, echoing וְהָיְתָה above.
גְאֻלָּתֽוֹhis redemptionN f sg constr + Sp3ms · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Subject of תִּהְיֶה (resumptive repetition)גְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption'; the repetition of the noun underscores how firm and brief this particular deadline is, unlike the jubilee-tied field-land redemption of vv. 25-28.
30

וְאִ֣ם לֹֽא יִגָּאֵ֗ל עַד מְלֹ֣את לוֹ֮ שָׁנָ֣ה תְמִימָה֒ וְ֠קָם הַבַּ֨יִת אֲשֶׁר בָּעִ֜יר אֲשֶׁר לא ל֣וֹ חֹמָ֗ה לַצְּמִיתֻ֛ת לַקֹּנֶ֥ה אֹת֖וֹ לְדֹרֹתָ֑יו לֹ֥א יֵצֵ֖א בַּיֹּבֵֽל

But if it is not redeemed before a full year has elapsed for it, the house that is in a walled city shall pass in perpetuity to the one who bought it, throughout his generations; it shall not revert in the jubilee.

Apodosis: the harsh one-year-only rule for walled-city housesוְ
Continues the casuistic protasis of v. 29 (a full year's redemption window). If unredeemed in time, the house becomes the buyer's permanent property, exempt from jubilee reversion — the one land-transaction the jubilee does not undo. The verse preserves the classic לא/לוֹ Kethiv/Qere crux (see text_note): the Kethiv 'not' and Qere 'to it' converge on the same sense, 'which has no wall.'
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
וְאִ֣םand ifconj וְ + conditional particle · אִם (H518)Coordinating conjunction + conditional particle (protasis marker)אִם (H518) conditional particle 'if'; opens the negative counter-case to v. 29's redemption window.
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יִגָּאֵללֹא (H3808), the standard verbal negative.
יִגָּאֵ֗לit is redeemedNiphal impf 3ms · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb of the protasis (passive, negated)→ Yiqtol: durative/legal — the standing condition being testedגָּאַל (H1350) Niphal 'to be redeemed'; the house's default fate absent timely redemption (cf. גֹּאֵל, גְּאֻלָּה throughout the chapter).
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phrase (deadline)עַד (H5704) 'until, as far as'; introduces the one-year time limit.
מְלֹ֣אתthe completing ofQal inf constr · מָלֵא (H4390)Infinitival complement of עַד (temporal clause)→ Infinitive construct: marks the temporal boundary eventמָלֵא (H4390) 'to be full, complete'; מְלֹאת + time-word is the idiom 'until a full [period] has elapsed.'
לוֹ֮for itprep לְ + 3ms suffixDative of reference (referring to the house)לְ + 3ms suffix, referring back to הַבַּיִת.
שָׁנָ֣הa yearN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Subject of the infinitival clause (modified by תְמִימָה)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year.'
תְמִימָה֒completeadj f sg abs · תָּמִים (H8549)Attributive adjective modifying שָׁנָהתָּמִים (H8549) 'complete, whole, unblemished'; 'a full year' — the redemption window is exactly twelve months, no more.
וְ֠קָםthen it shall stand confirmedconj וְ + Qal perf 3ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb of the apodosis (main legislative clause)→ Perfective (consecutive function): the legal outcome that becomes fixedקוּם (H6965) 'to arise, stand, be confirmed/valid'; legal-technical here — the sale becomes final and irrevocable.
הַבַּ֨יִתthe houseart + N m sg abs · בַּיִת (H1004)Subject of וְקָםבַּיִת (H1004) 'house.'
אֲשֶׁרthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing an attributive clause modifying הַבַּיִתאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
בָּעִ֜ירin the cityprep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · עִיר (H5892)Locative predicate of the relative clauseעִיר (H5892) 'city, town.'
אֲשֶׁרwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a second attributive clause modifying בָּעִיראֲשֶׁר (H834); the Kethiv/Qere crux follows immediately (see text_note).
לאnot [Kethiv]negative particle (Kethiv) · לֹא (H3808)Negates the existential clause (Kethiv reading)The Kethiv is לא 'not'; the Qere reads לוֹ 'to it' — one of the fifteen traditional לא/לוֹ pairs. Both readings converge on 'which has no wall around it' (see text_note).
ל֣וֹto it [Qere]prep לְ + 3ms suffix (Qere)Existential 'there is to it' = 'it has' (Qere)Qere for the preceding Kethiv לא; 'to it' = 'it has [a wall]', yielding the sense 'which has no wall.'
חֹמָ֗הa wallN f sg abs · חוֹמָה (H2346)Subject of the (negated) existential clauseחוֹמָה (H2346) 'wall, rampart'; the defining feature of a fortified עִיר (cf. v. 29).
לַצְּמִיתֻ֛תin perpetuityprep לְ + art + N f sg abs · צְמִיתֻת (H6783)Adverbial prepositional phrase of manner (permanence)צְמִיתֻת (H6783) 'finality, permanence'; לַצְּמִיתֻת 'outright, irrevocably' — the very thing forbidden for land (v. 23), here permitted for the unredeemed walled-city house.
לַקֹּנֶ֥הto the one who boughtprep לְ + art + Qal ptc m sg abs · קָנָה (H7069)Indirect object (substantival participle, 'the buyer')→ Participle: ongoing/characterizing state, substantivalקָנָה (H7069) 'to acquire, buy'; substantival participle 'the buyer', paired with אֹתוֹ as its object.
אֹת֖וֹitobj marker + 3ms suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of לַקֹּנֶה (resumptive pronoun)אֵת (H853) + 3ms suffix, resuming הַבַּיִת as the buyer's object.
לְדֹרֹתָ֑יוthroughout his generationsprep לְ + N m pl constr + 3ms suffix · דּוֹר (H1755)Adverbial prepositional phrase (temporal extent)דּוֹר (H1755) 'generation'; לְדֹרֹתָיו 'for his generations' = permanently, hereditarily.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יֵצֵאלֹא (H3808).
יֵצֵ֖אit shall go freeQal impf 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provision — negated exemption from releaseיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the technical verb of jubilee reversion (cf. vv. 28, 31, 33) — here explicitly denied to the walled-city house.
בַּיֹּבֵֽלin the jubileeprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; the fiftieth-year release from which this house is exempted.
31

וּבָתֵּ֣י הַחֲצֵרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֵין לָהֶ֤ם חֹמָה֙ סָבִ֔יב עַל שְׂדֵ֥ה הָאָ֖רֶץ יֵחָשֵׁ֑ב גְּאֻלָּה֙ תִּהְיֶה לּ֔וֹ וּבַיֹּבֵ֖ל יֵצֵֽא

But houses in unwalled villages shall be reckoned as open field-land: the right of redemption shall belong to it, and in the jubilee it shall be released.

Contrastive exception clause (unwalled-village houses vs. walled-city houses)וּ
Having ruled in vv. 29-30 that an unredeemed walled-city house permanently forfeits jubilee release, the text now carves out the opposite case: houses in open, unwalled חֲצֵרִים are legally 'reckoned as field-land' (שְׂדֵה הָאָרֶץ) rather than as city real estate. Like agricultural land, such houses carry a perpetual, unforfeitable redemption right and automatically revert at the jubilee — the walled city is the exception to Israel's land-tenure ideal, not the rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וּבָתֵּ֣יand houses ofconj וְ + N m pl constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Subject (construct chain, new casuistic topic)בַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; the plural construct בָּתֵּי opens a fresh case contrasted with the walled-city house of vv. 29-30.
הַחֲצֵרִ֗יםthe villagesart + N com pl abs · חָצֵר (H2691)Genitive of the construct chain (defining בָּתֵּי)חָצֵר (H2691) 'settlement, hamlet' (lit. 'enclosure'); open, unwalled villages, as opposed to the fortified עִיר חוֹמָה of v. 29.
אֲשֶׁ֨רthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative; introduces the clause specifying which houses are meant: those with no encircling wall.
אֵיןthere is notnegative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negative existential predicateאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'; with the following לָהֶם forms the predicate of possession negated, 'they have no [wall]'.
לָהֶ֤םto themprep לְ + 3mp suffixComplement of the existential predicate (possessive 'have')לְ + 3mp suffix expresses possession with אֵין: 'there is not to them' = 'they have no [wall]'.
חֹמָה֙a wallN f sg abs · חוֹמָה (H2346)Subject of the negated existential clauseחוֹמָה (H2346) 'wall, rampart'; the defining feature distinguishing a fortified עִיר (v. 29) from an open חָצֵר.
סָבִ֔יבaroundadv · סָבִיב (H5439)Adverbial modifier of חֹמָהסָבִיב (H5439) 'round about, surrounding'; specifies a complete encircling wall, echoing v. 29's סָבִיב.
עַלasprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase of comparison/equivalenceעַל (H5921) here in the sense 'according to, as, like'; the unwalled house is reckoned 'as' open field-land.
שְׂדֵ֥הthe field ofN m sg constr · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Object of comparison (construct chain head)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field, open country'; construct with הָאָרֶץ, the category to which such houses are legally assimilated — like rural land, always redeemable (cf. vv. 25-28).
הָאָ֖רֶץthe landart + N com sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing the construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; here the open agricultural land generally, as distinct from a walled city.
יֵחָשֵׁ֑בit shall be reckonedNiphal impf 3ms · חָשַׁב (H2803)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: durative/legal-classificatory — a standing legal rulingחָשַׁב (H2803) Niphal 'to be reckoned, accounted, classified'; the technical verb of legal categorization, here assimilating unwalled houses to field-land status.
גְּאֻלָּה֙redemptionN f sg abs · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Subject of the verbal clauseגְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption, right of redemption', from גאל 'to redeem, act as kinsman-redeemer'; unlike v. 30's walled house, this right never lapses.
תִּהְיֶהshall belongQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provisionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; with לְ, 'belong to' — establishes a permanent, unforfeitable right of redemption for such houses.
לּ֔וֹto itprep לְ + 3ms suffixIndirect object (possessor of the redemption right)לְ + 3ms suffix, referring back to the house (בַּיִת), the entity to which the perpetual redemption right attaches.
וּבַיֹּבֵ֖לand in the jubileeconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; unlike the walled-city house of v. 30, this property reverts at the fiftieth-year release even without prior redemption.
יֵצֵֽאit shall go freeQal impf 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (main clause, second coordinate)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provision — automatic reversionיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the technical verb for a jubilee reversion of property to its ancestral owner (cf. v. 28).
32

וְעָרֵי֙ הַלְוִיִּ֔ם בָּתֵּ֖י עָרֵ֣י אֲחֻזָּתָ֑ם גְּאֻלַּ֥ת עוֹלָ֖ם תִּהְיֶ֥ה לַלְוִיִּֽם

As for the cities of the Levites — the houses in the cities of their holding — the Levites shall always have the right of redemption.

New casuistic sub-topic (Levite city property)וְ
The Levites owned no tribal land allotment (Num 18:20-24), only 48 designated cities with surrounding pasture (Num 35:1-8). Because a house in one of these cities functions as their only real 'holding' (אֲחֻזָּה), it cannot be subject to the walled-city forfeiture rule of v. 30; its redemption right is called עוֹלָם, 'perpetual' — never lapsing, in contrast to the ordinary lay Israelite's one-year window.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וְעָרֵי֙and cities ofconj וְ + N f pl constr · עִיר (H5892)Subject (construct chain, new casuistic topic)עִיר (H5892) 'city'; here the cities allotted to the Levites (Num 35), introduced as a case distinct even from v. 31's unwalled villages.
הַלְוִיִּ֔םthe Levitesart + N gentilic m pl abs · לֵוִי (H3881)Genitive of the construct chain (defining עָרֵי)לֵוִי (H3881), gentilic 'Levite'; the tribe with no territorial inheritance (Num 18:20, 23-24), granted instead 48 cities with pasturage (Num 35:1-8).
בָּתֵּ֖יthe houses ofN m pl constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Apposition narrowing the subject to houses specificallyבַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; resumes and narrows עָרֵי הַלְוִיִּם to the individual houses within those cities — the actual object bought and sold.
עָרֵ֣יthe cities ofN f pl constr · עִיר (H5892)Genitive of the construct chainעִיר (H5892) 'city'; the construct chain בָּתֵּי עָרֵי אֲחֻזָּתָם 'houses of the cities of their holding' piles up constructs to specify exactly which houses are meant.
אֲחֻזָּתָ֑םtheir holdingN f sg constr + 3mp suffix · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Genitive completing the construct chainאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession', from אחז 'to grasp, take hold'; the Levites' cities are called their אֲחֻזָּה even though they hold no field-inheritance — the only real property they own.
גְּאֻלַּ֥תthe redemption ofN f sg constr · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Subject (construct chain head)גְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption'; in construct with עוֹלָם forms the phrase 'perpetual redemption-right'.
עוֹלָ֖םperpetualN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Genitive of duration completing the construct (attributive)עוֹלָם (H5769) 'long duration, perpetuity'; here adjectival-genitive, 'perpetual redemption' — Levite city-houses never lose their redeemability, unlike v. 30's forfeitable walled house.
תִּהְיֶ֥הshall belongQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provisionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; with לְ, 'belong to' — legislates a permanent right, distinguishing Levite houses from lay ones.
לַלְוִיִּֽםto the Levitesprep לְ + art + N gentilic m pl abs · לֵוִי (H3881)Indirect object (beneficiary of the right)לֵוִי (H3881); the Levites collectively hold this perpetual redemption right over city property standing in for their landless inheritance.
33

וַאֲשֶׁ֤ר יִגְאַל֙ מִן הַלְוִיִּ֔ם וְיָצָ֧א מִמְכַּר בַּ֛יִת וְעִ֥יר אֲחֻזָּת֖וֹ בַּיֹּבֵ֑ל כִּ֣י בָתֵּ֞י עָרֵ֣י הַלְוִיִּ֗ם הִ֚וא אֲחֻזָּתָ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

And whatever one of the Levites may redeem — a house sold, or a city of his holding — shall revert in the jubilee, for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their holding among the Israelites.

Ground clause resolving the Levite-property exception (with a noted syntactic crux)וַ
This is one of the chapter's genuine textual/grammatical cruxes: יִגְאַל has no expressed subject, and אֲשֶׁר...יִגְאַל has been read as 'whoever redeems' or, reparsed, as a passive 'what may be redeemed.' Either way the legal outcome is identical and is stated in the causal clause: Levite city-houses, precisely because they are the tribe's only אֲחֻזָּה 'among the Israelites' (who otherwise lack territorial land, Num 18:23-24), revert automatically at the jubilee whether or not they were ever redeemed — unlike the ordinary walled house of v. 30, which is lost forever if not redeemed within the year.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וַאֲשֶׁ֤רand whateverconj וְ + rel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Conjunction + relative introducing a conditional-relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834) here with conditional force, 'and if/whatever'; introduces the casuistic condition governing Levite redemption.
יִגְאַל֙redeemsQal impf 3ms · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb of the conditional relative clause→ Yiqtol: modal/conditional — a hypothetical future actגָּאַל (H1350) 'to redeem, act as kinsman-redeemer'; subject is an unspecified Levite exercising the redemption right of v. 32.
מִןfrom amongprep · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase of source/partitionמִן (H4480) 'from, from among'; partitive, picking out one of the Levites as the (implicit) redeeming subject.
הַלְוִיִּ֔םthe Levitesart + N gentilic m pl abs · לֵוִי (H3881)Object of the preposition (partitive genitive)לֵוִי (H3881) 'Levite'; the redeemer is one of the Levite kinsmen with a claim on the property.
וְיָצָ֧אthen it shall go freeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Apodosis verb (weqatal, main clause continuing the conditional)→ Weqatal: consequential/future — the legal outcome that followsיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the technical verb of jubilee reversion, marking the apodosis: this property reverts at the jubilee regardless of redemption history.
מִמְכַּרthe sale ofN m sg constr · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Subject of יָצָא (construct chain head)מִמְכָּר (H4465) 'thing sold, sale', from מכר 'to sell'; the object that reverts — the transaction itself is undone at the jubilee.
בַּ֛יִתa houseN m sg abs · בַּיִת (H1004)Genitive of the construct chain (specifying the sale)בַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; specifies that the sale in view is a house.
וְעִ֥ירand a city ofconj וְ + N f sg constr · עִיר (H5892)Coordinate genitive continuing the construct chainעִיר (H5892) 'city'; coordinated with בַּיִת, 'house and city of his holding' — the Levite's urban property as a whole.
אֲחֻזָּת֖וֹhis holdingN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Genitive completing the construct chainאֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'; the city itself is called his אֲחֻזָּה, reinforcing that Levite city-property functions as tribal land-inheritance.
בַּיֹּבֵ֑לin the jubileeprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; the fixed point of automatic reversion, regardless of whether redemption occurred earlier.
כִּ֣יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground clauseכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; grounds the perpetual-reversion rule in the Levites' unique landless status.
בָתֵּ֞יthe houses ofN m pl constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Subject of the verbless clause (construct chain head)בַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; resumes the topic to state the grounding principle.
עָרֵ֣יthe cities ofN f pl constr · עִיר (H5892)Genitive of the construct chainעִיר (H5892) 'city'; continues the construct chain בָתֵּי עָרֵי הַלְוִיִּם.
הַלְוִיִּ֗םthe Levitesart + N gentilic m pl abs · לֵוִי (H3881)Genitive completing the construct chainלֵוִי (H3881) 'Levite'.
הִ֚ואit (is)indep pron 3fs · הִיא (H1931)Resumptive subject / copula of the verbless clauseהִיא (listed under H1931 הוּא), 3fs independent pronoun; resumes the plural construct chain בָתֵּי עָרֵי הַלְוִיִּם with fs concord — a grammatical rough spot often smoothed in translation as 'they are'.
אֲחֻזָּתָ֔םtheir holdingN f sg constr + 3mp suffix · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Predicate nominative of the verbless clauseאֲחֻזָּה (H272); predicate 'their holding' — grounds the whole rule that Levite city-houses are the tribe's functional land-inheritance.
בְּת֖וֹךְin the midst ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · תָּוֶךְ (H8432)Locative prepositional phraseתָּוֶךְ (H8432) 'midst, among'; situates the Levites' inheritance within, not apart from, the tribal territories of Israel.
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive of the construct chainבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct with יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard idiom for 'Israelites'.
יִשְׂרָאֵֽלIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chain (nomen rectum)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant people's name; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'the Israelites' — the Levites' cities lie scattered among them (Num 35).
34

וּֽשְׂדֵ֛ה מִגְרַ֥שׁ עָרֵיהֶ֖ם לֹ֣א יִמָּכֵ֑ר כִּֽי אֲחֻזַּ֥ת עוֹלָ֛ם ה֖וּא לָהֶֽם

But the pasture-land of their cities may not be sold, for it is their perpetual holding.

Climactic intensification — from perpetually redeemable to categorically unsellableוּ
The three-stage Levite provision (vv. 32-34) escalates: city-houses are perpetually redeemable (v. 32) and revert automatically at the jubilee even if unredeemed (v. 33), but the surrounding pasture-land (מִגְרָשׁ, cf. Num 35:2-5) is not merely redeemable — it may never be sold at all. As grazing common land essential to the landless tribe's livelihood, it stands entirely outside the market in a way no other property in the chapter does.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וּֽשְׂדֵ֛הand the field ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Subject (construct chain head)שָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field, open land'; construct with מִגְרַשׁ, 'the pasture-land of'.
מִגְרַ֥שׁthe pasture-land ofN m sg constr · מִגְרָשׁ (H4054)Genitive of the construct chainמִגְרָשׁ (H4054) 'open land, common, pasture', from גרשׁ 'to drive out, thrust'; the unbuilt grazing land surrounding each Levite city (Num 35:2-5), reserved for their flocks.
עָרֵיהֶ֖םtheir citiesN f pl constr + 3mp suffix · עִיר (H5892)Genitive completing the construct chainעִיר (H5892) 'city'; the pasture-land belonging to the Levites' cities collectively.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), the standard negative; here an absolute, permanent prohibition.
יִמָּכֵ֑רmay be soldNiphal impf 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb (main clause, passive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/durative — an absolute, standing prohibitionמָכַר (H4376) Niphal passive 'to be sold'; unlike Levite houses (redeemable, vv. 32-33), the pasture-land itself may never be alienated at all — not even subject to sale.
כִּֽיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground clauseכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; grounds the absolute prohibition.
אֲחֻזַּ֥תthe holding ofN f sg constr · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Predicate nominative (construct chain head)אֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'; construct with עוֹלָם, 'a perpetual holding'.
עוֹלָ֛םperpetualN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Genitive of duration completing the construct (attributive)עוֹלָם (H5769) 'perpetuity, forever'; the pasture-land is an unconditional, inalienable possession — stronger even than the perpetual redemption-right of vv. 32-33.
ה֖וּאit (is)indep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject/copula of the verbless clauseהוּא (H1931), 3ms independent pronoun functioning as copula, 'it is'.
לָהֶֽםto themprep לְ + 3mp suffixIndirect object (possessor)לְ + 3mp suffix, referring to the Levites: the pasture-land belongs to them as an unsellable perpetual holding.
35

וְכִֽי יָמ֣וּךְ אָחִ֔יךָ וּמָ֥טָה יָד֖וֹ עִמָּ֑ךְ וְהֶֽחֱזַ֣קְתָּ בּ֔וֹ גֵּ֧ר וְתוֹשָׁ֛ב וָחַ֖י עִמָּֽךְ

And if your brother becomes poor and his hand falters beside you, you shall support him — like a sojourner or a resident alien — that he may live with you.

New casuistic unit opening the interest-prohibition law (parallel to v. 25's אִישׁ כִּי יָמוּךְ)וְ
Verses 35-38 form a tight unit on care for the impoverished kinsman, structured like v. 25's land-redemption case but addressed instead to personal economic support. The idiom 'his hand falters/slips' (מָטָה יָדוֹ) pictures a household's resources giving way; the response is not liquidation of assets but active intervention (הֶחֱזִיק, 'take firm hold of, support'), treating the poor Israelite with the same protected status normally reserved for the dependent גֵּר וְתוֹשָׁב, so that he continues to live within the community rather than being driven out or enslaved.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְכִֽיand ifconj וְ + conj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing a new casuistic lawכִּי (H3588) here conditional 'if, when'; opens a fresh case, the impoverished kinsman (cf. v. 25's parallel opening).
יָמ֣וּךְbecomes poorQal impf 3ms · מוּךְ (H4134)Predicate verb of the conditional clause (protasis)→ Yiqtol: conditional/future — a hypothesized declineמוּךְ (H4134) 'to become low, poor, impoverished'; used of progressive economic decline (cf. vv. 25, 39, 47 — the chapter's staged impoverishment sequence).
אָחִ֔יךָyour brotherN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · אָח (H251)Subject of יָמוּךְאָח (H251) 'brother'; here fellow Israelite — kinship language framing economic law as a family obligation, not commerce.
וּמָ֥טָהand faltersconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · מוּט (H4131)Weqatal continuing the protasis (coordinate condition)→ Weqatal: consequential — a further stage of the same declineמוּט (H4131) 'to totter, slip, give way'; the idiom יָדוֹ מָטָה 'his hand slips/fails' pictures his means of support collapsing.
יָד֖וֹhis handN com sg constr + 3ms suffix · יָד (H3027)Subject of וּמָטָהיָד (H3027) 'hand'; idiomatic for one's means, capacity, resources — 'his hand fails' means he can no longer support himself.
עִמָּ֑ךְbeside youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic form) · עִם (H5973)Locative/relational prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with, beside'; the suffix ־ָךְ is the archaic/pausal 2ms form (orthographically identical to 2fs), addressing the male Israelite householder throughout this chapter.
וְהֶֽחֱזַ֣קְתָּthen you shall supportconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 2ms · חָזַק (H2388)Apodosis verb (weqatal, binding obligation)→ Weqatal: injunctive — a binding obligation following the conditional protasisחָזַק (H2388) Hiphil 'to strengthen, hold fast, support'; the positive counterpart obligation — not merely refraining from harm but actively sustaining the faltering kinsman.
בּ֔וֹhimprep בְּ + 3ms suffixDirect object of וְהֶחֱזַקְתָּ (verb governs בְּ)בְּ + 3ms suffix; חִזֵּק בְּ 'take firm hold of, support' someone in need.
גֵּ֧ר[as] a sojournerN m sg abs · גֵּר (H1616)Adverbial accusative describing the manner of supportגֵּר (H1616) 'sojourner, resident foreigner'; used adverbially — treat him with the same protective consideration due a resident alien, despite his being a fellow Israelite in decline.
וְתוֹשָׁ֛בand a resident alienconj וְ + N m sg abs · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Coordinate adverbial accusativeתּוֹשָׁב (H8453) 'settled resident alien', often paired with גֵּר; the impoverished Israelite is to receive the legal protections due such a dependent outsider — not be exploited.
וָחַ֖יso that he may liveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · חָיָה (H2421)Purpose/result clause (weqatal continuing the apodosis)→ Weqatal: purposive result — the intended outcome of the support obligationחָיָה (H2421) 'to live'; the stated goal of the whole provision — economic support so the kinsman does not perish, not mere charity for its own sake.
עִמָּֽךְwith youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic form) · עִם (H5973)Locative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; he is to go on living within the household/community, not be expelled or sold off.
36

אַל תִּקַּ֤ח מֵֽאִתּוֹ֙ נֶ֣שֶׁךְ וְתַרְבִּ֔ית וְיָרֵ֖אתָ מֵֽאֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ וְחֵ֥י אָחִ֖יךָ עִמָּֽךְ

Do not take from him interest or profit, but fear your God, that your brother may live with you.

Central prohibition of the unit, grounded in fear of Godasyndeton
The twin terms נֶשֶׁךְ (interest deducted up front) and תַּרְבִּית (increase added at repayment) together close off every form of usury against a fellow Israelite. Unlike most casuistic law in this chapter, the motive clause appeals not to a human court but to יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִים, 'fear of God' — the same appeal used elsewhere in Leviticus (19:14, 32) for offenses invisible to ordinary enforcement, since a private loan's terms are known only to lender and borrower.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
אַלdo notnegative particle (volitive) · אַל (H408)Negates the following jussive/volitive verbאַל (H408), negative used with the jussive/imperfect for prohibitions — sharper and more immediate than לֹא, typical of direct apodictic commands.
תִּקַּ֤חyou shall takeQal jussive 2ms · לָקַח (H3947)Predicate verb (prohibition)→ Jussive/volitive: negative commandלָקַח (H3947) 'to take'; with אַל, 'do not take' — the verb governing both נֶשֶׁךְ and תַרְבִּית.
מֵֽאִתּוֹ֙from himprep מִן + prep אֵת + 3ms suffix · אֵת (H854)Prepositional phrase (source)אֵת (H854) 'with, from'; the compound preposition מֵאִתּוֹ 'from him' specifies the source from whom interest may not be exacted.
נֶ֣שֶׁךְinterestN m sg abs · נֶשֶׁךְ (H5392)Direct object of תִּקַּחנֶשֶׁךְ (H5392) 'bite, interest', from נשׁךְ 'to bite'; interest deducted in advance from the loan itself — the vivid root-image of the lender 'biting' the borrower.
וְתַרְבִּ֔יתor increaseconj וְ + N f sg abs · תַּרְבִּית (H8636)Coordinate direct object of תִּקַּחתַּרְבִּית (H8636) 'increase, accrual', from רבה 'to increase'; interest/profit added at repayment — paired with נֶשֶׁךְ to close off both methods of usury.
וְיָרֵ֖אתָbut you shall fearconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · יָרֵא (H3372)Apodosis verb (weqatal, positive counter-command)→ Weqatal: injunctive — grounding motive for the prohibitionיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear, revere'; the motive clause grounds economic ethics in the fear of God rather than external enforcement — cf. 19:14, 32.
מֵֽאֱלֹהֶ֑יךָyour Godprep מִן + N m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Object of יָרֵאתָ (source of fear/reverence)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; יָרֵא מִן 'to fear/revere' — the standard idiom marking cases where compliance cannot be humanly policed.
וְחֵ֥יthat ... may liveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · חָיָה (H2421)Purpose/result clause (weqatal)→ Weqatal: purposive resultחָיָה (H2421) 'to live'; repeats v. 35's goal — the point of the interest ban is the kinsman's continued survival, not the lender's profit.
אָחִ֖יךָyour brotherN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · אָח (H251)Subject of וְחֵיאָח (H251) 'brother'; kinship framing recurs to close the unit.
עִמָּֽךְwith youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic form) · עִם (H5973)Locative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; echoes v. 35, bracketing the unit with the same phrase.
37

אֶ֨ת כַּסְפְּךָ֔ לֹֽא תִתֵּ֥ן ל֖וֹ בְּנֶ֑שֶׁךְ וּבְמַרְבִּ֖ית לֹא תִתֵּ֥ן אָכְלֶֽךָ

You shall not lend him your money at interest, or give your food for profit.

Restates and specifies the prohibition for two loan-types (money, food)asyndeton
The general ban of v. 36 is now cashed out concretely: silver-loans may not carry נֶשֶׁךְ, and food-loans may not carry מַרְבִּית — a synonym applied specifically to grain, closing off in-kind interest as a loophole around the cash prohibition. The fronting of אֶת כַּסְפְּךָ, 'your money,' for emphasis underscores that even ordinary commercial practice must yield to the kinship ethic just established.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
אֶ֨ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (fronted, definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking כַּסְפְּךָ as the definite fronted direct object; untranslated in English.
כַּסְפְּךָ֔your silverN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · כֶּסֶף (H3701)Direct object (fronted for emphasis)כֶּסֶף (H3701) 'silver, money'; fronted before the negated verb for emphasis — 'your money, you shall not give...'.
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), the standard negative for a durative prohibition.
תִתֵּ֥ןgiveQal impf 2ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause, prohibition)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/durativeנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; here 'lend' — the standard verb for extending a loan.
ל֖וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms suffixIndirect objectלְ + 3ms suffix, the recipient of the loan — the impoverished brother of vv. 35-36.
בְּנֶ֑שֶׁךְat interestprep בְּ + N m sg abs · נֶשֶׁךְ (H5392)Adverbial prepositional phrase (manner/terms)נֶשֶׁךְ (H5392) 'interest' (see v. 36); the preposition בְּ marks the terms of the loan — 'as interest, on interest'.
וּבְמַרְבִּ֖יתor for profitconj וְ + prep בְּ + N f sg abs · מַרְבִּית (H4768)Coordinate adverbial prepositional phraseמַרְבִּית (H4768) 'increase, interest', a byform of תַּרְבִּית (v. 36) from רבה 'to increase'; applied here to food, closing a loophole — interest exacted in kind rather than cash.
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), repeating the prohibition for the second clause (food loans).
תִתֵּ֥ןgiveQal impf 2ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause, prohibition, second coordinate)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/durativeנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; repeated to close a second, parallel case — lending food at a markup.
אָכְלֶֽךָyour foodN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · אֹכֶל (H400)Direct objectאֹכֶל (H400) 'food'; extends the interest ban from money-loans to grain/food-loans, the most basic form of subsistence credit in an agrarian economy.
38

אֲנִ֗י יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֶתְכֶ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם לָתֵ֤ת לָכֶם֙ אֶת אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן לִהְי֥וֹת לָכֶ֖ם לֵאלֹהִֽים

I am YHWH your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to give you the land of Canaan, to be your God.

Self-identification/motive formula grounding the interest law (first exodus refrain of the chapter)asyndeton
This is the first of the chapter's several 'I am YHWH' grounding formulas (cf. v. 55; 26:13), and the first to be expanded with the full exodus-and-land clause. The logic is deliberate: because YHWH, not the lender, is ultimately the one who rescued and provided for the poor Israelite, no fellow Israelite may profit from another's need — the exodus itself forbids re-enacting Egypt's economic bondage in miniature.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
אֲנִ֗יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject (emphatic self-identification)אֲנִי (H589), 1cs independent pronoun; opens the self-identification formula אֲנִי יְהוָה, YHWH's signature grounding clause throughout Leviticus.
יְהוָה֙YHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominative (apposition to אֲנִי)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; in apposition to אֲנִי it forms the recognition formula 'I am YHWH'.
אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔םyour GodN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Predicate nominative continuing the identificationאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; construct with the plural suffix 'your (pl.) God' — the covenant relationship extended to the whole community as addressee.
אֲשֶׁרwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the historical ground clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative; introduces the exodus-clause that grounds the preceding self-identification in a concrete historical act.
הוֹצֵ֥אתִיI brought outHiphil perf 1cs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, foundational historical actיָצָא (H3318) Hiphil 'to bring out'; the exodus verb, the chapter's recurring theological ground for social legislation (cf. v. 42, v. 55).
אֶתְכֶ֖םyouobj marker + 2mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of הוֹצֵאתִיאֵת (H853) + 2mp suffix, marking 'you' (pl.) as the object of the exodus deliverance.
מֵאֶ֣רֶץfrom the land ofprep מִן + N com sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Prepositional phrase of sourceאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; construct with מִצְרַיִם, the standard exodus formula 'from the land of Egypt'.
מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive completing the construct chainמִצְרַיִם (H4714), Egypt; the place of slavery from which YHWH's redemptive act defines Israel's whole legal identity.
לָתֵ֤תto giveprep לְ + Qal inf constr · נָתַן (H5414)Purpose infinitive construct→ Infinitive construct: purpose/result of the exodusנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; infinitive of purpose — the exodus had the land-gift as its goal, not deliverance alone.
לָכֶם֙to youprep לְ + 2mp suffixIndirect object of לָתֵתלְ + 2mp suffix, the recipients of the land-gift.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), marking אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן as the definite direct object of לָתֵת.
אֶ֣רֶץthe land ofN com sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Direct object (construct chain head)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; construct with כְּנַעַן, the promised land as the goal of the exodus.
כְּנַ֔עַןCanaanN proper · כְּנַעַן (H3667)Genitive completing the construct chainכְּנַעַן (H3667), Canaan, the land promised to the patriarchs and given to Israel at the exodus's completion.
לִהְי֥וֹתto beprep לְ + Qal inf constr · הָיָה (H1961)Purpose infinitive construct (coordinate with לָתֵת)→ Infinitive construct: purpose — the ultimate covenantal goalהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; second purpose infinitive, naming the deepest goal of the exodus and land-gift: the covenant-bond itself.
לָכֶ֖םfor youprep לְ + 2mp suffixComplement of לִהְיוֹת (dative of relation)לְ + 2mp suffix, 'to/for you' — the covenant people as recipients of the divine self-gift.
לֵאלֹהִֽיםas Godprep לְ + N m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Predicate complement of לִהְיוֹת (dative of role/office)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; the לְ + noun predicate construction 'to be God to you' — the essential covenant formula (cf. Exod 6:7).
39

וְכִֽי יָמ֥וּךְ אָחִ֛יךָ עִמָּ֖ךְ וְנִמְכַּר לָ֑ךְ לֹא תַעֲבֹ֥ד בּ֖וֹ עֲבֹ֥דַת עָֽבֶד

And if your brother becomes poor beside you and sells himself to you, you shall not make him serve as a slave serves.

Culminating case of the impoverishment sequence (self-sale) — central prohibition of the chapter's slavery lawוְ
This verse marks the final stage of decline begun in v. 25 (loss of land) and continued in v. 35 (loss of solvency): total destitution leading to self-sale. The prohibition is precise — not that he may never be bought, but that he may never be worked עֲבֹדַת עָבֶד, 'with a slave's servitude.' The phrasing deliberately recalls Exod 1:14's description of Egypt's treatment of Israel, casting any Israelite who enslaves a fellow Israelite as reenacting Pharaoh's oppression.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְכִֽיand ifconj וְ + conj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing a new casuistic lawכִּי (H3588) conditional, echoing v. 35's opening — a new, more severe stage: outright self-sale, not merely faltering solvency.
יָמ֥וּךְbecomes poorQal impf 3ms · מוּךְ (H4134)Predicate verb of the conditional clause (protasis)→ Yiqtol: conditional/futureמוּךְ (H4134) 'to become poor' (see v. 35); the same verb marks the next, more severe stage in the impoverishment sequence.
אָחִ֛יךָyour brotherN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · אָח (H251)Subject of יָמוּךְאָח (H251) 'brother'; the kinship term persists even at the point of self-sale — legal status as slave never erases fraternal status.
עִמָּ֖ךְbeside youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic form) · עִם (H5973)Locative/relational prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with, beside'.
וְנִמְכַּרand sells himselfconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Weqatal continuing the protasis (coordinate condition)→ Weqatal: consequential — the culminating stage of declineמָכַר (H4376) Niphal 'to sell oneself' (reflexive-passive); the endpoint of the impoverishment sequence begun in v. 25 — no assets, no support, only his own labor left to offer.
לָ֑ךְto youprep לְ + 2ms suffix (archaic form)Indirect object of וְנִמְכַּרלְ + 2ms suffix (archaic spelling); marks the addressee as the one to whom he sells himself — a fellow Israelite, not a foreigner.
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), standard negative; the central prohibition of the unit.
תַעֲבֹ֥דyou shall make him serveQal impf 2ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause, prohibition)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/durativeעָבַד (H5647) 'to work, serve'; here with causative flavor, 'make him work/serve' — governs the cognate accusative עֲבֹדַת עָבֶד.
בּ֖וֹhimprep בְּ + 3ms suffixObject of תַעֲבֹד (verb governs בְּ)בְּ + 3ms suffix; עָבַד בְּ 'work/enslave someone' (cf. Exod 1:14, of Egypt's enslavement of Israel — a deliberate verbal echo).
עֲבֹ֥דַתthe service ofN f sg constr · עֲבֹדָה (H5656)Cognate accusative (construct chain head)עֲבֹדָה (H5656) 'labor, service', from עבד; construct with עָבֶד forms the idiom 'slave-labor', the harsh, degrading forced service expressly forbidden.
עָֽבֶדof a slaveN m sg abs · עֶבֶד (H5650)Genitive completing the construct chain (attributive)עֶבֶד (H5650) 'slave, servant'; genitive of specification — 'the labor characteristic of a slave', as opposed to the hired-worker status prescribed in v. 40.
40

כְּשָׂכִ֥יר כְּתוֹשָׁ֖ב יִהְיֶ֣ה עִמָּ֑ךְ עַד שְׁנַ֥ת הַיֹּבֵ֖ל יַעֲבֹ֥ד עִמָּֽךְ

He shall be with you like a hired worker, like a resident alien; he shall serve with you until the year of the jubilee.

Positive specification of the permitted status (contrast to v. 39's prohibition)asyndeton
Having forbidden treating the self-sold kinsman as a slave (v. 39), the law now names the status he must have instead: שָׂכִיר וְתוֹשָׁב, the same paired terms used in v. 35 for the merely-faltering poor. The arrangement is bounded on both ends by עִמָּךְ, 'with you', and capped by a fixed calendrical limit, the jubilee — converting what looks like slavery into indentured, temporary labor with a guaranteed exit.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
כְּשָׂכִ֥ירlike a hired workerprep כְּ + N/adj m sg abs · שָׂכִיר (H7916)Predicate complement (comparative)שָׂכִיר (H7916) 'hired worker, day-laborer', from שכר 'to hire'; a paid worker with contractual, temporary status — the model for how the self-sold Israelite must be treated.
כְּתוֹשָׁ֖בlike a resident alienprep כְּ + N m sg abs · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Coordinate predicate complement (comparative)תּוֹשָׁב (H8453) 'resident alien' (see v. 35); paired with שָׂכִיר to specify a protected, non-servile legal status.
יִהְיֶ֣הhe shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provisionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; establishes his legal status positively, following the negative prohibition of v. 39.
עִמָּ֑ךְwith youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic form) · עִם (H5973)Locative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; he remains within the household, but under a defined, temporary status.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phrase (terminus)עַד (H5704) 'until, as far as'; sets the fixed terminus of the arrangement.
שְׁנַ֥תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chain (temporal)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; construct with הַיֹּבֵל, marking the fixed calendrical limit on the servitude.
הַיֹּבֵ֖לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Genitive completing the construct chainיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; the fiftieth-year release capping the maximum duration of Israelite servitude, unlike foreign chattel slavery (v. 46).
יַעֲבֹ֥דhe shall serveQal impf 3ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause, second coordinate)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provisionעָבַד (H5647) 'to work, serve'; the permitted service — ordinary labor, not the עֲבֹדַת עָבֶד forbidden in v. 39.
עִמָּֽךְwith youprep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic form) · עִם (H5973)Locative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; the verse frames both entry and terminus of the arrangement with this phrase, bracketing it as a bounded household relationship, not chattel ownership.
41

וְיָצָא֙ מֵֽעִמָּ֔ךְ ה֖וּא וּבָנָ֣יו עִמּ֑וֹ וְשָׁב֙ אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתּ֔וֹ וְאֶל אֲחֻזַּ֥ת אֲבֹתָ֖יו יָשֽׁוּב

Then he shall go free from you, he and his children with him, and shall return to his clan, and to the holding of his fathers he shall return.

Apodosis of the jubilee-release provision — restoration of family and land togetherוְ
The verse doubles the verb of return (וְשָׁב...יָשׁוּב) and fronts אֲחֻזַּת אֲבֹתָיו, 'the holding of his fathers,' before the second occurrence for emphasis: release is not merely freedom from labor but full restoration — to family (מִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ) and to ancestral land alike. That his children go with him (וּבָנָיו עִמּוֹ) confirms they were never enslaved in their own right, only attached to their father's temporary status.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְיָצָא֙then he shall go freeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Apodosis verb (weqatal, main clause)→ Weqatal: consequential — automatic release at the jubileeיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the technical release-verb (cf. vv. 28, 31, 33), now applied to a person rather than property.
מֵֽעִמָּ֔ךְfrom youprep מִן + prep עִם + 2ms suffix (archaic) · עִם (H5973)Prepositional phrase of source/separationעִם (H5973) 'with', compounded with מִן 'from' — 'away from you', marking the end of the household service relationship.
ה֖וּאheindep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject (resumptive/emphatic)הוּא (H1931), 3ms independent pronoun, resuming and emphasizing the subject before the coordinated 'and his sons'.
וּבָנָ֣יוand his sonsconj וְ + N m pl constr + 3ms suffix · בֵּן (H1121)Coordinate subjectבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the release extends to the whole household born during his servitude — they were never independently sold and go free with him.
עִמּ֑וֹwith himprep עִם + 3ms suffix · עִם (H5973)Locative prepositional phrase (accompaniment)עִם (H5973) 'with'; underscores that the family departs together, intact.
וְשָׁב֙and he shall returnconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Apodosis verb (weqatal, second coordinate)→ Weqatal: consequential — the movement of return following releaseשׁוּב (H7725) 'to return, turn back'; distinct from יָצָא — not just release but reintegration into his ancestral community.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the goal of שָׁבאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; marks the destination of return.
מִשְׁפַּחְתּ֔וֹhis clanN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940)Object of the prepositionמִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940) 'clan, extended family'; the social unit above the household and below the tribe, the network of kin obligated to redeem (cf. vv. 25, 49).
וְאֶלand toconj וְ + prep · אֶל (H413)Coordinate prepositional phrase marking a second goal (of יָשׁוּב)אֶל (H413) 'to'; coordinated second destination, syntactically fronted with the emphasized second verb יָשׁוּב.
אֲחֻזַּ֥תthe holding ofN f sg constr · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Object of the preposition (construct chain head)אֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession'; construct with אֲבֹתָיו, his ancestral land-inheritance.
אֲבֹתָ֖יוhis fathersN m pl constr + 3ms suffix · אָב (H1)Genitive completing the construct chainאָב (H1) 'father'; plural 'fathers/ancestors' — the family land is defined by lineage, tying jubilee release back to the chapter's foundational premise that land belongs permanently to its ancestral clan (v. 23).
יָשֽׁוּבhe shall returnQal impf 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (object fronted before the verb for emphasis)→ Yiqtol: standing legal provisionשׁוּב (H7725) 'to return'; repeated and placed after its fronted object אֲחֻזַּת אֲבֹתָיו for emphasis — the ancestral land specifically, not merely the clan in general, is underscored by the word order.
42

כִּֽי עֲבָדַ֣י הֵ֔ם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֹתָ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם לֹ֥א יִמָּכְר֖וּ מִמְכֶּ֥רֶת עָֽבֶד

For they are my servants, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt; they shall not be sold as a slave is sold.

Ground clause (motive for the preceding prohibition)כִּי
כִּי grounds vv. 39-41's ban on chattel treatment of an impoverished Israelite: he cannot be sold מִמְכֶּרֶת עָבֶד, 'as a slave is sold,' because YHWH already owns him from the exodus. The first statement of the theology that closes the chapter at v. 55.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
כִּֽיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground clauseכִּי (H3588), causal 'for, because'; grounds the preceding prohibition against chattel-treatment (vv. 39-41).
עֲבָדַ֣יmy servantsN m pl constr + 1cs suffix · עֶבֶד (H5650)Predicate nominativeעֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant, slave'; 'my servants' — YHWH's own possession, the ground of the whole argument.
הֵ֔םthey (are)indep pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Subject/copula of the verbless clauseהֵם (H1992), independent 3mp pronoun functioning as copula.
אֲשֶׁרwhomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the historical ground clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834).
הוֹצֵ֥אתִיI brought outHiphil perf 1cs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, foundational historical actיָצָא (H3318) Hiphil 'to bring out'; the exodus verb, the chapter's recurring theological ground (cf. v. 38, v. 55).
אֹתָ֖םthemobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of הוֹצֵאתִיאֵת (H853) + 3mp suffix, resuming עֲבָדַי.
מֵאֶ֣רֶץfrom the land ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Source prepositional phrase (construct head)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; construct with מִצְרַיִם.
מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive completing the construct chainמִצְרַיִם (H4714), Egypt; the site of the exodus that grounds Israel's servant-status to YHWH alone.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יִמָּכְרוּלֹא (H3808).
יִמָּכְר֖וּthey shall be soldNiphal impf 3mp · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb (passive, negated main clause)→ Yiqtol: durative/legal — an absolute, standing prohibitionמָכַר (H4376) Niphal 'to be sold'; passive voice removes the human agent, framing an absolute categorical rule (cf. v. 23).
מִמְכֶּ֥רֶתthe sale ofN f sg constr · מִמְכֶּרֶת (H4466)Adverbial accusative of manner (construct, 'as X is sold')מִמְכֶּרֶת (H4466) 'sale', from מכר 'to sell'; construct with עָבֶד, 'the sale [characteristic] of a slave' — the specific chattel-market transaction being denied.
עָֽבֶדa slaveN m sg abs · עֶבֶד (H5650)Genitive completing the construct chainעֶבֶד (H5650) 'slave, servant'; genitive of specification — the mode of sale proper to chattel slaves, categorically off-limits for a fellow Israelite.
43

לֹא תִרְדֶּ֥ה ב֖וֹ בְּפָ֑רֶךְ וְיָרֵ֖אתָ מֵאֱלֹהֶֽיךָ

You shall not rule over him with harshness; you shall fear your God.

Prohibition closing the bondsman law (vv. 39-43), grounded in fear of Godasyndeton
Bracketing the preceding unit (vv. 39-42) on the impoverished Israelite bondsman, this verse forbids ruling him בְּפֶרֶךְ, the same harsh term used of Egyptian slave-driving (Exod 1:13-14) — a deliberate echo casting Israelite mistreatment of a fellow Israelite as a re-enactment of Pharaoh's oppression. The fear-of-God formula, rather than a civil penalty, is the guarantee of compliance.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808), the standard verbal negative; opens the prohibition governing the Israelite bondsman's treatment (echoing v. 39, 42).
תִרְדֶּ֥הyou shall rule overQal impf 2ms · רָדָה (H7287)Predicate verb (negated main clause, prohibition)→ Yiqtol: modal — prohibitive/deonticרָדָה (H7287) 'to rule, dominate, tread down'; used of a master's harsh dominion over a slave — the same verb Egypt's taskmasters exercised over Israel (cf. Exod 1:13).
ב֖וֹover himprep בְּ + 3ms suffixObject of the preposition (the bondsman, resumptive)בְּ + 3ms suffix, resuming the bondsman of vv. 39-42 as the one not to be dominated with פֶרֶךְ.
בְּפָ֑רֶךְwith harshnessprep בְּ + N m sg abs · פֶּרֶךְ (H6531)Adverbial/manner prepositional phraseפֶּרֶךְ (H6531) 'harshness, severity, rigor', rare (elsewhere only Exod 1:13-14; Lev 25:46, 53; Ezek 34:4); the very word for Egypt's oppression of Israelite slave labor — its use here pointedly forbids Israelites from replicating Pharaoh's cruelty toward their own kin.
וְיָרֵ֖אתָbut you shall fearconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · יָרֵא (H3372)Weqatal, adversative/consequential (motive clause)→ Weqatal: the grounding obligation following the prohibition — fear of God as guarantee of humane treatmentיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear, revere'; the fear-of-God formula (cf. 19:14, 32; 25:17) grounds ethical treatment of the vulnerable in reverence for YHWH rather than in enforceable human sanction — a recurring rhetorical strategy of the Holiness Code.
מֵאֱלֹהֶֽיךָyour Godprep מִן + N m pl constr + 2ms suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Object of יָרֵא (object of fearing, מִן after verbs of fearing)אֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; with the preposition מִן after יָרֵא is the idiomatic construction 'to fear/reverence' (cf. 19:14, 32).
44

וְעַבְדְּךָ֥ וַאֲמָתְךָ֖ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִהְיוּ לָ֑ךְ מֵאֵ֣ת הַגּוֹיִ֗ם אֲשֶׁר֙ סְבִיבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם מֵהֶ֥ם תִּקְנ֖וּ עֶ֥בֶד וְאָמָֽה

As for your male and female slave whom you may have — they shall be from the nations around you; from them you may buy male and female slaves.

Contrast: permitted acquisition of foreign chattel slavesוְ
Verse 44 pivots from the Israelite bondsman (vv. 39-43) to a starkly different case: Israelites may acquire actual chattel slaves, but only 'from the nations around you' — never from fellow Israelites. The verb קָנָה ('buy, acquire as property') is deliberately different from the verbs used of the Israelite's temporary self-sale (מכר), marking an explicit ethnic boundary the law refuses to blur.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְעַבְדְּךָ֥and your male slaveconj וְ + N m sg constr + 2ms suffix · עֶבֶד (H5650)Casus pendens / fronted topic (resumed by יִהְיוּ לָךְ)עֶבֶד (H5650) 'slave, servant'; here the chattel slave contemplated by this law, contrasted with the Israelite אָח of v. 39 who may never be made an עֶבֶד עֲבֹדַת עָבֶד.
וַאֲמָתְךָ֖and your female slaveconj וְ + N f sg constr + 2ms suffix · אָמָה (H519)Fronted topic, coordinate with עַבְדְּךָאָמָה (H519) 'female slave, maidservant'; paired with עֶבֶד to cover chattel slaves of both sexes.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing an attributive clause modifying the fronted nounsאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle.
יִהְיוּmay belongQal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: modal — potential/permissive ('may come to be/belong')הָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; with לְ of possession, 'to belong to' — permissive in force, marking the acquisition of such slaves as legally sanctioned.
לָ֑ךְto youprep לְ + 2ms suffix (pausal vocalization)Dative of possessionלְ + 2ms suffix (pausal form resembling 2fs, cf. עִמָּךְ in v. 6); marks possession with יִהְיוּ, 'may belong to you'.
מֵאֵ֣תfromprep מִן + prep אֵת · (H854)Source prepositional phrase (fronted)אֵת (H854) 'with, from with'; compound מֵאֵת 'from (with)' marks the source nations from which foreign slaves may be acquired.
הַגּוֹיִ֗םthe nationsart + N m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Object of the preposition מֵאֵתגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation, people'; the foreign nations surrounding Israel, the legitimate source-pool for chattel slaves, sharply distinguished from fellow Israelites (v. 46).
אֲשֶׁר֙who (are)rel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a locative relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834); introduces סְבִיבֹתֵיכֶם as a verbless locative predicate, 'who are around you'.
סְבִיבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔םaround youN com pl constr + 2mp suffix · סָבִיב (H5439)Predicate of the verbless relative clause (locative)סָבִיב (H5439) 'surrounding area, round about'; used adverbially/substantively of the neighboring peoples surrounding Israel's territory.
מֵהֶ֥םfrom themprep מִן + 3mp suffixSource prepositional phrase (resumptive, fronted for emphasis)מִן + 3mp suffix, resuming הַגּוֹיִם — emphatic repetition of source ('from them you may buy').
תִּקְנ֖וּyou may buyQal impf 2mp · קָנָה (H7069)Predicate verb (main clause, permissive)→ Yiqtol: modal — permissive ('you may acquire')קָנָה (H7069) 'to acquire, buy, purchase'; the standard verb of chattel-slave purchase, sharply distinct from the language used for the Israelite bondsman (שׂכר 'hire', מכר 'sell himself'), who is never 'bought' as property.
עֶ֥בֶדa male slaveN m sg abs · עֶבֶד (H5650)Direct objectעֶבֶד (H5650), here indefinite — the class of purchasable slave, contrasted with the Israelite אָח of vv. 39-43.
וְאָמָֽהand a female slaveconj וְ + N f sg abs · אָמָה (H519)Direct object, coordinateאָמָה (H519), completing the pair with עֶבֶד — foreign chattel slaves of both sexes, whom Israel may lawfully purchase.
45

וְ֠גַם מִבְּנֵ֨י הַתּוֹשָׁבִ֜ים הַגָּרִ֤ים עִמָּכֶם֙ מֵהֶ֣ם תִּקְנ֔וּ וּמִמִּשְׁפַּחְתָּם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עִמָּכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוֹלִ֖ידוּ בְּאַרְצְכֶ֑ם וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַֽאֲחֻזָּֽה

Also, from the children of the resident aliens who sojourn among you, from them you may buy, and from their clan who are with you, whom they fathered in your land; and they shall become your property.

Extension of the permitted slave-source (resident-alien offspring)וְ
The pool of lawful chattel slaves is widened a second time: not only foreigners purchased from outside nations (v. 44) but children born in the land to resident-alien (תּוֹשָׁב) families. אֲחֻזָּה, elsewhere Israel's own inalienable land-holding, is applied here to slaves-as-property — a deliberately jarring reuse that marks how differently foreign slaves are held compared to Israelite bondsmen, who are never called an אֲחֻזָּה.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְ֠גַםand alsoconj וְ + adv · גַּם (H1571)Coordinating conjunction with emphatic particle (extending the acquisition-source list)גַּם (H1571) 'also, even'; extends the permitted source of slaves beyond foreign nations (v. 44) to the resident-alien population born in the land.
מִבְּנֵ֨יfrom the sons ofprep מִן + N m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Source prepositional phrase, fronted (head of construct chain)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; here 'descendants, offspring' of the resident-alien families.
הַתּוֹשָׁבִ֜יםthe resident aliensart + N m pl abs · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Genitive of the construct chainתּוֹשָׁב (H8453) 'resident alien, sojourner'; non-Israelites permanently settled in the land (cf. vv. 6, 23, 35, 40, 47).
הַגָּרִ֤יםwho sojournart + Qal ptc m pl abs · גּוּר (H1481)Attributive participle modifying הַתּוֹשָׁבִים→ Participle: ongoing, characteristic state of dwellingגּוּר (H1481) 'to sojourn, dwell as a resident alien'; describes the settled-but-non-native status of the תּוֹשָׁב.
עִמָּכֶם֙among youprep עִם + 2mp suffixLocative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; marks the resident aliens' ongoing presence within Israel's territory.
מֵהֶ֣םfrom themprep מִן + 3mp suffixSource prepositional phrase, resumptiveמִן + 3mp suffix, resuming the resident-alien offspring as the source of purchase.
תִּקְנ֔וּyou may buyQal impf 2mp · קָנָה (H7069)Predicate verb (main clause, permissive), resuming v. 44→ Yiqtol: modal — permissiveקָנָה (H7069), repeated from v. 44; the resident-alien-born population is added to the pool of lawfully purchasable slaves.
וּמִמִּשְׁפַּחְתָּם֙and from their clanconj וְ + prep מִן + N f sg constr + 3mp suffix · מִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940)Source prepositional phrase, coordinateמִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940) 'clan, family'; extends the source to the wider kin-group of the resident aliens.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing an attributive clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle.
עִמָּכֶ֔םare with youprep עִם + 2mp suffixPredicate of the verbless relative clauseעִם (H5973), predicating the clan's ongoing presence 'with you'.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a second attributive clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834).
הוֹלִ֖ידוּthey fatheredHiphil perf 3cp · יָלַד (H3205)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed generative actיָלַד (H3205) Hiphil 'to beget, father'; specifies that these are children born to resident-alien families already resident in the land, not imported.
בְּאַרְצְכֶ֑םin your landprep בְּ + N f/c sg constr + 2mp suffix · אֶרֶץ (H776)Locative prepositional phraseאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the birthplace within Israel's own territory, underscoring these are locally-born non-Israelites, still legally distinct from Israelites themselves.
וְהָי֥וּand they shall becomeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Weqatal, consequential (result clause)→ Weqatal: the legislated consequence — permanent status as propertyהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; weqatal marking the legal outcome of the purchase.
לָכֶ֖םto youprep לְ + 2mp suffixDative of possessionלְ + 2mp suffix, marking Israelite ownership.
לַֽאֲחֻזָּֽהas a possessionprep לְ + N f sg abs · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Predicate complement (result, 'as/for property')אֲחֻזָּה (H272) 'holding, possession, property', from אחז 'to seize, hold'; the same term used of Israel's own inalienable land-holding (v. 10 etc.) is here applied, startlingly, to foreign slaves as permanent chattel — the one kind of 'possession' that, unlike land, does not pass out at jubilee.
46

וְהִתְנַחֲלְתֶּ֨ם אֹתָ֜ם לִבְנֵיכֶ֤ם אַחֲרֵיכֶם֙ לָרֶ֣שֶׁת אֲחֻזָּ֔ה לְעֹלָ֖ם בָּהֶ֣ם תַּעֲבֹ֑דוּ וּבְאַ֨חֵיכֶ֤ם בְּנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אִ֣ישׁ בְּאָחִ֔יו לֹא תִרְדֶּ֥ה ב֖וֹ בְּפָֽרֶךְ

You may leave them as an inheritance to your sons after you, to possess as property; you may make them serve forever. But over your brothers, the Israelites — each over his brother — you shall not rule with harshness.

Conclusion (heritability of foreign slaves) + closing contrast (Israelite exemption)וְ
The verse closes the unit begun at v. 39 in two parts: first, foreign slaves may be bequeathed as permanent property and worked forever (v. 46a) — no jubilee release applies to them; then, sharply pivoting on וּבְאַחֵיכֶם, the law forbids the very same הרדה בפרך toward a fellow Israelite, repeating v. 43 verbatim to bracket the whole section. The juxtaposition is the law's clearest statement of the ethnic asymmetry it constructs.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וְהִתְנַחֲלְתֶּ֨םand you may leave as an inheritanceconj וְ + Hitpael weqatal 2mp · נָחַל (H5157)Weqatal, consequential main clause (permission continued)→ Weqatal: the legislated permission — hereditary transmission of propertyנָחַל (H5157) Hitpael 'to take as an inheritance, bequeath'; the reflexive/estimative stem marks the slaves as an inheritable estate the owner secures for his heirs — the decisive mark distinguishing chattel slavery from the temporary Israelite bondservice of vv. 39-43.
אֹתָ֜ם[obj] themobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (resumes עֶבֶד וְאָמָה of vv. 44-45)אֵת (H853) + 3mp suffix, marking the purchased slaves as the definite direct object of הִתְנַחֲלְתֶּם.
לִבְנֵיכֶ֤םto your sonsprep לְ + N m pl constr + 2mp suffix · בֵּן (H1121)Indirect object (beneficiary of the bequest)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the heirs who inherit the slave-property.
אַחֲרֵיכֶם֙after youprep אַחַר + 2mp suffix · (H310)Temporal prepositional phraseאַחַר (H310) 'after'; marks the transmission as extending beyond the current owner's lifetime — perpetual, cross-generational property.
לָרֶ֣שֶׁתto possessprep לְ + Qal inf constr · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Infinitive construct expressing purpose ('in order to possess')→ Infinitive: purpose/result of the bequestיָרַשׁ (H3423) 'to possess, take possession of, inherit'; the same root used of Israel's possession of the land, applied here to the sons' possession of inherited slaves.
אֲחֻזָּ֔הas propertyN f sg abs · אֲחֻזָּה (H272)Direct object of לָרֶשֶׁת (adverbial accusative of status)אֲחֻזָּה (H272), repeated from v. 45 — permanent, heritable holding; foreign slaves, unlike Israelite bondsmen, are held as this kind of property.
לְעֹלָ֖םforeverprep לְ + N m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Adverbial phrase of durationעוֹלָם (H5769) 'long duration, perpetuity'; unlike the Israelite bondsman released at jubilee, foreign slave status is unending — no built-in release.
בָּהֶ֣םover themprep בְּ + 3mp suffixObject of the preposition, resumptiveבְּ + 3mp suffix, resuming the purchased slaves as those over whom perpetual service is exacted.
תַּעֲבֹ֑דוּyou may make (them) serveQal impf 2mp · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause, permissive)→ Yiqtol: modal — permissive ('you may work/enslave')עָבַד (H5647) 'to work, serve, enslave'; root of עֶבֶד; here the permitted perpetual exaction of labor from foreign chattel slaves, contrasted with the prohibition on the same treatment of a fellow Israelite in the verse's second half.
וּבְאַ֨חֵיכֶ֤םbut over your brothersconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אָח (H251)Adversative prepositional phrase, fronted (contrast with vv. 44-46a)אָח (H251) 'brother'; the decisive pivot — from foreign chattel slaves (perpetual property) back to the fellow Israelite (never to be so treated).
בְּנֵֽיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (apposition to אֲחֵיכֶם)בֵּן (H1121); בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'Israelites', in apposition specifying which 'brothers' are meant.
יִשְׂרָאֵל֙IsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive of the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant people, in apposition to אֲחֵיכֶם.
אִ֣ישׁeachN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Distributive apposition (first half of אִישׁ בְּאָחִיו idiom)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; in the idiom אִישׁ בְּאָחִיו, distributive 'each one... his brother' — no exceptions within the community.
בְּאָחִ֔יוover his brotherprep בְּ + N m sg constr + 3ms suffix · אָח (H251)Distributive complement completing the אִישׁ...בְּ idiomאָח (H251), completing the distributive idiom — 'each man over his brother', universalizing the prohibition that follows.
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following verbלֹא (H3808).
תִרְדֶּ֥הshall you rule overQal impf 2ms · רָדָה (H7287)Predicate verb (negated main clause, prohibition)→ Yiqtol: modal — prohibitive/deonticרָדָה (H7287), repeated from v. 43 — the chapter's bracketing prohibition against Egyptian-style harshness, now explicitly restricted to fellow Israelites, in direct contrast to the perpetual servitude just sanctioned for foreigners.
ב֖וֹover himprep בְּ + 3ms suffixObject of the preposition, resumptiveבְּ + 3ms suffix, resuming אָחִיו — the fellow Israelite.
בְּפָֽרֶךְwith harshnessprep בְּ + N m sg abs · פֶּרֶךְ (H6531)Adverbial/manner prepositional phraseפֶּרֶךְ (H6531), repeated from v. 43 — bracketing the chapter's slave-law unit (vv. 39-46) with the Egyptian-oppression term, now applied explicitly to distinguish Israelite from foreign servitude.
47

וְכִ֣י תַשִּׂ֗יג יַ֣ד גֵּ֤ר וְתוֹשָׁב֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ וּמָ֥ךְ אָחִ֖יךָ עִמּ֑וֹ וְנִמְכַּ֗ר לְגֵ֤ר תּוֹשָׁב֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ א֥וֹ לְעֵ֖קֶר מִשְׁפַּ֥חַת גֵּֽר

And when a resident alien or sojourner among you prospers, and your brother beside him grows poor, and he sells himself to the resident alien or sojourner among you, or to a member of the alien's clan,

Casuistic protasis: the reverse case (foreigner rich, Israelite poor)וְ
The law now runs the case of vv. 25-43 in reverse: instead of an Israelite buying back a poor kinsman's land or person, here it is a resident alien who prospers while an Israelite grows poor and sells himself into that alien's household or clan. The protasis (v. 47) sets up the redemption-rights apodosis of vv. 48-54, extending the jubilee and redemption protections established for Israelite-to-Israelite transactions even into this cross-ethnic case.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְכִ֣יand whenconj וְ + conj · כִּי (H3588)Subordinating conjunction introducing a new casuistic protasisכִּי (H3588), temporal-conditional 'when'; opens the reverse case (alien grows rich, Israelite grows poor) mirroring the casuistic formula of vv. 25, 35, 39.
תַשִּׂ֗יגbecomes richHiphil impf 3fs · נָשַׂג (H5381)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: future/contingent — the anticipated conditionנָשַׂג (H5381) Hiphil 'to reach, attain, overtake'; idiomatically תַּשִּׂיג יָד 'the hand attains/prospers' = 'to become wealthy' (cf. v. 26, 49).
יַ֣דthe hand ofN com sg constr · יָד (H3027)Subject of תַּשִּׂיג (idiomatic construct)יָד (H3027) 'hand'; יַד...תַּשִּׂיג is the standing idiom for 'to prosper, grow wealthy' (cf. v. 26).
גֵּ֤רa sojournerN m sg abs · גֵּר (H1616)Genitive of the construct chain (subject of the idiom)גֵּר (H1616) 'sojourner, resident alien', from גור 'to sojourn'; the non-Israelite whose changed fortune drives this case.
וְתוֹשָׁב֙or resident alienconj וְ + N m sg abs · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Coordinate noun, near-synonym of גֵּרתּוֹשָׁב (H8453), paired with גֵּר as in vv. 6, 35, 40, 45 — the settled non-Israelite resident.
עִמָּ֔ךְamong youprep עִם + 2ms suffixLocative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with'; marks the alien's residence within Israelite society.
וּמָ֥ךְand becomes poorconj וְ + Qal perf 3ms · מוּךְ (H4134)Predicate verb, second half of the protasis (contrastive)→ Perfective: the correlative condition — impoverishmentמוּךְ (H4134) 'to become low, poor, impoverished'; the verb governing this whole subsection's casuistic openings (vv. 25, 35, 39, 47).
אָחִ֖יךָyour brotherN m sg constr + 2ms suffix · אָח (H251)Subject of וּמָךְאָח (H251) 'brother'; the fellow Israelite whose poverty, in reversal of vv. 39-46, now places him under a foreigner's power.
עִמּ֑וֹbeside himprep עִם + 3ms suffixLocative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973); situates the impoverished Israelite alongside the prospering alien — proximity that enables the sale that follows.
וְנִמְכַּ֗רand he sells himselfconj וְ + Niphal perf 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb, apodosis (main clause of the casuistic law)→ Perfective/Niphal: reflexive-passive — self-sale into servitudeמָכַר (H4376) Niphal 'to sell oneself, be sold'; the same reflexive verb used of the impoverished Israelite's self-sale in vv. 39-42, now to a foreign purchaser rather than a fellow Israelite.
לְגֵ֤רto a resident alienprep לְ + N m sg abs · גֵּר (H1616)Indirect object (purchaser)גֵּר (H1616), repeated — the alien buyer.
תּוֹשָׁב֙sojournerN m sg abs · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Apposition/coordinate to גֵּרתּוֹשָׁב (H8453), in apposition to גֵּר specifying the same resident-alien buyer.
עִמָּ֔ךְamong youprep עִם + 2ms suffixLocative prepositional phraseעִם (H5973), repeated, situating the alien purchaser within Israel.
א֥וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive coordinating conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'; introduces the alternative purchaser.
לְעֵ֖קֶרto a member ofprep לְ + N m sg constr · עֵקֶר (H6133)Indirect object, alternative (construct chain head)עֵקֶר (H6133) 'offshoot, member, descendant', a rare term from עקר 'root, stock'; here 'a scion/member of' the alien's clan — an extended kin-based purchaser, not only the alien himself.
מִשְׁפַּ֥חַתthe clan ofN f sg constr · מִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940)Genitive of the construct chainמִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940) 'clan, family'; the alien's wider kin-group, to a member of which the impoverished Israelite might likewise be sold.
גֵּֽרthe resident alienN m sg abs · גֵּר (H1616)Genitive completing the construct chainגֵּר (H1616), repeated, closing the protasis with the full range of possible foreign purchasers — the alien himself or any relative of his clan.
48

אַחֲרֵ֣י נִמְכַּ֔ר גְּאֻלָּ֖ה תִּהְיֶה לּ֑וֹ אֶחָ֥ד מֵאֶחָ֖יו יִגְאָלֶֽנּוּ

After he has sold himself, he retains a right of redemption; one of his brothers may redeem him.

Apodosis: the redemption right survives cross-ethnic self-saleasyndeton
Even sold to a foreigner, the impoverished Israelite is not without recourse: v. 48 immediately establishes that his גְּאֻלָּה, redemption right, still stands, and any kinsman may exercise it. The verse pointedly avoids treating him as an אֲחֻזָּה the way v. 46 permits for foreign-born slaves — the Israelite's dignity and route back to freedom are preserved even under a foreign master.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
אַחֲרֵ֣יafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Temporal prepositional phrase (governing the following clause)אַחַר (H310) 'after'; introduces the temporal frame — the redemption right applies from the moment of sale onward.
נִמְכַּ֔רhe has sold himselfNiphal perf 3ms · מָכַר (H4376)Verb governed by אַחֲרֵי (temporal clause, 'after he was sold')→ Perfective/Niphal: reflexive-passive — a completed act of self-saleמָכַר (H4376) Niphal, repeated from v. 47 — the completed self-sale that triggers the redemption right which follows immediately.
גְּאֻלָּ֖הa right of redemptionN f sg abs · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Subject of תִּהְיֶהגְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption, right of redemption', from גאל 'to redeem, act as kinsman-redeemer'; the legal entitlement is not annulled by sale to a foreigner — unlike the perpetual property status of foreign-born slaves in v. 46.
תִּהְיֶהshall belongQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: modal — obligatory/deontic ('there shall be')הָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; establishes the redemption right as a standing legal entitlement, not merely a possibility.
לּ֑וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms suffixDative of possession/beneficiaryלְ + 3ms suffix, marking the redemption right as belonging to the sold Israelite himself.
אֶחָ֥דonecardinal number m sg abs · אֶחָד (H259)Subject of יִגְאָלֶנּוּאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; אֶחָד מֵאֶחָיו 'one of his brothers' identifies the potential redeemer as any single member of the kin-group, not a specifically designated individual.
מֵאֶחָ֖יוof his brothersprep מִן + N m pl constr + 3ms suffix · אָח (H251)Partitive prepositional phraseאָח (H251) 'brother'; here broadly 'kinsmen' — the pool from whom a redeemer (גֹּאֵל) may arise, specified further in v. 49.
יִגְאָלֶֽנּוּmay redeem himQal impf 3ms + 3ms suffix · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb (main clause, permissive)→ Yiqtol: modal — permissive/potential ('he may redeem')גָּאַל (H1350) 'to redeem, act as kinsman-redeemer'; introduces the גְּאֻלָּה vocabulary that dominates the rest of the chapter's close (vv. 48-52), rooted in the kinsman's obligation to restore a relative's freedom or property (cf. Ruth 4; the land-redemption law of vv. 25-34).
49

אוֹ דֹד֞וֹ א֤וֹ בֶן דֹּדוֹ֙ יִגְאָלֶ֔נּוּ אֽוֹ מִשְּׁאֵ֧ר בְּשָׂר֛וֹ מִמִּשְׁפַּחְתּ֖וֹ יִגְאָלֶ֑נּוּ אֽוֹ הִשִּׂ֥יגָה יָד֖וֹ וְנִגְאָֽל

Or his uncle, or his cousin, may redeem him; or a blood relative from his clan may redeem him; or if he himself prospers, he may redeem himself.

Continuation of the redeemer list; climax in self-redemptionasyndeton
The list of eligible redeemers widens outward from v. 48's unspecified 'brother' through uncle, cousin, and any blood relative of the clan, before closing with the possibility that the man himself, if his own fortunes recover, redeems himself — no external help required. The fourfold repetition of גאל hammers home that redemption, not permanent bondage, is the law's presumed outcome even in a cross-ethnic sale.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
אוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive coordinating conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'; the verse lists redeemer-candidates in descending order of kinship proximity.
דֹד֞וֹhis uncleN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · דּוֹד (H1730)Subject of יִגְאָלֶנּוּדּוֹד (H1730) 'uncle, father's brother'; the first-listed potential redeemer after the unspecified 'brother' of v. 48.
א֤וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive coordinating conjunctionאוֹ (H176).
בֶןthe son ofN m sg constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (head, subject of יִגְאָלֶנּוּ)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; בֶּן דּוֹד 'son of uncle' = cousin, the next-listed kinsman.
דֹּדוֹ֙his uncleN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · דּוֹד (H1730)Genitive of the construct chainדּוֹד (H1730), repeated — בֶּן דֹּדוֹ 'his cousin' (lit. 'son of his uncle').
יִגְאָלֶ֔נּוּmay redeem himQal impf 3ms + 3ms suffix · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb (main clause, permissive)→ Yiqtol: modal — permissive/potentialגָּאַל (H1350), repeated from v. 48 — extending the redeemer pool to uncle and cousin.
אֽוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive coordinating conjunctionאוֹ (H176).
מִשְּׁאֵ֧רone of the blood relatives ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · שְׁאֵר (H7607)Partitive prepositional phrase, subject of יִגְאָלֶנּוּשְׁאֵר (H7607) 'flesh, kin, blood relative'; שְׁאֵר בָּשָׂר 'flesh of his flesh' is the broadest term for consanguinity, used elsewhere of forbidden-marriage kin (18:6) and now of eligible redeemers.
בְּשָׂר֛וֹhis fleshN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Genitive completing the idiom שְׁאֵר בָּשָׂרבָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh'; שְׁאֵר בְּשָׂרוֹ 'the kin of his flesh', i.e. any blood relative.
מִמִּשְׁפַּחְתּ֖וֹfrom his clanprep מִן + N f sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940)Partitive prepositional phraseמִשְׁפָּחָה (H4940) 'clan'; broadens the redeemer-pool beyond the nuclear kin named to any qualifying member of his wider clan.
יִגְאָלֶ֑נּוּmay redeem himQal impf 3ms + 3ms suffix · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb (main clause, permissive)→ Yiqtol: modal — permissive/potentialגָּאַל (H1350), repeated a third time — the redemption right extends as widely as any blood relative in the clan.
אֽוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Disjunctive coordinating conjunction, introducing self-redemptionאוֹ (H176); introduces the final alternative — the man's own prosperity.
הִשִּׂ֥יגָהprospersHiphil perf 3fs · נָשַׂג (H5381)Predicate verb of a conditional clause→ Perfective: a realized condition — attained meansנָשַׂג (H5381) Hiphil, repeated from v. 47's idiom תַּשִּׂיג יָד — here of the sold man's own hand 'attaining', i.e. himself acquiring the means to redeem himself.
יָד֖וֹhis handN com sg constr + 3ms suffix · יָד (H3027)Subject of הִשִּׂיגָה (idiomatic)יָד (H3027) 'hand'; idiom for personal means/resources, completing הִשִּׂיגָה יָדוֹ 'he himself prospers'.
וְנִגְאָֽלthen he may redeem himselfconj וְ + Niphal impf 3ms · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb, apodosis (consequential main clause)→ Yiqtol/Niphal: modal-passive — reflexive potential ('he may be redeemed', i.e. redeem himself)גָּאַל (H1350) Niphal, reflexive-passive 'to be redeemed, redeem oneself'; closes the redeemer list with the possibility of self-redemption when no kinsman is needed — the sold man's own recovered means suffice.
50

וְחִשַּׁב֙ עִם קֹנֵ֔הוּ מִשְּׁנַת֙ הִמָּ֣כְרוֹ ל֔וֹ עַ֖ד שְׁנַ֣ת הַיֹּבֵ֑ל וְהָיָ֞ה כֶּ֤סֶף מִמְכָּרוֹ֙ בְּמִסְפַּ֣ר שָׁנִ֔ים כִּימֵ֥י שָׂכִ֖יר יִהְיֶ֥ה עִמּֽוֹ

He shall reckon with his buyer from the year he sold himself to him until the jubilee year, and the price of his sale shall be reckoned by the number of years; he shall be with him as a hired worker would be.

Redemption arithmetic (years-to-jubilee proration)וְ
The calculation mirrors the land-redemption formula of vv. 15-16, 27: the sale price is prorated against the number of years remaining until jubilee, so that a redeemer (or the man himself) pays only for the service-years actually used. The comparison כִּימֵי שָׂכִיר, 'like the days of a hired worker', is the verse's real theological move — even sold to a foreigner, the Israelite's legal status is recast as wage labor, not chattel slavery.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וְחִשַּׁב֙and he shall calculateconj וְ + Piel weqatal 3ms · חָשַׁב (H2803)Weqatal, main legislative clause→ Weqatal: the obligatory procedure following the redemption right of vv. 48-49חָשַׁב (H2803) Piel 'to reckon, calculate, account'; introduces the arithmetic of redemption, echoing the years-to-jubilee calculation of vv. 15-16, 27.
עִםwithprep · עִם (H5973)Prepositional phrase marking the counterpartyעִם (H5973) 'with'; the calculation is conducted jointly, with the buyer, not unilaterally.
קֹנֵ֔הוּhis buyerQal ptc m sg constr + 3ms suffix · קָנָה (H7069)Substantival participle, object of the preposition עִם→ Participle: characteristic role/agent — 'the one who bought him'קָנָה (H7069) 'to buy, acquire'; the participle used substantively for 'buyer, purchaser' — the same verb used in vv. 44-45 of purchasing foreign slaves, now applied to the alien who has bought a fellow Israelite; but v. 53 will insist that despite the term קנה, the Israelite is to be treated 'like a hired worker', not a chattel slave.
מִשְּׁנַת֙from the year ofprep מִן + N f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; opens the temporal frame for the redemption calculation.
הִמָּ֣כְרוֹhis being soldNiphal inf constr + 3ms suffix · מָכַר (H4376)Infinitive construct (genitive of the construct chain, temporal)→ Infinitive: the reference point of the calculation — the moment of saleמָכַר (H4376) Niphal infinitive 'his being sold, his selling himself'; marks the starting point of the years-to-jubilee count.
ל֔וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms suffixIndirect object (the buyer)לְ + 3ms suffix, resuming קֹנֵהוּ, the buyer to whom he sold himself.
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phrase (terminus)עַד (H5704) 'until, as far as'; sets the terminal boundary of the calculation.
שְׁנַ֣תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Construct chain (head)שָׁנָה (H8141), repeated — the terminal year of the count.
הַיֹּבֵ֑לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Genitive of the construct chainיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee, ram's horn'; the fiftieth-year release, the fixed horizon against which every redemption price in the chapter is calculated.
וְהָיָ֞הand it shall beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Weqatal, continuing the legislative sequence→ Weqatal: the ensuing procedural consequenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; introduces the pricing formula.
כֶּ֤סֶףthe price ofN m sg constr · כֶּסֶף (H3701)Subject of וְהָיָה (construct chain head)כֶּסֶף (H3701) 'silver, money, price'; here the sale-price to be prorated.
מִמְכָּרוֹ֙his saleN m sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִמְכָּר (H4465)Genitive of the construct chainמִמְכָּר (H4465) 'sale, thing sold', from מכר; כֶּסֶף מִמְכָּרוֹ 'the price of his sale' — the original purchase sum.
בְּמִסְפַּ֣רaccording to the number ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · מִסְפָּר (H4557)Adverbial prepositional phrase (standard/measure)מִסְפָּר (H4557) 'number, count'; introduces the proration standard, echoing vv. 15-16's land-redemption arithmetic.
שָׁנִ֔יםyearsN f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive of the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141), repeated — the price is to be divided/prorated across the number of years of service.
כִּימֵ֥יlike the days ofprep כְּ + N m pl constr · יוֹם (H3117)Comparative prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; the comparative standard — the Israelite's terms of service are likened to those of a hired laborer, not a slave.
שָׂכִ֖ירa hired workerN/adj m sg abs · שָׂכִיר (H7916)Genitive of the construct chain (standard of comparison)שָׂכִיר (H7916) 'hired worker, hireling', from שכר 'to hire'; the crucial legal fiction — though technically 'bought' (קנה), the Israelite's status is that of a wage laborer with fixed, calculable terms, not chattel.
יִהְיֶ֥הhe shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: modal — obligatory/deonticהָיָה (H1961), repeated; establishes the hired-worker standard as a binding legal status, not a mere comparison.
עִמּֽוֹwith himprep עִם + 3ms suffixLocative/relational prepositional phraseעִם (H5973), resuming קֹנֵהוּ — the Israelite remains 'with' his buyer only on hired-worker terms.
51

אִם ע֥וֹד רַבּ֖וֹת בַּשָּׁנִ֑ים לְפִיהֶן֙ יָשִׁ֣יב גְּאֻלָּת֔וֹ מִכֶּ֖סֶף מִקְנָתֽוֹ

If there are still many years remaining, in proportion to them he shall refund his redemption price out of the money for which he was bought.

Casuistic sub-case: many years remaining (paired with v. 52)asyndeton
Applies the land-redemption price formula of vv. 15-16, 27 to a person: self-redemption from a resident alien is prorated by remaining years to the jubilee, just as a field's price is. Asyndetic אִם opens the first half of the paired case.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
אִםifconditional particle · אִם (H518)Conditional particle opening the protasisאִם (H518) 'if'; opens the first of the paired sub-cases (many/few years, vv. 51-52).
ע֥וֹדstilladv · עוֹד (H5750)Adverb modifying רַבּוֹת ('still many')עוֹד (H5750) 'still, yet, again'; here 'still remaining.'
רַבּ֖וֹתmanyadj f pl abs · רַב (H7227)Predicate adjective of the protasisרַב (H7227) 'much, many, great'; predicated of שָׁנִים, 'many years [remain].'
בַּשָּׁנִ֑יםin the yearsprep בְּ + art + N f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Prepositional phrase specifying the subject domain (years remaining)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; בַּשָּׁנִים 'in years [to the jubilee].'
לְפִיהֶן֙according to themprep לְ + N m sg constr + 3fp suffix · פֶּה (H6310)Prepositional phrase of standard/proportion (fronted)פֶּה (H6310) 'mouth', idiomatically 'according to, in proportion to' in לְפִי (cf. v. 16); here referring back to הַשָּׁנִים, feminine plural.
יָשִׁ֣יבhe shall refundHiphil impf 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future legal obligationשׁוּב (H7725) Hiphil 'to bring back, refund, repay'; the redemption-price rebate, exactly as in v. 27's land-redemption formula.
גְּאֻלָּת֔וֹhis redemption priceN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Direct object of יָשִׁיבגְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption, right/price of redemption', from גאל 'to redeem'; here the sum owed back to the purchaser.
מִכֶּ֖סֶףfrom the money ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · כֶּסֶף (H3701)Source prepositional phrase (construct head)כֶּסֶף (H3701) 'silver, money'; construct with מִקְנָתוֹ, 'the money of his purchase.'
מִקְנָתֽוֹhis purchase priceN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · מִקְנָה (H4736)Genitive completing the construct chainמִקְנָה (H4736) 'purchase, acquisition, price', from קנה 'to acquire' (cf. v. 16); the original price for which he was bought sets the baseline for the pro-rated refund.
52

וְאִם מְעַ֞ט נִשְׁאַ֧ר בַּשָּׁנִ֛ים עַד שְׁנַ֥ת הַיֹּבֵ֖ל וְחִשַּׁב ל֑וֹ כְּפִ֣י שָׁנָ֔יו יָשִׁ֖יב אֶת גְּאֻלָּתֽוֹ

And if few years remain until the jubilee year, he shall so calculate with him: in proportion to his years he shall refund his redemption price.

Casuistic sub-case: few years remaining (paired with v. 51)וְ
Completes the diptych begun in v. 51: whether many or few years remain, the same proportional formula governs the price, keeping the rule for redeeming a person from a resident alien identical in logic to redeeming land (vv. 15-16, 27).
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְאִםand ifconj וְ + conditional particle · אִם (H518)Coordinating conjunction + conditional particle (protasis marker)אִם (H518); opens the paired second sub-case (cf. v. 51).
מְעַ֞טfewN m sg abs (adjectival use) · מְעַט (H4592)Predicate of the protasis ('few [years] remain')מְעַט (H4592) 'a little, few'; predicated of שָׁנִים, the inverse case of v. 51's רַבּוֹת.
נִשְׁאַ֧רremainsNiphal perf 3ms · שָׁאַר (H7604)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Perfective (stative): the present state of years remainingשָׁאַר (H7604) Niphal 'to remain, be left'; describes the years still outstanding before the jubilee.
בַּשָּׁנִ֛יםin the yearsprep בְּ + art + N f pl abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Prepositional phrase specifying the subject domainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year' (cf. v. 51).
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phraseעַד (H5704) 'until.'
שְׁנַ֥תthe year ofN f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Construct chain (head)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; construct with הַיֹּבֵל.
הַיֹּבֵ֖לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Genitive completing the construct chainיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee' (cf. vv. 10-13).
וְחִשַּׁבthen he shall calculateconj וְ + Piel weqatal 3ms · חָשַׁב (H2803)Predicate verb (weqatal, main legislative clause)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the required legal calculationחָשַׁב (H2803) Piel 'to reckon, calculate, account' (cf. v. 27, v. 50); the redemption sum is computed precisely, not estimated.
ל֑וֹwith himprep לְ + 3ms suffixDative of the party reckoned with (the purchaser)לְ + 3ms suffix; 'he shall reckon with him' — the calculation is done together with/for the buyer.
כְּפִ֣יaccording toprep כְּ + N m sg constr · פֶּה (H6310)Prepositional phrase of standard/proportionפֶּה (H6310) 'mouth', idiomatically 'according to, in proportion to' in כְּפִי (cf. לְפִי v. 16, v. 51).
שָׁנָ֔יוhis yearsN f pl constr + 3ms suffix · שָׁנָה (H8141)Genitive completing the construct chainשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; 'his years [remaining]', the basis of the proration.
יָשִׁ֖יבhe shall refundHiphil impf 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future legal obligationשׁוּב (H7725) Hiphil 'to refund, repay' (cf. v. 51).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking גְּאֻלָּתוֹ as definite direct object.
גְּאֻלָּתֽוֹhis redemption priceN f sg constr + 3ms suffix · גְּאֻלָּה (H1353)Direct object of יָשִׁיבגְּאֻלָּה (H1353) 'redemption price' (cf. v. 51).
53

כִּשְׂכִ֥יר שָׁנָ֛ה בְּשָׁנָ֖ה יִהְיֶ֣ה עִמּ֑וֹ לֹֽא יִרְדֶּ֥נּֽוּ בְּפֶ֖רֶךְ לְעֵינֶֽיךָ

Like a man hired year by year he shall be with him; he shall not rule over him with harshness before your eyes.

Status clause and prohibition closing the resident-alien bondsman caseasyndeton
Asyndetic status statement (כִּשְׂכִיר, 'like a hired man') followed by the same בְּפֶרֶךְ ('with harshness') prohibition already used of the fellow-Israelite case in v. 43 — the very word for Egypt's oppression of Israel (Exod 1:13-14), now forbidden even when the master is a resident alien, and enforced 'before your eyes,' i.e., by the community's watchfulness.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
כִּשְׂכִ֥ירlike a hired workerprep כְּ + adj/N m sg constr · שָׂכִיר (H7916)Predicate complement (comparative), head of the time-construct chainשָׂכִיר (H7916) 'hired worker, laborer for wages', from שכר 'to hire' (cf. v. 40, v. 50); sets his legal status.
שָׁנָ֛הyearN f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)First member of the distributive idiom שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה ('year by year')שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה, a distributive idiom, 'year by year, annually.'
בְּשָׁנָ֖הby yearprep בְּ + N f sg abs · שָׁנָה (H8141)Second member of the distributive idiomשָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; completes the distributive idiom 'year by year' — his contract is renewed annually, not perpetual.
יִהְיֶ֣הhe shall beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: future obligation/stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become' (cf. vv. 4-7).
עִמּ֑וֹwith himprep עִם + 3ms suffix · עִם (H5973)Locative/relational prepositional phraseעִם (H5973) 'with' (cf. vv. 6, 35-36); he remains within the alien's household under wage terms, not chattel bondage.
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יִרְדֶּנּוּלֹא (H3808).
יִרְדֶּ֥נּֽוּhe shall rule over himQal impf 3ms + 3ms suffix · רָדָה (H7287)Predicate verb (negated main clause, prohibition)→ Yiqtol: modal — prohibitive/deonticרָדָה (H7287) 'to rule, dominate, tread down' (cf. vv. 43, 46) — the same Egyptian-oppression verb, now forbidding the resident alien from doing to the Israelite what Egypt did to Israel.
בְּפֶ֖רֶךְwith harshnessprep בְּ + N m sg abs · פֶּרֶךְ (H6531)Adverbial/manner prepositional phraseפֶּרֶךְ (H6531) 'harshness, severity, rigor' (cf. vv. 43, 46), the Egyptian-oppression term (Exod 1:13-14), bracketing this closing clause with the chapter's earlier bondsman laws.
לְעֵינֶֽיךָbefore your eyesprep לְ + N c dual constr + 2ms suffix · עַיִן (H5869)Adverbial prepositional phrase (manner/witness)עַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; לְעֵינֶיךָ 'before your eyes' — the community's watchfulness enforces the prohibition.
54

וְאִם לֹ֥א יִגָּאֵ֖ל בְּאֵ֑לֶּה וְיָצָא֙ בִּשְׁנַ֣ת הַיֹּבֵ֔ל ה֖וּא וּבָנָ֥יו עִמּֽוֹ

And if he is not redeemed by these means, he shall be released in the jubilee year, he and his children with him.

Fallback provision: automatic jubilee releaseוְ
Whatever happens with redemption (by kinsman or self, vv. 48-52), release is guaranteed at the jubilee regardless — the same fail-safe already given for the Israelite-to-Israelite case in v. 40-41. His children are released with him, matching v. 41.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְאִםand ifconj וְ + conditional particle · אִם (H518)Coordinating conjunction + conditional particle (fallback protasis)אִם (H518); introduces the fallback case covering vv. 48-52's redemption options.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates יִגָּאֵללֹא (H3808).
יִגָּאֵ֖לhe is redeemedNiphal impf 3ms · גָּאַל (H1350)Predicate verb of the protasis (passive, negated)→ Yiqtol: durative/legal — the standing condition being testedגָּאַל (H1350) Niphal 'to be redeemed' (cf. v. 30, v. 33).
בְּאֵ֑לֶּהby theseprep בְּ + dem pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Instrumental prepositional phrase (referring to vv. 48-49's redemption options)אֵלֶּה (H428), common-plural demonstrative 'these'; refers back to the kinsman- or self-redemption options just specified.
וְיָצָא֙then he shall go freeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (weqatal, apodosis)→ Weqatal: converted perfective — the automatic legal releaseיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the technical verb of jubilee release, here of a person (cf. its use of land in vv. 28, 31, 33).
בִּשְׁנַ֣תin the year ofprep בְּ + N f sg constr · שָׁנָה (H8141)Temporal prepositional phrase (construct head)שָׁנָה (H8141) 'year'; construct with הַיֹּבֵל.
הַיֹּבֵ֔לthe jubileeart + N m sg abs · יוֹבֵל (H3104)Genitive completing the construct chainיוֹבֵל (H3104) 'jubilee'; the guaranteed backstop when no human redemption occurs (cf. v. 28).
ה֖וּאheindep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject (appositional)הוּא (H1931), independent 3ms pronoun, resumptive, emphasizing 'he himself.'
וּבָנָ֥יוand his sonsconj וְ + N m pl constr + 3ms suffix · בֵּן (H1121)Coordinate subjectבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the release extends to his household born during servitude (cf. v. 41).
עִמּֽוֹwith himprep עִם + 3ms suffix · עִם (H5973)Locative/accompaniment phraseעִם (H5973) 'with' (cf. v. 53).
55

כִּֽי לִ֤י בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ עֲבָדִ֔ים עֲבָדַ֣י הֵ֔ם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אוֹתָ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם אֲנִ֖י יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם

For to me the people of Israel are servants; they are my servants whom I brought out of the land of Egypt; I am YHWH your God.

Climactic ground clause closing the chapterכִּי
The chapter's theological keystone (v. 23, כִּי לִי הָאָרֶץ) is restated here as its final word about people rather than land: כִּי לִי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבָדִים, 'for to me the Israelites are servants.' Because they are YHWH's own freed slaves from Egypt, no Israelite may permanently enslave another. The closing self-identification formula אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם seals the unit (cf. vv. 17, 38) and anticipates 26:1.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
כִּֽיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the chapter's climactic ground clauseכִּי (H3588), causal 'for'; restates the theological keystone of v. 23 (כִּי לִי הָאָרֶץ) about people rather than land.
לִ֤יto meprep לְ + 1cs suffixPredicate (possessive dative, 'to me [belong]')לְ + 1cs suffix; possessive dative, 'the Israelites are mine' — echoes כִּי לִי הָאָרֶץ (v. 23).
בְנֵֽיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Subject (construct chain head)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct with יִשְׂרָאֵל, the standard idiom for 'Israelites.'
יִשְׂרָאֵל֙IsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant people's name.
עֲבָדִ֔יםservantsN m pl abs · עֶבֶד (H5650)Predicate nominativeעֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant, slave'; predicated of בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל — they belong to YHWH as his own servants.
עֲבָדַ֣יmy servantsN m pl constr + 1cs suffix · עֶבֶד (H5650)Predicate nominative (restating/intensifying)עֶבֶד (H5650) + 1cs suffix; the possessive restated for emphasis — 'they are MY servants' specifically.
הֵ֔םthey (are)indep pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Subject/copula of the verbless clauseהֵם (H1992), independent 3mp pronoun functioning as copula (cf. v. 42).
אֲשֶׁרwhomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the historical ground clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834).
הוֹצֵ֥אתִיI brought outHiphil perf 1cs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, foundational historical actיָצָא (H3318) Hiphil 'to bring out'; the exodus verb repeated a final time (cf. v. 38, v. 42), closing the chapter on its controlling theological ground.
אוֹתָ֖םthemobj marker + 3mp suffix · אֵת (H853)Direct object of הוֹצֵאתִיאֵת (H853) + 3mp suffix, resuming עֲבָדַי.
מֵאֶ֣רֶץfrom the land ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Source prepositional phrase (construct head)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; construct with מִצְרָיִם.
מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive completing the construct chainמִצְרַיִם (H4714), Egypt (cf. vv. 38, 42).
אֲנִ֖יI (am)indep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject/copula of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun; opens the covenant self-identification formula that seals the chapter (cf. vv. 17, 38).
יְהוָ֥הYHWHN proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name.
אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽםyour GodN m pl constr + 2mp suffix · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Predicate nominative (apposition to יְהוָה)אֱלֹהִים (H430) + 2mp suffix; closes the chapter with the full covenant formula אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, anticipating 26:1-2.