Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Leviticus, Chapter 22ויקרא 22

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Purity governs access to the sancta at every level: unclean priests must withdraw from holy food on pain of excision, eating rights depend on household status, and every vowed or freewill offering must be a תָּמִים, unblemished animal, its timing rules and animal standard alike protecting YHWH's name from profanation.

Translation & textual notes

Leviticus 22 is textually stable in the MT, with only minor orthographic variants across witnesses; the Samaritan Pentateuch and LXX largely track the Hebrew order, though the LXX smooths the chapter's syntactically loose casuistic strings (esp. vv. 4-6, a single sentence whose protasis runs three verses before the apodosis in v. 6) into shorter clauses. The blemish catalogue of vv. 22-24 poses the chapter's real lexical crux: several terms — 'blind', 'maimed/cut', 'wen', and the paired skin conditions of v. 22 (cf. Deut 28:27) — are rare or unique to this list, and their precise clinical referents are reconstructed mainly from later rabbinic discussion (m. Bekhorot 6-7) rather than from independent biblical attestation; the four-term castration list of v. 24 is likewise a cluster of near-synonyms whose exact distinctions are uncertain. The idiom 'to fulfill a vow' in v. 21 uses a rare denominal Piel elsewhere found only at Num 15:3, 8. The karet formula of v. 3 shares the deliberate indeterminacy discussed at Lev 7:20-21 — excommunication, divinely-inflicted death, and line-extirpation all remain live readings. Versification follows the MT.

1

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר

And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,

Narrative introduction of divine speechוַ
The wayyiqtol speech formula opens the chapter's first of three units (repeated at v. 17 and v. 26), each addressed to a different audience; here Aaron and his sons are addressed on priestly purity and the right to eat holy food.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֥רand he spokeconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (main clause); wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance introducing a new speechדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; the standard verb opening divine-speech formulas throughout Leviticus, here launching the chapter's first of three units (vv. 1, 17, 26).
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיְדַבֵּריְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God, conventionally read אֲדֹנָי (Qere perpetuum); the speaker throughout the priestly legislation.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; marks the human recipient of the divine speech.
מֹשֶׁ֥הMosesN proper sg · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of the preposition אֶלמֹשֶׁה (H4872), the mediator of the Sinai legislation; the standing addressee of the priestly instructions.
לֵּאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Complementary infinitive introducing direct discourse→ Infinitive: introduces the following speech as direct quotationאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; the infinitive construct לֵאמֹר regularly introduces reported speech after verbs of speaking.
2

דַּבֵּ֨ר אֶֽל אַהֲרֹ֜ן וְאֶל בָּנָ֗יו וְיִנָּֽזְרוּ֙ מִקָּדְשֵׁ֣י בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְלֹ֥א יְחַלְּל֖וּ אֶת שֵׁ֣ם קָדְשִׁ֑י אֲשֶׁ֨ר הֵ֧ם מַקְדִּשִׁ֛ים לִ֖י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה

Speak to Aaron and to his sons, that they keep themselves separate from the holy things of the Israelites, which they dedicate to me, and not profane my holy name; I am YHWH.

Imperative charge (asyndetic)asyndeton
The core command — separation from sancta while unfit — is framed by two matching clauses: a positive volitive (יִנָּזְרוּ, 'let them separate') and a negative one (לֹא יְחַלְּלוּ, 'they must not profane'), both grounding the whole unit in the self-identification formula אֲנִי יְהוָה.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
דַּבֵּ֨רspeakPiel impv 2ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (imperative, main clause)→ Volitional: direct commandדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; the imperative opens the address to Aaron and his sons specifically (contrast v. 1's report of speech to Moses).
אֶֽלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to'; introduces Aaron as the first addressee.
אַהֲרֹ֜ןAaronN proper sg · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Object of the preposition אֶל (first addressee)אַהֲרֹן (H175), Moses' brother and the high priest, here representative of the whole priestly line.
וְאֶלand toconj וְ + prep · אֶל (H413)Coordinating conjunction + preposition (second addressee)וְ conjunction plus אֶל (H413); adds Aaron's sons as co-addressees of the charge.
בָּנָ֗יוhis sonsN m pl constr/Sp3ms · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition אֶלבֵּן (H1121) 'son', construct plural with 3ms suffix: the priestly line descending from Aaron.
וְיִנָּֽזְרוּ֙that they separate themselvesconj וְ + Niphal impf(juss) 3mp · נָזַר (H5144)Volitive clause continuing the imperative (purpose/result)→ Niphal imperfect (jussive): reflexive-passive command — 'let them keep themselves apart'נָזַר (H5144) Niphal 'to separate oneself, abstain'; the same root yields נָזִיר 'Nazirite' — a deliberate withdrawal from contact when cultically unfit.
מִקָּדְשֵׁ֣יfrom the holy things ofprep מִן + N m pl constr · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Prepositional phrase of separation (object of יִנָּזְרוּ)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holy thing', construct plural with מִן 'from'; the sancta the priests must avoid while ritually unfit.
בְנֵֽיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival), qualifying קָדְשֵׁיבֵּן (H1121) construct plural; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'the Israelites' as the donors of the holy gifts.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant people whose offerings constitute 'the holy things'.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + neg · לֹא (H3808)Negated coordinate clause (parallel prohibition)לֹא (H3808), the standard clause negative; negates the profaning of the divine name.
יְחַלְּל֖וּthey profanePiel impf(juss) 3mp · חִלֵּל (H2490)Predicate verb of the negated clause→ Piel imperfect (jussive/modal): prohibition — 'they must not profane'חָלַל (H2490) II Piel 'to profane, defile'; the opposite of קדשׁ — treating the sacred as common. The chapter's key term for cultic desecration (cf. vv. 9, 15, 32).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי as definite direct object.
שֵׁ֣םthe name ofN m sg constr · שֵׁם (H8034)Direct object (construct head)שֵׁם (H8034) 'name', construct; שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי 'my holy name' — the divine name invoked in priestly service.
קָדְשִׁ֑יmy holy [name]N m sg constr/Sp1cs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the construct chain (defining שֵׁם)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) with 1cs suffix, 'my holiness'; שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי is a fixed idiom, 'my holy name' (cf. v. 32).
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the clause defining the holy thingsאֲשֶׁר (H834), indeclinable relative particle, resuming קָדְשֵׁי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
הֵ֧םtheyindep pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Resumptive subject pronoun (independent, emphatic)הֵם (H1992), independent 3mp pronoun resuming and emphasizing בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל as subject within the relative clause.
מַקְדִּשִׁ֛יםdedicateHiphil ptc m pl abs · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Predicate participle (durative, habitual sense)→ Hiphil participle: ongoing, characteristic action — 'that they regularly dedicate'קָדַשׁ (H6942) Hiphil 'to consecrate, dedicate'; the Israelites' habitual act of setting gifts apart for YHWH.
לִ֖יto meprep לְ + Sp1cs · לְIndirect object of מַקְדִּישִׁיםPreposition לְ with 1cs suffix, 'to me'; YHWH as recipient of the dedicated gifts.
אֲנִ֥יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the verbless self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun; the formula אֲנִי יְהוָה closes nearly every legal unit in this chapter (cf. vv. 8, 30, 31, 33).
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominative of the verbless clauseיְהוָה (H3068); the recurring self-identification grounds the law in YHWH's own character and authority.
3

אֱמֹ֣ר אֲלֵהֶ֗ם לְדֹרֹ֨תֵיכֶ֜ם כָּל אִ֣ישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִקְרַ֣ב מִכָּל זַרְעֲכֶ֗ם אֶל הַקֳּדָשִׁים֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַקְדִּ֤ישׁוּ בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לַֽיהוָ֔ה וְטֻמְאָת֖וֹ עָלָ֑יו וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֧פֶשׁ הַהִ֛וא מִלְּפָנַ֖י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה

Say to them: Throughout your generations, any man among all your offspring who approaches the holy things that the Israelites dedicate to YHWH, while his uncleanness is on him, that person shall be cut off from before me; I am YHWH.

Casuistic law (asyndetic)asyndeton
A classic casuistic (case-law) structure: protasis אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִקְרַב... ('any man who approaches...') defines the offense, apodosis וְנִכְרְתָה... states the karet penalty. The perpetuity formula לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם marks this as binding on all future priestly generations.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
אֱמֹ֣רsayQal impv 2ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (imperative, main clause)→ Volitional: direct commandאָמַר (H559) Qal impv 'say'; introduces the casuistic law that follows.
אֲלֵהֶ֗םto themprep אֶל + Sp3mp · אֶל (H413)Indirect object of אֱמֹרPreposition אֶל with 3mp suffix, 'to them' — Aaron and his sons, addressed collectively (continuing from v. 2).
לְדֹרֹ֨תֵיכֶ֜םthroughout your generationsprep לְ + N f pl constr/Sp2mp · דּוֹר (H1755)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted, distributive)דּוֹר (H1755) 'generation', plural construct with 2mp suffix and prep לְ; the recurring formula marking a statute as perpetually binding (cf. Exod 12:14).
כָּלeveryN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct quantifier heading the subject noun phraseכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every', construct; כָּל אִישׁ 'any man whatsoever' — comprehensive scope.
אִ֣ישׁmanN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of יִקְרַבאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; the casuistic formula אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר... 'any man who...' introduces a case law.
אֲשֶׁרwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the conditional relative clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle; in casuistic legal style functions almost like 'if'.
יִקְרַ֣בapproachesQal impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomic — describes any recurring instance of the caseקָרַב (H7126) Qal 'to approach, come near'; the technical verb for approaching sancta or the altar.
מִכָּלfrom allprep מִן + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase of source, qualifying אִישׁכֹּל (H3605) construct with prep מִן; מִכָּל זַרְעֲכֶם 'from any of your offspring' — includes every priestly descendant.
זַרְעֲכֶ֗םyour offspringN m sg constr/Sp2mp · זֶרַע (H2233)Genitive completing the construct/prepositional phraseזֶרַע (H2233) 'seed, offspring'; the priestly lineage descending from Aaron across all generations.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, object approachedאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; marks the sancta as the object of approach.
הַקֳּדָשִׁים֙the holy thingsart + N m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Object of the preposition אֶלקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural with article; the sacrificial gifts and portions reserved for priestly consumption.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a clause defining הַקֳּדָשִׁיםאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle, resuming הַקֳּדָשִׁים.
יַקְדִּ֤ישׁוּdedicateHiphil impf 3mp · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitual actionקָדַשׁ (H6942) Hiphil 'to consecrate, dedicate'; the Israelites' ongoing practice of setting apart gifts for YHWH.
בְנֵֽיthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Subject of יַקְדִּישׁוּ (construct chain)בֵּן (H1121) construct plural; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל the subject, 'the Israelites'.
יִשְׂרָאֵל֙IsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the nation whose gifts constitute the sancta.
לַֽיהוָ֔הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of יַקְדִּישׁוּיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ; YHWH as recipient of the dedicated gifts.
וְטֻמְאָת֖וֹwhile his uncleannessconj וְ + N f sg constr/Sp3ms · טֻמְאָה (H2932)Circumstantial clause, subject of the verbless predicate (fronted)טֻמְאָה (H2932) 'uncleanness', construct with 3ms suffix; the physical/ritual state disqualifying approach to holy things (cf. vv. 4-6).
עָלָ֑יוis on himprep עַל + Sp3ms · עַל (H5921)Predicate of the circumstantial verbless clauseעַל (H5921) 'upon' with 3ms suffix; the idiom טֻמְאָתוֹ עָלָיו 'his uncleanness is on him' = 'while he is unclean'.
וְנִכְרְתָ֞הshall be cut offconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 3fs · כָּרַת (H3772)Apodosis: predicate verb of the main clause (penalty formula)→ Niphal weqatal: consequence clause — a passive, divinely-executed penaltyכָּרַת (H3772) Niphal 'to be cut off'; the karet formula, threatening excommunication, premature death, or extirpation of the line — deliberately left indeterminate.
הַנֶּ֧פֶשׁthe personart + N c sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject of וְנִכְרְתָהנֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'soul, person, life'; with article, resuming אִישׁ as 'that person'.
הַהִ֛ואthatart + pron 3fs · הִוא (H1931)Demonstrative modifying הַנֶּפֶשׁ (feminine agreement)הוּא/הִיא (H1931) used demonstratively, 'that'; agrees in gender with the feminine נֶפֶשׁ.
מִלְּפָנַ֖יfrom before meprep מִן + prep לְ + N c pl constr/Sp1cs · פָּנִים (H6440)Adverbial prepositional phrase of separationפָּנִים (H6440) 'face', plural construct in the compound preposition מִלִּפְנֵי 'from before'; banishment from YHWH's own presence.
אֲנִ֥יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068); grounds the karet sanction in YHWH's own authority.
4

אִ֣ישׁ אִ֞ישׁ מִזֶּ֣רַע אַהֲרֹ֗ן וְה֤וּא צָר֨וּעַ֙ א֣וֹ זָ֔ב בַּקֳּדָשִׁים֙ לֹ֣א יֹאכַ֔ל עַ֖ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִטְהָ֑ר וְהַנֹּגֵ֨עַ֙ בְּכָל טְמֵא נֶ֔פֶשׁ א֣וֹ אִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁר תֵּצֵ֥א מִמֶּ֖נּוּ שִׁכְבַת זָֽרַע

Any man at all of Aaron's offspring who is leprous or has a discharge shall not eat of the holy things until he is clean. And whoever touches anything unclean by a corpse, or a man from whom semen goes out,

Casuistic law, sub-case (asyndetic)asyndeton
The distributive doubling אִישׁ אִישׁ ('any man whatsoever') opens a catalogue of disqualifying impurities that runs through v. 6: skin disease, discharge, corpse-contamination, and seminal emission. The sentence is left syntactically open (no apodosis yet) and is completed only in v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
אִ֣ישׁa manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (first of doubled distributive expression)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; doubled אִישׁ אִישׁ is a distributive idiom, 'any man whatsoever' (cf. Lev 15:2; 17:3).
אִ֞ישׁanyN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (second of doubled distributive expression)Repetition of אִישׁ (H376) for distributive emphasis: 'each and every man'.
מִזֶּ֣רַעof the offspring ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · זֶרַע (H2233)Prepositional phrase, qualifying אִישׁ אִישׁזֶרַע (H2233) with prep מִן; מִזֶּרַע אַהֲרֹן 'of Aaron's offspring' identifies the priestly line as the scope of the law.
אַהֲרֹ֗ןAaronN proper sg · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Genitive completing the prepositional phraseאַהֲרֹן (H175); the eponymous ancestor of the priestly line.
וְה֤וּאand heconj וְ + indep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Fronted subject pronoun of the circumstantial clauseהוּא (H1931), independent 3ms pronoun, resuming the subject for the circumstantial condition that follows.
צָר֨וּעַ֙leprousQal pass ptc m sg abs · צָרוּעַ (H6879)Predicate (participle) of the circumstantial clause→ Qal passive participle: a stative condition — 'is afflicted with skin disease'צָרַע (H6879) Qal 'to be leprous, afflicted with skin disease'; צָרוּעַ describes a person under the skin-disease regulations of chs. 13-14.
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'; introduces the alternative disqualifying condition.
זָ֔בhas a dischargeQal act ptc m sg abs · זוּב (H2100)Predicate (participle), second disjunct→ Qal active participle: an ongoing physical conditionזוּב (H2100) Qal 'to flow, have a discharge'; זָב names the genital-discharge condition of ch. 15, likewise disqualifying.
בַּקֳּדָשִׁים֙of the holy thingsprep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Prepositional phrase, partitive object of יֹאכַלקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural with prep בְּ; partitive 'from/of the holy things'.
לֹ֣אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֹאכַ֔לshall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main apodosis)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — 'he may not eat'אָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; the verb governing eating-rights that structures the whole chapter (cf. vv. 4-16).
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phrase introducing the durational clauseעַד (H5704) 'until'; marks the temporal limit of the disqualification.
אֲשֶׁ֣רthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle forming a temporal clause with עַד ('until')אֲשֶׁר (H834); עַד אֲשֶׁר idiomatically means 'until'.
יִטְהָ֑רhe is cleanQal impf 3ms · טָהֵר (H2891)Predicate verb of the temporal clause→ Yiqtol: future/potential — the point at which purity is regainedטָהֵר (H2891) Qal 'to be(come) clean'; the resolution that lifts the eating ban.
וְהַנֹּגֵ֨עַ֙and whoever touchesconj וְ + art + Qal act ptc m sg abs · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate participle heading a new casuistic subject→ Qal active participle (substantival): 'the one who touches' — opens a fresh caseנָגַע (H5060) Qal 'to touch'; substantival participle with article, 'the toucher' = 'whoever touches', opening a new disqualifying scenario continued through v. 6.
בְּכָלanythingprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase, object of הַנֹּגֵעַכֹּל (H3605) with prep בְּ; בְּכָל טְמֵא נֶפֶשׁ 'anything unclean by a corpse'.
טְמֵאunclean byadj m sg constr · טָמֵא (H2931)Construct adjective, qualifying the following נֶפֶשׁטָמֵא (H2931) 'unclean', construct; טְמֵא נֶפֶשׁ 'unclean through a corpse' (cf. Num 19).
נֶ֔פֶשׁa corpseN c sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Genitive completing the construct (source of impurity)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315) here means 'corpse, dead body' (regularly so with טָמֵא), not 'soul'.
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176); introduces the second alternative source of impurity.
אִ֔ישׁa manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the second disjunct clauseאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; the second scenario — seminal emission.
אֲשֶׁרfrom whomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
תֵּצֵ֥אgoes outQal impf 3fs · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomic — a recurring physiological eventיָצָא (H3318) Qal 'to go out'; euphemistic of a seminal emission (cf. Lev 15:16).
מִמֶּ֖נּוּfrom himprep מִן + Sp3ms · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase of sourceמִן (H4480) with 3ms suffix, 'from him'.
שִׁכְבַתan emission ofN f sg constr · שְׁכָבָה (H7902)Subject of תֵּצֵא (construct)שְׁכָבָה (H7902) 'layer, emission', construct; שִׁכְבַת זֶרַע 'seminal emission', a euphemistic technical term.
זָֽרַעsemenN m sg abs · זֶרַע (H2233)Genitive completing the construct chainזֶרַע (H2233) here 'semen' rather than 'offspring' — same root, sense determined by context (cf. Lev 15:16-18).
5

אוֹ אִישׁ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגַּ֔ע בְּכָל שֶׁ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִטְמָא ל֑וֹ א֤וֹ בְאָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִטְמָא ל֔וֹ לְכֹ֖ל טֻמְאָתֽוֹ

or a man who touches any swarming thing by which he becomes unclean, or a human being by whom he becomes unclean, whatever his uncleanness may be—

Continuation of the casuistic catalogue (disjunctive)asyndeton
Two more disjuncts extend the list begun in v. 4: contact with a swarming creature (שֶׁרֶץ, the small-animal category of ch. 11) or with an unclean human being. The final phrase לְכֹל טֻמְאָתוֹ ('whatever his uncleanness') generalizes the whole catalogue before the apodosis arrives in v. 6.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
אוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunction, continuing v. 4אוֹ (H176); continues the catalogue of disqualifying contacts.
אִישׁ֙a manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the disjunct clauseאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; the third scenario in the impurity catalogue.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
יִגַּ֔עtouchesQal impf 3ms · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomic — any recurring instanceנָגַע (H5060) Qal 'to touch'; the same root as הַנֹּגֵעַ in v. 4, now finite.
בְּכָלanyprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase, object of יִגַּעכֹּל (H3605) with prep בְּ; בְּכָל שֶׁרֶץ 'any swarming thing whatsoever'.
שֶׁ֖רֶץswarming thingN m sg abs · שֶׁרֶץ (H8318)Genitive completing the construct phraseשֶׁרֶץ (H8318) 'swarming/teeming creature'; the small-animal category classified unclean in Lev 11:29-31, 41-43.
אֲשֶׁ֣רby whichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a result clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
יִטְמָאhe becomes uncleanQal impf 3ms · טָמֵא (H2930)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomic — the resulting state upon contactטָמֵא (H2930) Qal 'to be(come) unclean'; the antonym of טָהֵר in v. 4.
ל֑וֹby itprep לְ + Sp3ms · לְAdverbial prepositional phrase (means/cause)Preposition לְ with 3ms suffix, referring back to the שֶׁרֶץ.
א֤וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176); introduces the final disjunct of the catalogue.
בְאָדָם֙by a human beingprep בְּ + N m sg abs · אָדָם (H120)Prepositional phrase, object of יִגַּע (elided) / cause of uncleannessאָדָם (H120) 'human being, person'; a broader term than אִישׁ, covering contact with any unclean person.
אֲשֶׁ֣רby whomrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a result clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
יִטְמָאhe becomes uncleanQal impf 3ms · טָמֵא (H2930)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomicטָמֵא (H2930) Qal 'to be(come) unclean'; repeats the verb of the previous clause for the human-contact case.
ל֔וֹtherebyprep לְ + Sp3ms · לְAdverbial prepositional phrase (means/cause)Preposition לְ with 3ms suffix, referring back to the אָדָם.
לְכֹ֖לwhateverprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase, generalizing the whole catalogueכֹּל (H3605) with prep לְ; לְכֹל טֻמְאָתוֹ 'whatever his uncleanness (may be)' sums up vv. 4-5.
טֻמְאָתֽוֹhis uncleannessN f sg constr/Sp3ms · טֻמְאָה (H2932)Genitive completing the construct phraseטֻמְאָה (H2932) 'uncleanness' with 3ms suffix, generalizing the entire preceding catalogue of impurities.
6

נֶ֚פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּגַּע בּ֔וֹ וְטָמְאָ֖ה עַד הָעָ֑רֶב וְלֹ֤א יֹאכַל֙ מִן הַקֳּדָשִׁ֔ים כִּ֛י אִם רָחַ֥ץ בְּשָׂר֖וֹ בַּמָּֽיִם

the person who touches it shall be unclean until evening, and shall not eat of the holy things unless he has bathed his body in water.

Apodosis of the vv. 4-6 casuistic periodasyndeton
After three verses of protasis (skin disease, discharge, corpse-contact, seminal emission, contact with a swarming thing or unclean person), the long sentence finally resolves: uncleanness lasts until evening, eating is barred, and the remedy is bathing — the standard minor-impurity procedure (cf. ch. 15).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
נֶ֚פֶשׁthe personN c sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Subject, resuming the whole catalogue of vv. 4-5 (apodosis begins)נֶפֶשׁ (H5315) here 'person' (contrast v. 4 where it meant 'corpse'); the subject that unifies all the preceding disjuncts.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
תִּגַּעtouchesQal impf 3fs · נָגַע (H5060)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomic — any recurring instanceנָגַע (H5060) Qal 'to touch'; feminine form agreeing with נֶפֶשׁ, though the referent is any person.
בּ֔וֹitprep בְּ + Sp3ms · בְּObject of תִּגַּעPreposition בְּ with 3ms suffix, resuming any of the impurity sources of vv. 4-5.
וְטָמְאָ֖הshall be uncleanconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · טָמֵא (H2930)Predicate verb of the main apodosis→ Weqatal: the consequence following naturally from the protasisטָמֵא (H2930) Qal 'to be(come) unclean'; the resulting state of the whole condition described in vv. 4-5.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phraseעַד (H5704) 'until'; marks the standard minor-impurity duration.
הָעָ֑רֶבthe eveningart + N m sg abs · עֶרֶב (H6153)Genitive completing the temporal phraseעֶרֶב (H6153) 'evening'; the standard boundary marking the end of minor ritual impurity.
וְלֹ֤אand notconj וְ + neg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the second predicate of the apodosisלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֹאכַל֙shall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — 'he may not eat'אָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; the eating-rights verb, echoing v. 4.
מִןfrom/ofprep · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phrase, object of יֹאכַלמִן (H4480) partitive 'from, of'.
הַקֳּדָשִׁ֔יםthe holy thingsart + N m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the partitive phraseקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural with article; the sancta whose consumption is restricted throughout this section.
כִּ֛יunlessconj · כִּי (H3588)First element of the idiom כִּי אִם 'unless, except'כִּי (H3588) combined with אִם forms the restrictive idiom 'unless, except that'.
אִםifconj · אִם (H518)Second element of the idiom כִּי אִם 'unless, except'אִם (H518); with כִּי forms the exceptive idiom governing the bathing condition.
רָחַ֥ץhe has bathedQal perf 3ms · רָחַץ (H7364)Predicate verb of the exceptive clause→ Perfective: the completed remedial act required before eating resumesרָחַץ (H7364) Qal 'to wash, bathe'; the prescribed remedy for minor ritual impurity (cf. Lev 15 throughout).
בְּשָׂר֖וֹhis fleshN m sg constr/Sp3ms · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Direct object of רָחַץבָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh, body'; רָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמָּיִם is the fixed idiom for a full-body ritual bath.
בַּמָּֽיִםin the waterprep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · מַיִם (H4325)Adverbial prepositional phrase (means)מַיִם (H4325) 'water', plural in form; the medium of ritual washing.
7

וּבָ֥א הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ וְטָהֵ֑ר וְאַחַר֙ יֹאכַ֣ל מִן הַקֳּדָשִׁ֔ים כִּ֥י לַחְמ֖וֹ הֽוּא

When the sun has set he shall be clean, and afterward he may eat of the holy things, because it is his food.

Resolution / conclusion of the purity unitasyndeton
Sunset, not the bath alone, marks the final restoration of purity — bathing removes the impurity's cause, sunset completes the day-long cycle. The closing clause כִּי לַחְמוֹ הוּא ('for it is his food') grounds the priest's eating right in entitlement, not mere permission.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וּבָ֥אand has setconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb, temporal protasis→ Weqatal: sequential/temporal — 'once the sun has gone down'בּוֹא (H935) Qal 'to come, go in'; idiomatic of the sun 'going down, setting'.
הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁthe sunart + N c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Subject of וּבָאשֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'sun'; its setting is the standard boundary for the end of a day's impurity (cf. v. 6, Lev 15:5 etc.).
וְטָהֵ֑רand he shall be cleanconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · טָהֵר (H2891)Predicate verb of the apodosis→ Weqatal: consequence — purity is restoredטָהֵר (H2891) Qal 'to be(come) clean'; completes the purification begun by bathing in v. 6.
וְאַחַר֙and afterwardconj וְ + adv · אַחַר (H310)Temporal adverbial phraseאַחַר (H310) 'after, afterward'; sequences the resumption of eating after the completed purification.
יֹאכַ֣לhe shall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (permissive)→ Yiqtol: permissive — eating is now allowedאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; the eating-right verb, now released after purification.
מִןofprep · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phrase, object of יֹאכַלמִן (H4480) partitive 'from, of'.
הַקֳּדָשִׁ֔יםthe holy thingsart + N m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the partitive phraseקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural with article; the sancta once more in view.
כִּ֥יbecauseconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the closing motive clauseכִּי (H3588) 'because, for'; grounds the eating right in entitlement rather than mere permission.
לַחְמ֖וֹhis foodN c sg constr/Sp3ms · לֶחֶם (H3899)Predicate nominative of the verbless clauseלֶחֶם (H3899) 'bread, food'; here generalized to any food, specifically the priest's rightful ration from the sancta.
הֽוּאit (is)indep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject/copula of the verbless clauseהוּא (H1931); in a verbless clause it serves as subject and quasi-copula, 'it is'.
8

נְבֵלָ֧ה וּטְרֵפָ֛ה לֹ֥א יֹאכַ֖ל לְטָמְאָה בָ֑הּ אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֽה

He shall not eat an animal that died naturally or was torn by beasts, becoming unclean by it; I am YHWH.

Additional prohibition (asyndetic), closing the priest-purity unitasyndeton
This rule, otherwise addressed to all Israel (17:15; cf. Exod 22:30), is here restated specifically for priests, closing vv. 1-9 with a final disqualifying category before the self-identification formula seals the unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
נְבֵלָ֧הcarrionN f sg abs · נְבֵלָה (H5038)Direct object of יֹאכַל (fronted)נְבֵלָה (H5038) 'carcass, that which dies of itself'; a standing source of impurity (cf. Lev 11:39-40; 17:15).
וּטְרֵפָ֛הor torn fleshconj וְ + N f sg abs · טְרֵפָה (H2966)Second direct object, coordinate with נְבֵלָהטְרֵפָה (H2966) 'torn (animal)', from טָרַף 'to tear, rend'; an animal killed by a predator, likewise forbidden food (Exod 22:30).
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֹאכַ֖לhe shall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — an absolute banאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; here forbidding even non-sacral consumption of carrion or torn meat.
לְטָמְאָהbecoming uncleanprep לְ + Qal inf constr · טָמֵא (H2930)Infinitive of result/purpose, modifying the prohibition→ Infinitive: describes the resulting consequence — 'so as to become unclean'טָמֵא (H2930) Qal infinitive construct with לְ; eating such meat itself renders the eater unclean.
בָ֑הּby itprep בְּ + Sp3fs · בְּAdverbial prepositional phrase (means)Preposition בְּ with 3fs suffix, referring back to נְבֵלָה/טְרֵפָה.
אֲנִ֖יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068); closes the unit begun at v. 2 with the same authority formula.
9

וְשָׁמְר֣וּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתִּ֗י וְלֹֽא יִשְׂא֤וּ עָלָיו֙ חֵ֔טְא וּמֵ֥תוּ ב֖וֹ כִּ֣י יְחַלְּלֻ֑הוּ אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה מְקַדְּשָֽׁם

They shall keep my charge, lest they bear sin because of it and die thereby, because they profane it; I am YHWH who sanctifies them.

Summary charge closing vv. 1-9asyndeton
A final admonition recasts the whole unit as guarding YHWH's מִשְׁמֶרֶת ('charge, watch') on pain of death, not merely karet — the highest stakes yet. The closing epithet מְקַדְּשָׁם ('who sanctifies them') roots priestly status in YHWH's own consecrating act, not human achievement.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְשָׁמְר֣וּthey shall keepconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · שָׁמַר (H8104)Predicate verb (main clause, closing admonition)→ Weqatal: an obligation continuing the imperative force of the unitשָׁמַר (H8104) Qal 'to keep, guard, observe'; שָׁמְרוּ אֶת מִשְׁמַרְתִּי is a fixed priestly-duty idiom (cf. Lev 8:35; Num 3:7-8).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking מִשְׁמַרְתִּי as definite direct object.
מִשְׁמַרְתִּ֗יmy chargeN f sg constr/Sp1cs · מִשְׁמֶרֶת (H4931)Direct object of וְשָׁמְרוּמִשְׁמֶרֶת (H4931) 'charge, duty, obligation', from שָׁמַר; YHWH's own regulations entrusted to the priests to guard.
וְלֹֽאand not/lestconj וְ + neg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following purpose clauseלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative, here with negative-purpose force, 'lest'.
יִשְׂא֤וּthey bearQal impf 3mp · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb of the negative-purpose clause→ Yiqtol (negative purpose): 'lest they bear/incur'נָשָׂא (H5375) Qal 'to lift, bear, carry'; נָשָׂא חֵטְא 'to bear sin' = to incur guilt and its liability.
עָלָיו֙for itprep עַל + Sp3ms · עַל (H5921)Adverbial prepositional phrase (cause)עַל (H5921) 'on account of' with 3ms suffix, referring back to מִשְׁמַרְתִּי.
חֵ֔טְאsinN m sg abs · חֵטְא (H2399)Direct object of יִשְׂאוּחֵטְא (H2399) 'sin, guilt'; the liability incurred by negligent handling of holy things.
וּמֵ֥תוּand dieconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · מוּת (H4191)Predicate verb, second consequence of neglect→ Weqatal (negative purpose continued): 'and (lest they) die'מוּת (H4191) Qal 'to die'; here direct divine execution for cultic negligence, not merely karet.
ב֖וֹtherebyprep בְּ + Sp3ms · בְּAdverbial prepositional phrase (means/cause)Preposition בְּ with 3ms suffix, 'by it, because of it'.
כִּ֣יbecauseconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground of the warningכִּי (H3588) 'because, if'; introduces the precise offense that triggers the penalty.
יְחַלְּלֻ֑הוּthey profane itPiel impf 3mp/Sp3ms · חִלֵּל (H2490)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Yiqtol: general/conditional — the profaning act itselfחָלַל (H2490) II Piel 'to profane' with 3ms suffix, 'it' (the holy thing/charge); the chapter's recurring key term (cf. vv. 2, 15, 32).
אֲנִ֥יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068), further specified by the following participle מְקַדְּשָׁם.
מְקַדְּשָֽׁםwho sanctifies themPiel ptc m sg constr/Sp3mp · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Appositional participle further describing יְהוָה→ Piel participle: an ongoing divine action — YHWH's continual act of consecrating the priestsקָדַשׁ (H6942) Piel 'to consecrate, sanctify' with 3mp suffix; priestly holiness derives from YHWH's own consecrating act, not human merit (cf. v. 16, 32).
10

וְכָל זָ֖ר לֹא יֹ֣אכַל קֹ֑דֶשׁ תּוֹשַׁ֥ב כֹּהֵ֛ן וְשָׂכִ֖יר לֹא יֹ֥אכַל קֹֽדֶשׁ

No outsider shall eat the holy thing; a tenant of a priest or a hired worker shall not eat the holy thing.

New sub-unit: eating-rights by household statusוְ
A fresh unit (through v. 16) turns from priestly purity to who, within the priest's own household, may share sacred food: the qualifying principle is not blood-kinship alone but the household-member/property status articulated in vv. 11-13.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְכָלand any outsiderconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct quantifier heading the subject (fronted, negated)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, any', construct with וְ; וְכָל זָר 'and any outsider whatsoever'.
זָ֖רan outsideradj m sg abs · זָר (H2114)Genitive completing the construct, subject of יֹאכַלזָר (H2114) 'strange, foreign', from זוּר 'to turn aside'; here anyone outside the priestly family, not a foreign nation.
לֹאnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֹ֣אכַלshall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — a categorical banאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; opens the household eating-rights unit.
קֹ֑דֶשׁa holy thingN m sg abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Direct object of יֹאכַלקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holy thing'; the sacred food reserved for the priestly household.
תּוֹשַׁ֥בa tenant ofN m sg constr · תּוֹשָׁב (H8453)Subject of the second clause (construct)תּוֹשָׁב (H8453) 'sojourner, resident tenant'; a non-relative living in a priest's household without full membership rights.
כֹּהֵ֛ןa priestN m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Genitive completing the construct chainכֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest'; תּוֹשַׁב כֹּהֵן 'a priest's tenant' — excluded despite living under his roof.
וְשָׂכִ֖ירor a hired workerconj וְ + N m sg abs · שָׂכִיר (H7916)Subject, coordinate with תּוֹשַׁב כֹּהֵןשָׂכִיר (H7916) 'hired laborer', from שָׂכַר 'to hire'; a wage worker, likewise excluded — only those born into or purchased into the household qualify (cf. v. 11).
לֹאnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the second predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֹ֥אכַלshall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; repeats the ban for the second excluded category.
קֹֽדֶשׁa holy thingN m sg abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Direct object of יֹאכַלקֹדֶשׁ (H6944); the sacred priestly food, again the object withheld.
11

וְכֹהֵ֗ן כִּֽי יִקְנֶ֥ה נֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ קִנְיַ֣ן כַּסְפּ֔וֹ ה֖וּא יֹ֣אכַל בּ֑וֹ וִילִ֣יד בֵּית֔וֹ הֵ֖ם יֹאכְל֥וּ בְלַחְמֽוֹ

But if a priest buys a person with his money, that person may eat of it; and those born in his house may eat of his food.

Positive counter-case defining qualifying household membersוְ
Two categories DO qualify: a slave purchased outright with the priest's own money, and a slave born into the household. Both are treated as family by acquisition or birth, unlike the tenant/hireling of v. 10 who remain outsiders despite proximity.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
וְכֹהֵ֗ןbut a priestconj וְ + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Subject of the conditional clause (fronted)כֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest', with contrastive וְ, 'but if a priest...'.
כִּֽיifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588) here conditional, 'if'.
יִקְנֶ֥הbuysQal impf 3ms · קָנָה (H7069)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: conditional/hypothetical — any instance of purchaseקָנָה (H7069) Qal 'to buy, acquire'; the standard verb for purchasing a slave (cf. Exod 21:2).
נֶ֨פֶשׁ֙a personN c sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Direct object of יִקְנֶהנֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'person, life'; here a human being acquired as property — the purchased slave.
קִנְיַ֣ןhis money's purchaseN m sg constr · קִנְיָן (H7075)Adverbial accusative specifying the mode of acquisition (construct)קִנְיָן (H7075) 'acquisition, property', from the same root as יִקְנֶה; קִנְיַן כַּסְפּוֹ 'the purchase of his money' emphasizes outright ownership.
כַּסְפּ֔וֹof his moneyN m sg constr/Sp3ms · כֶּסֶף (H3701)Genitive completing the construct chainכֶּסֶף (H3701) 'silver, money' with 3ms suffix; the priest's own funds, as opposed to a hired worker's wages.
ה֖וּאheindep pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronoun (independent, emphatic)הוּא (H1931), independent 3ms pronoun, resuming נֶפֶשׁ as subject of the apodosis.
יֹ֣אכַלmay eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the apodosis (permissive)→ Yiqtol: permissive — the acquired slave gains eating rightsאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; positive counterpart to the prohibitions of v. 10.
בּ֑וֹof itprep בְּ + Sp3ms · בְּPartitive prepositional phrase, object of יֹאכַלPreposition בְּ with 3ms suffix, 'of it' (the holy food).
וִילִ֣ידand those born ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · יָלִיד (H3211)Subject of the second permissive clause (construct)יָלִיד (H3211) 'one born', from יָלַד 'to bear'; a home-born slave, distinguished from one merely purchased.
בֵּית֔וֹhis houseN m sg constr/Sp3ms · בַּיִת (H1004)Genitive completing the construct chainבַּיִת (H1004) 'house, household' with 3ms suffix; יְלִיד בֵּיתוֹ 'one born in his house' — a slave born within the priestly household.
הֵ֖םtheyindep pron 3mp · הֵם (H1992)Resumptive subject pronoun (independent, plural)הֵם (H1992), independent 3mp pronoun, resuming יְלִיד בֵּיתוֹ collectively.
יֹאכְל֥וּmay eatQal impf 3mp · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (permissive)→ Yiqtol: permissiveאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; extends the eating right to home-born slaves.
בְלַחְמֽוֹof his foodprep בְּ + N c sg constr/Sp3ms · לֶחֶם (H3899)Partitive prepositional phrase, object of יֹאכְלוּלֶחֶם (H3899) 'bread, food' with 3ms suffix and prep בְּ; the priest's household provisions from the sancta.
12

וּבַת כֹּהֵ֔ן כִּ֥י תִהְיֶ֖ה לְאִ֣ישׁ זָ֑ר הִ֕וא בִּתְרוּמַ֥ת הַקֳּדָשִׁ֖ים לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽל

And if a priest's daughter becomes the wife of an outsider, she shall not eat of the offering of the holy things.

Further sub-case: priest's daughter married outוְ
Marriage transfers a priest's daughter into her husband's household and forfeits her eating rights, since she is no longer counted a member of the priestly house — the mirror case to v. 13, where widowhood/divorce without children restores them.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּבַתand the daughter ofconj וְ + N f sg constr · בַּת (H1323)Subject of the conditional clause (construct, fronted)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter', construct with וְ; introduces the case of a priest's daughter.
כֹּהֵ֔ןa priestN m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Genitive completing the construct chainכֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest'; בַּת כֹּהֵן 'a priest's daughter'.
כִּ֥יifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588) conditional, 'if'.
תִהְיֶ֖הshe becomesQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: conditional/hypotheticalהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be, become'; תִּהְיֶה לְאִישׁ 'she becomes [wife] to a man' — the standard idiom for marrying.
לְאִ֣ישׁ[wife] to a manprep לְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Predicate complement of תִהְיֶהאִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband', with prep לְ; הָיְתָה לְאִישׁ 'became a man's [wife]' is the idiom for marrying.
זָ֑רan outsideradj m sg abs · זָר (H2114)Attributive adjective, modifying אִישׁזָר (H2114) 'strange, outside'; an outsider to the priestly family — the marriage removes her from her father's household.
הִ֕ואsheindep pron 3fs · הִיא (H1931)Resumptive subject pronoun of the apodosis (fronted, emphatic)הִיא/הוּא (H1931), independent 3fs pronoun, resuming בַּת כֹּהֵן as subject of the negated main clause.
בִּתְרוּמַ֥תof the contribution ofprep בְּ + N f sg constr · תְּרוּמָה (H8641)Partitive prepositional phrase, object of תֹאכֵלתְּרוּמָה (H8641) 'contribution, offering', from רוּם 'to lift'; a portion set apart for the priests from the people's gifts.
הַקֳּדָשִׁ֖יםthe holy thingsart + N m pl abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the construct chainקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural with article; תְּרוּמַת הַקֳּדָשִׁים 'the contribution of the holy things', the priestly portion.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תֹאכֵֽלshall she eatQal impf 3fs · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; her marriage forfeits the eating right she had as a priest's unmarried daughter.
13

וּבַת כֹּהֵן֩ כִּ֨י תִהְיֶ֜ה אַלְמָנָ֣ה וּגְרוּשָׁ֗ה וְזֶרַע֮ אֵ֣ין לָהּ֒ וְשָׁבָ֞ה אֶל בֵּ֤ית אָבִ֨יהָ֙ כִּנְעוּרֶ֔יהָ מִלֶּ֥חֶם אָבִ֖יהָ תֹּאכֵ֑ל וְכָל זָ֖ר לֹא יֹ֥אכַל בּֽוֹ

But if a priest's daughter is widowed or divorced, and has no offspring, and has returned to her father's house as in her youth, she may eat of her father's food; but no outsider shall eat of it.

Counter-case: widowed/divorced daughter restored to eating rightsוְ
The mirror image of v. 12: if the marriage that removed her ends without surviving offspring and she returns to her father's house, she reverts fully to her original household status, 'as in her youth' — her eating right is restored precisely because she is once again materially a member of the priestly house.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וּבַתand the daughter ofconj וְ + N f sg constr · בַּת (H1323)Subject of the conditional clause (construct, fronted)בַּת (H1323) 'daughter', construct; resumes the case from v. 12.
כֹּהֵן֩a priestN m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Genitive completing the construct chainכֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest'.
כִּ֨יifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588) conditional, 'if'.
תִהְיֶ֜הshe becomesQal impf 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: conditional/hypotheticalהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be, become'.
אַלְמָנָ֣הa widowN f sg abs · אַלְמָנָה (H490)Predicate complement of תִהְיֶהאַלְמָנָה (H490) 'widow'; the first of two life-circumstances that can end the disqualifying marriage.
וּגְרוּשָׁ֗הor divorcedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc f sg abs · גֵּרַשׁ (H1644)Predicate complement, coordinate with אַלְמָנָה→ Qal passive participle: a resulting state — 'put away, divorced'גָּרַשׁ (H1644) Qal passive 'driven out, divorced'; the second circumstance, a woman sent away by her husband.
וְזֶרַע֮and offspringconj וְ + N m sg abs · זֶרַע (H2233)Subject of the existential clause (fronted)זֶרַע (H2233) 'seed, offspring'; here children from the disqualifying marriage.
אֵ֣יןthere is notparticle of negation · אַיִן (H369)Predicate of the existential negative clauseאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'; אֵין לָהּ 'she has none' — no surviving child to tie her to the outsider's household.
לָהּ֒to herprep לְ + Sp3fs · לְPrepositional phrase of possession completing the existential clausePreposition לְ with 3fs suffix, possessive 'to her' = 'she has'.
וְשָׁבָ֞הand she has returnedconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb, continuing the protasis→ Weqatal: sequential condition — 'and has returned'שׁוּב (H7725) Qal 'to return, turn back'; she returns to her original household status.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the destinationאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'.
בֵּ֤יתthe house ofN m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Object of the preposition אֶל (construct)בַּיִת (H1004) 'house', construct; בֵּית אָבִיהָ 'her father's house'.
אָבִ֨יהָ֙her fatherN m sg constr/Sp3fs · אָב (H1)Genitive completing the construct chainאָב (H1) 'father' with 3fs suffix.
כִּנְעוּרֶ֔יהָas in her youthprep כְּ + N c pl constr/Sp3fs · נְעוּרִים (H5271)Adverbial prepositional phrase of comparisonנְעוּרִים (H5271) 'youth', plural with 3fs suffix and prep כְּ; she is restored to the unmarried status she had before marriage.
מִלֶּ֥חֶםfrom the food ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · לֶחֶם (H3899)Partitive prepositional phrase, object of תֹּאכֵל (fronted)לֶחֶם (H3899) 'bread, food', construct with prep מִן.
אָבִ֖יהָher fatherN m sg constr/Sp3fs · אָב (H1)Genitive completing the construct chainאָב (H1) 'father' with 3fs suffix; her restored right is specifically to her father's household provisions.
תֹּאכֵ֑לshe may eatQal impf 3fs · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the apodosis (permissive)→ Yiqtol: permissive — the restored eating rightאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'.
וְכָלbut any outsiderconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct quantifier heading the contrastive subjectכֹּל (H3605) 'all, any', construct; וְכָל זָר reiterates the exclusion of true outsiders (cf. v. 10).
זָ֖רan outsideradj m sg abs · זָר (H2114)Genitive completing the construct, subject of יֹאכַלזָר (H2114) 'strange, outside'; unlike the restored daughter, still excluded.
לֹאnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the final predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֹ֥אכַלshall eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'; closes the unit reaffirming the boundary against non-household outsiders.
בּֽוֹof itprep בְּ + Sp3ms · בְּPartitive prepositional phrase, object of יֹאכַלPreposition בְּ with 3ms suffix, referring to the priestly food.
14

וְאִ֕ישׁ כִּֽי יֹאכַ֥ל קֹ֖דֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָ֑ה וְיָסַ֤ף חֲמִֽשִׁיתוֹ֙ עָלָ֔יו וְנָתַ֥ן לַכֹּהֵ֖ן אֶת הַקֹּֽדֶשׁ

And if a man eats a holy thing unintentionally, he shall add a fifth of its value to it and give the holy thing to the priest.

Restitution case: inadvertent consumption of holy foodוְ
A remedy for unintentional violation, structurally parallel to the sancta-restitution law of Lev 5:15-16: the offender restores the value plus a fifth, converting an inadvertent sin into a resolved matter through compensation to the priest.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְאִ֕ישׁand a manconj וְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the conditional clause (fronted)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; introduces a new casuistic case.
כִּֽיifconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588) conditional, 'if'.
יֹאכַ֥לhe eatsQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: conditional/hypotheticalאָכַל (H398) Qal 'to eat'.
קֹ֖דֶשׁa holy thingN m sg abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Direct object of יֹאכַלקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) 'holy thing'; sacred food eaten without realizing its status or his own disqualification.
בִּשְׁגָגָ֑הunintentionallyprep בְּ + N f sg abs · שְׁגָגָה (H7684)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerשְׁגָגָה (H7684) 'error, inadvertence', from שָׁגַג 'to err'; distinguishes this case from deliberate profanation, which incurs karet (cf. vv. 3, 9).
וְיָסַ֤ףthen he shall addconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb of the apodosis→ Weqatal: consequence — the required restitutionיָסַף (H3254) Qal 'to add, increase'; the standard verb introducing the fifth-part penalty (cf. Lev 5:16; 27:13, 15).
חֲמִֽשִׁיתוֹ֙a fifth of itN f sg constr/Sp3ms · חֲמִישִׁית (H2549)Direct object of וְיָסַףחֲמִישִׁית (H2549) 'a fifth part' with 3ms suffix; the standard 20% surcharge for sancta violations.
עָלָ֔יוto itprep עַל + Sp3ms · עַל (H5921)Adverbial prepositional phrase (addition)עַל (H5921) 'upon, to' with 3ms suffix; the fifth is added on top of the value of what was eaten.
וְנָתַ֥ןand he shall giveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb, second element of the apodosis→ Weqatal: consequence, sequential to וְיָסַףנָתַן (H5414) Qal 'to give'; the restitution is handed over to the priest.
לַכֹּהֵ֖ןto the priestprep לְ + art + N m sg abs · כֹּהֵן (H3548)Indirect object of וְנָתַןכֹּהֵן (H3548) 'priest' with article and prep לְ; the recipient of the restored value.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking הַקֹּדֶשׁ as definite direct object.
הַקֹּֽדֶשׁthe holy thingart + N m sg abs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Direct object of וְנָתַןקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) with article; the value of the holy food originally consumed, now restored.
15

וְלֹ֣א יְחַלְּל֔וּ אֶת קָדְשֵׁ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר יָרִ֖ימוּ לַיהוָֽה

They shall not profane the holy things of the Israelites, which they contribute to YHWH,

General admonition to the priests (transitional)וְ
The scope widens from the individual restitution case of v. 14 to a standing charge upon the priests as guardians: they must not, through negligence in administering these rules, let the holy contributions of the whole nation become profaned.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + neg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative, continuing from v. 14's restitution rule.
יְחַלְּל֔וּthey shall profanePiel impf 3mp · חִלֵּל (H2490)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — a standing charge on the priestsחָלַל (H2490) II Piel 'to profane'; the chapter's recurring key term (cf. vv. 2, 9, 32), here framed as the priests' own responsibility to prevent.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking קָדְשֵׁי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל as definite direct object.
קָדְשֵׁ֖יthe holy things ofN m pl constr · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Direct object (construct head)קֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural construct; the sancta given by the nation.
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival), qualifying קָדְשֵׁיבֵּן (H1121) construct plural; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'the Israelites'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the nation as donors of the sancta.
אֵ֥ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker resuming the object with a defining relative clauseאֵת (H853), a second, resumptive nota accusativi introducing the relative clause that further defines the holy things.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle, resuming קָדְשֵׁי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
יָרִ֖ימוּthey contributeHiphil impf 3mp · רוּם (H7311)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitual — the people's ongoing practiceרוּם (H7311) Hiphil 'to lift up, contribute'; the technical verb for setting aside a תְּרוּמָה offering (cf. v. 12).
לַיהוָֽהto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of יָרִימוּיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ; YHWH as recipient of the contributed sancta.
16

וְהִשִּׂ֤יאוּ אוֹתָם֙ עֲוֺ֣ן אַשְׁמָ֔ה בְּאָכְלָ֖ם אֶת קָדְשֵׁיהֶ֑ם כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה מְקַדְּשָֽׁם

and so cause them to bear iniquity and guilt by their eating of their holy things; for I am YHWH who sanctifies them.

Consequence clause, closing vv. 1-16asyndeton
Priestly negligence in guarding the sancta transfers guilt onto the very people who brought them in good faith — the ordinary Israelite donor bears the liability for a priest's failure. The closing formula 'I am YHWH who sanctifies them' (echoing v. 9) seals the entire first major unit of the chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְהִשִּׂ֤יאוּand so cause to bearconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3cp · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb of the result clause→ Weqatal: consequence — the resulting causative effect of priestly negligenceנָשָׂא (H5375) Hiphil 'to cause to bear, load upon'; the causative extends נָשָׂא חֵטְא (v. 9) — the priests' failure loads guilt onto the people.
אוֹתָם֙themobj marker/Sp3mp · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix (definite object)אֵת (H853) with 3mp suffix, marking the Israelite donors as the ones burdened with guilt.
עֲוֺ֣ןiniquity ofN c sg constr · עָוֺן (H5771)Direct object (construct head)עָוֺן (H5771) 'iniquity, guilt'; the first of a doubled expression for the liability incurred.
אַשְׁמָ֔הguiltN f sg abs · אַשְׁמָה (H819)Genitive completing the construct chainאַשְׁמָה (H819) 'guilt, guilt-offering liability', from אָשַׁם; עֲוֺן אַשְׁמָה 'guilt of liability' intensifies the culpability in view.
בְּאָכְלָ֖םby their eatingprep בְּ + Qal inf constr/Sp3mp · אָכַל (H398)Temporal/causal infinitival phrase→ Infinitive: names the occasion/cause of the guilt — 'when/because they eat'אָכַל (H398) Qal infinitive construct with בְּ and 3mp suffix; the act of eating disqualified sancta is what generates the guilt.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking קָדְשֵׁיהֶם as definite direct object of the infinitive.
קָדְשֵׁיהֶ֑םtheir holy thingsN m pl constr/Sp3mp · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Direct object of the infinitive בְּאָכְלָםקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) plural with 3mp suffix; the sancta wrongly eaten due to priestly negligence.
כִּ֛יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the closing motive clauseכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'; grounds the whole preceding charge in YHWH's authority.
אֲנִ֥יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָ֖הam YHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068), further specified by the following participle מְקַדְּשָׁם.
מְקַדְּשָֽׁםwho sanctifies themPiel ptc m sg constr/Sp3mp · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Appositional participle further describing יְהוָה→ Piel participle: an ongoing divine action — YHWH's continual act of consecrating the priestsקָדַשׁ (H6942) Piel 'to consecrate, sanctify' with 3mp suffix; identical closing formula to v. 9, framing the entire unit (vv. 1-16) with YHWH's own consecrating initiative.
17

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר

And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,

Narrative introduction of divine speech (second unit)וַ
The identical wayyiqtol speech formula of v. 1 reopens the chapter for its second major unit (vv. 17-25), now addressed to the whole priesthood and people about acceptable sacrificial animals.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֥רand he spokeconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (main clause); wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance introducing a new speechדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; identical formula to v. 1, launching the chapter's second of three units.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיְדַבֵּריְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the speaker throughout.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'.
מֹשֶׁ֥הMosesN proper sg · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of the preposition אֶלמֹשֶׁה (H4872), the mediator of the Sinai legislation.
לֵּאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Complementary infinitive introducing direct discourse→ Infinitive: introduces the following speech as direct quotationאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; the infinitive construct regularly introduces reported speech.
18

דַּבֵּ֨ר אֶֽל אַהֲרֹ֜ן וְאֶל בָּנָ֗יו וְאֶל֙ כָּל בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאָמַרְתָּ֖ אֲלֵהֶ֑ם אִ֣ישׁ אִישׁ֩ מִבֵּ֨ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל וּמִן הַגֵּ֣ר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַקְרִ֤יב קָרְבָּנוֹ֙ לְכָל נִדְרֵיהֶם֙ וּלְכָל נִדְבוֹתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִ֥יבוּ לַיהוָ֖ה לְעֹלָֽה

Speak to Aaron and to his sons, and to all the Israelites, and say to them: Any man at all of the house of Israel, or of the sojourners in Israel, who presents his offering — any of their vow offerings or any of their freewill offerings that they present to YHWH as a burnt offering —

Imperative charge opening the second unit (asyndetic)asyndeton
The audience now widens beyond the priests to 'all the Israelites... and the sojourner' — anyone, native or resident alien, who brings a votive or freewill burnt offering. The long protasis, opened by the distributive אִישׁ אִישׁ, is not resolved until v. 20's prohibition; v. 19 supplies the positive standard first.
Word-by-word analysis· 29 words
דַּבֵּ֨רspeakPiel impv 2ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (imperative, main clause)→ Volitional: direct commandדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; opens the second address (cf. v. 2).
אֶֽלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to'.
אַהֲרֹ֜ןAaronN proper sg · אַהֲרֹן (H175)Object of the preposition אֶל (first addressee)אַהֲרֹן (H175), the high priest, representative of the priesthood.
וְאֶלand toconj וְ + prep · אֶל (H413)Coordinating conjunction + preposition (second addressee)וְ plus אֶל (H413); adds Aaron's sons.
בָּנָ֗יוhis sonsN m pl constr/Sp3ms · בֵּן (H1121)Object of the preposition אֶלבֵּן (H1121) 'son', construct plural with 3ms suffix.
וְאֶל֙and toconj וְ + prep · אֶל (H413)Coordinating conjunction + preposition (third addressee)וְ plus אֶל (H413); the address now widens to the whole nation.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct quantifier heading the third addressee phraseכֹּל (H3605) 'all', construct.
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain continuing כָּלבֵּן (H1121) construct plural.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chain (object of אֶל)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); כָּל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'all the Israelites' — the audience now includes the whole nation as offerers.
וְאָמַרְתָּ֖and sayconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb, sequential to דַּבֵּר→ Weqatal: sequential imperative — 'and you shall say'אָמַר (H559) Qal 'to say'; continues the commission verb.
אֲלֵהֶ֑םto themprep אֶל + Sp3mp · אֶל (H413)Indirect object of וְאָמַרְתָּPreposition אֶל with 3mp suffix, 'to them' — the whole named audience.
אִ֣ישׁa manN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (first of doubled distributive expression)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; doubled אִישׁ אִישׁ, distributive, 'any man whatsoever' (cf. v. 4).
אִישׁ֩anyN m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject (second of doubled distributive expression)Repetition of אִישׁ (H376) for distributive emphasis.
מִבֵּ֨יתof the house ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · בַּיִת (H1004)Prepositional phrase, qualifying אִישׁ אִישׁבַּיִת (H1004) 'house', construct with prep מִן; מִבֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל 'of the house of Israel'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֜לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478); native Israelites, the first category of offerer.
וּמִןor ofconj וְ + prep · מִן (H4480)Coordinating conjunction + preposition (second category)וּמִן (H4480) 'and/or from'; introduces the second category of eligible offerer.
הַגֵּ֣רthe sojournerart + N m sg abs · גֵּר (H1616)Object of the preposition מִןגֵּר (H1616) 'sojourner, resident alien'; unlike the eating restrictions of vv. 10-13, offering sacrifices is open to the resident foreigner.
בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֗לin Israelprep בְּ + N proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Prepositional phrase locating the sojournerיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) with prep בְּ; specifies the sojourner as one dwelling within Israel.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhorel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle, resuming אִישׁ אִישׁ.
יַקְרִ֤יבpresentsHiphil impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/gnomic — any recurring instanceקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to bring near, present (an offering)'; the technical verb for presenting a sacrifice.
קָרְבָּנוֹ֙his offeringN m sg constr/Sp3ms · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Direct object of יַקְרִיבקָרְבָּן (H7133) 'offering, sacrifice', from the same root as יַקְרִיב; the general term for any brought sacrifice.
לְכָלfor any ofprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase specifying the offering's categoryכֹּל (H3605) 'all, any' with prep לְ.
נִדְרֵיהֶם֙their vow offeringsN m pl constr/Sp3mp · נֶדֶר (H5088)Genitive completing the construct phraseנֶדֶר (H5088) 'vow', plural with 3mp suffix; an offering promised in advance and now fulfilled.
וּלְכָלor for any ofconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Prepositional phrase, coordinate second categoryכֹּל (H3605) with prefixed וּלְ; introduces the second offering type.
נִדְבוֹתָ֔םtheir freewill offeringsN f pl constr/Sp3mp · נְדָבָה (H5071)Genitive completing the construct phraseנְדָבָה (H5071) 'freewill offering', from נָדַב 'to volunteer'; a spontaneous, unobligated gift, distinguished from a vow.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing a further defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle.
יַקְרִ֥יבוּthey presentHiphil impf 3mp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitualקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to present'; repeats the sacrificial verb.
לַיהוָ֖הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of יַקְרִיבוּיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ; the recipient of the sacrifice.
לְעֹלָֽהas a burnt offeringprep לְ + N f sg abs · עֹלָה (H5930)Predicate complement specifying the offering categoryעֹלָה (H5930) 'burnt offering', from עָלָה 'to go up' (wholly consumed on the altar); the specific offering type governed by the blemish rules that follow.
19

לִֽרְצֹנְכֶ֑ם תָּמִ֣ים זָכָ֔ר בַּבָּקָ֕ר בַּכְּשָׂבִ֖ים וּבָֽעִזִּֽים

for your acceptance, it must be an unblemished male, from the cattle, the sheep, or the goats.

Positive standard (asyndetic apposition)asyndeton
Before the prohibition of v. 20, the positive standard is stated first: to be accepted (רָצוֹן, cf. v. 20-21) the animal must be an unblemished male from one of the three sacrificial herd/flock species — the baseline definition against which the disqualifications of vv. 20-24 are measured.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
לִֽרְצֹנְכֶ֑םfor your acceptanceprep לְ + N m sg constr/Sp2mp · רָצוֹן (H7522)Purpose/result prepositional phrase, governing the whole verseרָצוֹן (H7522) 'favor, acceptance', from רָצָה 'to accept, be pleased with'; the offering's acceptability before YHWH is the controlling standard of this whole unit.
תָּמִ֣יםunblemishedadj m sg abs · תָּמִים (H8549)Predicate adjective, first qualifierתָּמִים (H8549) 'complete, without blemish', from תָּמַם 'to be complete'; physical wholeness required of sacrificial animals (cf. vv. 20-24).
זָכָ֔רa maleadj m sg abs · זָכָר (H2145)Predicate adjective, second qualifierזָכָר (H2145) 'male'; required specifically for the burnt offering (contrast the peace offering of v. 21, which may be either sex).
בַּבָּקָ֕רfrom the cattleprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · בָּקָר (H1241)Prepositional phrase specifying eligible speciesבָּקָר (H1241) 'cattle, herd'; the first of three eligible sacrificial species.
בַּכְּשָׂבִ֖יםfrom the sheepprep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · כֶּשֶׂב (H3775)Prepositional phrase, second eligible speciesכֶּשֶׂב (H3775) 'sheep, lamb', plural; the second sacrificial species.
וּבָֽעִזִּֽיםor the goatsconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f pl abs · עֵז (H5795)Prepositional phrase, third eligible speciesעֵז (H5795) 'goat', plural; the third sacrificial species, completing the standard triad of בָּקָר, כֶּשֶׂב, עֵז.
20

כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר בּ֥וֹ מ֖וּם לֹ֣א תַקְרִ֑יבוּ כִּי לֹ֥א לְרָצ֖וֹן יִהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶֽם

You shall not present anything that has a defect in it, for it will not be accepted for you.

Negative counterpart to v. 19 (asyndetic)asyndeton
The prohibition now states the negative side of the same standard: any מוּם ('defect') disqualifies an animal from being an acceptable offering — the ground clause כִּי לֹא לְרָצוֹן makes explicit that acceptability (רָצוֹן), not mere ritual correctness, is at stake.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כֹּ֛לanythingN m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Direct object of תַקְרִיבוּ (fronted, casus pendens)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, anything'; heads the relative clause defining the disqualified object.
אֲשֶׁרthatrel particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative particle introducing the defining clauseאֲשֶׁר (H834), relative particle, resuming כֹּל.
בּ֥וֹin itprep בְּ + Sp3ms · בְּPredicate of the existential relative clausePreposition בְּ with 3ms suffix, 'in it' — locates the defect on the animal.
מ֖וּםa defectN m sg abs · מוּם (H3971)Subject of the existential clauseמוּם (H3971) 'defect, blemish'; the chapter's key disqualifying term, catalogued concretely in vv. 22-24.
לֹ֣אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תַקְרִ֑יבוּyou shall presentHiphil impf 2mp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — a categorical banקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to bring near, present'; echoes יַקְרִיב of v. 18, now negated.
כִּיforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground clauseכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the ground clause's predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
לְרָצ֖וֹןfor acceptanceprep לְ + N m sg abs · רָצוֹן (H7522)Predicate complement of the ground clauseרָצוֹן (H7522) 'acceptance, favor'; repeats the key term of v. 19 — a blemished animal cannot secure it.
יִהְיֶ֥הwill it beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the ground clause→ Yiqtol: future/potentialהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be, become'.
לָכֶֽםfor youprep לְ + Sp2mp · לְAdverbial prepositional phrase (advantage/reference)Preposition לְ with 2mp suffix, 'for you' — the offerer bears the consequence of an unaccepted sacrifice.
21

וְאִ֗ישׁ כִּֽי יַקְרִ֤יב זֶֽבַח שְׁלָמִים֙ לַיהוָ֔ה לְפַלֵּא נֶ֨דֶר֙ א֣וֹ לִנְדָבָ֔ה בַּבָּקָ֖ר א֣וֹ בַצֹּ֑אן תָּמִ֤ים יִֽהְיֶה֙ לְרָצ֔וֹן כָּל מ֖וּם לֹ֥א יִהְיֶה בּֽוֹ

And when a man presents a sacrifice of well-being to YHWH to fulfill a vow, or as a freewill offering, from the herd or the flock, it must be unblemished to be accepted; there shall be no defect in it.

New sub-case: the peace offering (שְׁלָמִים)וְ
The blemish standard set for the burnt offering (vv. 19-20) is now extended to voluntary peace offerings — whether fulfilling a vow or given freely — establishing תָּמִים as the universal baseline before the concrete blemish catalogue of vv. 22-24.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
וְאִ֗ישׁand a manconj וְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of the conditional clause (fronted)אִישׁ (H376) 'man'; opens a new casuistic case regarding the peace offering.
כִּֽיif/whenconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588) conditional 'if, when'.
יַקְרִ֤יבpresentsHiphil impf 3ms · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol: conditional/hypothetical — any instance of presenting a sacrificeקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to bring near, present (an offering)'; the standard sacrificial-presentation verb (cf. v. 18).
זֶֽבַחa sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Direct object of יַקְרִיב (construct head)זֶבַח (H2077) 'sacrifice', construct; זֶבַח שְׁלָמִים 'a sacrifice of well-being/peace offering'.
שְׁלָמִים֙well-being offeringsN m pl abs · שֶׁלֶם (H8002)Genitive completing the construct chainשֶׁלֶם (H8002) 'peace/well-being offering', plural in form; the sacrifice type shared in a communal meal (cf. Lev 3; 7:11-21), distinct from the wholly-burnt עֹלָה of vv. 18-20.
לַיהוָ֔הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of יַקְרִיביְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ; the recipient of the sacrifice.
לְפַלֵּאto fulfillprep לְ + Piel inf constr · פָּלָא (H6381)Purpose infinitive, modifying יַקְרִיב→ Infinitive: names the purpose of the offering — 'in order to fulfill'פָּלָא (H6381) Piel 'to make distinct, fulfill (a vow)'; לְפַלֵּא נֶדֶר 'to fulfill a vow' — a rare denominal use (Qal elsewhere means 'to be extraordinary, wonderful') for completing a votive obligation.
נֶ֨דֶר֙a vowN m sg abs · נֶדֶר (H5088)Direct object of the infinitive לְפַלֵּאנֶדֶר (H5088) 'vow'; a solemn promise fulfilled by this sacrifice (cf. v. 18).
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'; introduces the alternative offering category.
לִנְדָבָ֔הas a freewill offeringprep לְ + N f sg abs · נְדָבָה (H5071)Prepositional phrase, coordinate purpose (alternative to לְפַלֵּא נֶדֶר)נְדָבָה (H5071) 'freewill offering', from נָדַב 'to volunteer'; the unobligated counterpart to the vow (cf. v. 18).
בַּבָּקָ֖רfrom the cattleprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · בָּקָר (H1241)Prepositional phrase specifying eligible speciesבָּקָר (H1241) 'cattle, herd'; the first eligible source animal for the peace offering.
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176); introduces the flock alternative.
בַצֹּ֑אןfrom the flockprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · צֹאן (H6629)Prepositional phrase, second eligible speciesצֹאן (H6629) 'flock' (sheep and goats collectively); the second eligible source, completing the herd/flock pairing.
תָּמִ֤יםunblemishedadj m sg abs · תָּמִים (H8549)Predicate adjective governing the following clauseתָּמִים (H8549) 'complete, without blemish'; the same standard required of the burnt offering (v. 19), now applied to the peace offering.
יִֽהְיֶה֙it must beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: modal/obligatory — the required condition for acceptanceהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be, become'.
לְרָצ֔וֹןfor acceptanceprep לְ + N m sg abs · רָצוֹן (H7522)Predicate complement of יִהְיֶהרָצוֹן (H7522) 'acceptance, favor'; repeats the controlling standard of vv. 19-20, now extended to the peace offering.
כָּלanyN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct quantifier heading the subject (fronted, negated)כֹּל (H3605) 'all, any', construct; כָּל מוּם 'any defect whatsoever'.
מ֖וּםdefectN m sg abs · מוּם (H3971)Genitive completing the construct, subject of יִהְיֶהמוּם (H3971) 'defect, blemish'; the disqualifying term explicated concretely in vv. 22-24.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the existential predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יִהְיֶהshall there beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the existential clause→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — an absolute ban on any defectהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be'; here in an existential negative clause, 'there shall be no defect'.
בּֽוֹin itprep בְּ + Sp3ms · בְּAdverbial prepositional phrase locating the defectPreposition בְּ with 3ms suffix, referring back to the sacrificial animal.
22

עַוֶּרֶת֩ א֨וֹ שָׁב֜וּר אוֹ חָר֣וּץ אֽוֹ יַבֶּ֗לֶת א֤וֹ גָרָב֙ א֣וֹ יַלֶּ֔פֶת לֹא תַקְרִ֥יבוּ אֵ֖לֶּה לַיהוָ֑ה וְאִשֶּׁ֗ה לֹא תִתְּנ֥וּ מֵהֶ֛ם עַל הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ לַיהוָֽה

Blind, or broken, or maimed, or having a wen, or scabbed, or having a skin eruption — you shall not present these to YHWH, nor shall you put an offering by fire from them on the altar to YHWH.

Concrete blemish catalogue (asyndetic)asyndeton
Six specific disqualifying defects — blindness, breaks, mutilation, wens, scabs, skin eruptions — cash out the abstract מוּם of v. 20 (paralleling the priestly blemish list of 21:18-20), doubly reinforced by a second, absolute prohibition against burning any part of such an animal on the altar.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
עַוֶּרֶת֩blindN f sg abs · עִוֶּרֶת (H5788)First item in the asyndetic blemish list (nominal predicate)עִוֶּרֶת (H5788) 'blindness'; used substantively, 'a blind animal' — opens the concrete catalogue matching the priestly blemishes of 21:18-20.
א֨וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunction linking list itemsאוֹ (H176) 'or'; strings together the six-item blemish catalogue.
שָׁב֜וּרbrokenN m sg abs · שָׁבוּר (H7665)Second item in the blemish listשָׁבַר (H7665) 'to break'; שָׁבוּר 'broken' — a fractured limb (cf. 21:19).
אוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunction linking list itemsאוֹ (H176); links the third item of the catalogue.
חָר֣וּץmaimedQal pass ptc m sg abs · חָרוּץ (H2782)Predicate participle, third item in the blemish list→ Qal passive participle: a resulting state — 'cut, mutilated'חָרַץ (H2782) Qal 'to cut, sever'; חָרוּץ describes a mutilated or slit member, paired with שָׁבוּר as a cut/broken-limb defect.
אֽוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunction linking list itemsאוֹ (H176); links the fourth item of the catalogue.
יַבֶּ֗לֶתhaving a wenN f sg abs · יַבֶּלֶת (H2990)Fourth item in the blemish listיַבֶּלֶת (H2990) 'wen, wart, growth'; a skin protuberance disqualifying the animal (cf. the same term in 21:20).
א֤וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunction linking list itemsאוֹ (H176); links the fifth item of the catalogue.
גָרָב֙scabbedN m sg abs · גָּרָב (H1618)Fifth item in the blemish listגָּרָב (H1618) 'scab, mange'; a chronic skin condition (paired with יַלֶּפֶת also in Deut 28:27).
א֣וֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunction linking list itemsאוֹ (H176); links the sixth and final item of the catalogue.
יַלֶּ֔פֶתhaving a skin eruptionN f sg abs · יַלֶּפֶת (H3217)Sixth and final item in the blemish listיַלֶּפֶת (H3217) 'scurvy, eczema, skin eruption'; closes the catalogue of six disqualifying skin/limb defects (cf. 21:20).
לֹאnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תַקְרִ֥יבוּyou shall presentHiphil impf 2mp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — a categorical banקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to bring near, present'; echoes v. 20's prohibition, now itemized.
אֵ֖לֶּהthesedemonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Direct object of תַקְרִיבוּאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; resumes the six blemish types just listed.
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of תַקְרִיבוּיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ.
וְאִשֶּׁ֗הand an offering by fireconj וְ + N m sg abs · אִשֶּׁה (H801)Direct object of the second prohibition (fronted)אִשֶּׁה (H801) 'offering by fire', from אֵשׁ 'fire'; a general term for any sacrifice burned on the altar.
לֹאnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the second predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תִתְּנ֥וּshall you giveQal impf 2mp · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalנָתַן (H5414) Qal 'to give, put'; here of placing a sacrifice on the altar.
מֵהֶ֛םfrom themprep מִן + Sp3mp · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phrase, source of the offering materialמִן (H4480) with 3mp suffix, 'from them' — referring to the blemished animals.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase marking the locationעַל (H5921) 'upon, on'.
הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַthe altarart + N m sg abs · מִזְבֵּחַ (H4196)Object of the preposition עַלמִזְבֵּחַ (H4196) 'altar', from זָבַח 'to sacrifice'; the site where fire-offerings are burned.
לַיהוָֽהto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object, resuming the recipient of the offeringיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ; closes the prohibition.
23

וְשׁ֥וֹר וָשֶׂ֖ה שָׂר֣וּעַ וְקָל֑וּט נְדָבָה֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֣ה אֹת֔וֹ וּלְנֵ֖דֶר לֹ֥א יֵרָצֶֽה

An ox or a sheep with a limb too long or too short you may present as a freewill offering, but for a vow it will not be accepted.

Graded exception: minor proportion-defects permitted only for freewill offeringsוְ
A finer distinction than the outright ban of v. 22: an ox or sheep with a merely disproportionate limb (too long or stunted) is not so blemished as to be barred altogether, but its lower standard bars it from the more solemn votive offering — freewill gifts tolerate a laxity that vows do not.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְשׁ֥וֹרand an oxconj וְ + N m sg abs · שׁוֹר (H7794)Subject/topic, fronted (casus pendens)שׁוֹר (H7794) 'ox, bull'; introduces an exceptional intermediate case — an animal with a minor limb defect.
וָשֶׂ֖הor a sheepconj וְ + N c sg abs · שֶׂה (H7716)Coordinate subject/topicשֶׂה (H7716) 'sheep, lamb, one of the flock'; the second animal type covered by this exception.
שָׂר֣וּעַwith a limb too longQal pass ptc m sg abs · שָׂרוּעַ (H8311)Attributive participle, modifying שׁוֹר וָשֶׂה→ Qal passive participle: a stative defect — an elongated or malformed limbשָׂרַע (H8311) Qal 'to extend, stretch'; שָׂרוּעַ describes a limb disproportionately long, a minor structural anomaly.
וְקָל֑וּטor stuntedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc m sg abs · קָלוּט (H7038)Coordinate attributive participle→ Qal passive participle: a stative defect — a shortened or malformed limbקָלַט (H7038) Qal 'to be stunted, malformed'; קָלוּט is the parallel defect to שָׂרוּעַ — a limb too short or misshapen. Together they name minor proportion-defects distinct from the disabling blemishes of v. 22.
נְדָבָה֙as a freewill offeringN f sg abs · נְדָבָה (H5071)Adverbial accusative specifying the permitted offering categoryנְדָבָה (H5071) 'freewill offering'; such an animal is permitted only in this lower-stakes category, not for a vow.
תַּעֲשֶׂ֣הyou may offerQal impf 2ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (permissive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: permissive — a qualified allowanceעָשָׂה (H6213) Qal 'to do, make, offer (a sacrifice)'; here of preparing/presenting the animal as an offering.
אֹת֔וֹitobj marker/Sp3ms · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffixאֵת (H853) with 3ms suffix, marking the animal as definite direct object of תַּעֲשֶׂה.
וּלְנֵ֖דֶרbut for a vowconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · נֵדֶר (H5088)Prepositional phrase of purpose, contrastive (fronted)נֶדֶר (H5088) 'vow' with prep לְ; contrasts the lower-stakes freewill category with the more solemn vow, for which this animal is disqualified.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the final predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֵרָצֶֽהwill it be acceptedNiphal impf 3ms · רָצָה (H7521)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Niphal imperfect: passive/potential — 'it will not be accepted'רָצָה (H7521) Niphal 'to be accepted, be favorably received'; same root as רָצוֹן (vv. 19-21), now the passive verb of acceptance denied for vow offerings.
24

וּמָע֤וּךְ וְכָתוּת֙ וְנָת֣וּק וְכָר֔וּת לֹ֥א תַקְרִ֖יבוּ לַֽיהוָ֑ה וּֽבְאַרְצְכֶ֖ם לֹ֥א תַעֲשֽׂוּ

You shall not present to YHWH an animal with testicles bruised or crushed or torn or cut off; you shall not do this in your land.

Castration-defect list, with a domestic-practice banוְ
A fourth, escalating list of testicular injuries (bruised/crushed/torn/cut) closes the animal-blemish catalogue; the added clause 'in your land you shall not do it' extends the concern beyond the altar to the practice of animal castration itself within Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וּמָע֤וּךְand bruisedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc m sg abs · מָעוּךְ (H4600)First item, castration-defect list (nominal predicate)→ Qal passive participle: a resulting physical state — 'crushed, bruised'מָעַךְ (H4600) Qal 'to press, crush'; מָעוּךְ describes testicles bruised/crushed — the first of four castration-related defects (cf. Deut 23:1[2]).
וְכָתוּת֙or crushedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc m sg abs · כָּתוּת (H3807)Second item in the list→ Qal passive participle: a resulting physical state — 'crushed, pounded'כָּתַת (H3807) Qal 'to crush, pound'; near-synonym of מָעוּךְ, intensifying the same category of injury.
וְנָת֣וּקor tornconj וְ + Qal pass ptc m sg abs · נָתוּק (H5423)Third item in the list→ Qal passive participle: a resulting physical state — 'torn away, pulled loose'נָתַק (H5423) Qal 'to tear away, pull loose'; a third degree of injury to the testicles.
וְכָר֔וּתor cut offconj וְ + Qal pass ptc m sg abs · כָּרוּת (H3772)Fourth and final item in the list→ Qal passive participle: a resulting physical state — 'cut off, severed'כָּרַת (H3772) Qal 'to cut off'; the most severe of the four — outright castration by cutting. Together the four terms exhaustively cover degrees of testicular injury, all disqualifying.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תַקְרִ֖יבוּyou shall presentHiphil impf 2mp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to bring near, present'; the recurring prohibition verb of this unit.
לַֽיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of תַקְרִיבוּיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ.
וּֽבְאַרְצְכֶ֖םand in your landconj וְ + prep בְּ + N c sg constr/Sp2mp · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of location (fronted)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land' with 2mp suffix; extends the ban to any such castration practiced domestically, not merely to the sacrificial altar.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the second predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תַעֲשֽׂוּshall you doQal impf 2mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modal — a general practice banעָשָׂה (H6213) Qal 'to do, make'; likely prohibiting the practice of castrating animals within Israel's territory, not merely their sacrificial use.
25

וּמִיַּ֣ד בֶּן נֵכָ֗ר לֹ֥א תַקְרִ֛יבוּ אֶת לֶ֥חֶם אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם מִכָּל אֵ֑לֶּה כִּ֣י מָשְׁחָתָ֤ם בָּהֶם֙ מ֣וּם בָּ֔ם לֹ֥א יֵרָצ֖וּ לָכֶֽם

And from the hand of a foreigner you shall not present the food of your God from any of these, for their corruption is in them, a defect is in them; they shall not be accepted for you.

Closing exception: animals from a foreigner's handוְ
The blemish standard applies even to animals obtained from a non-Israelite third party — closing the unit begun at v. 21 by ruling out any loophole through foreign sourcing, and doubling the key term (their corruption ... a defect) for rhetorical emphasis.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וּמִיַּ֣דand from the hand ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N c sg constr · יָד (H3027)Prepositional phrase of source (fronted)יָד (H3027) 'hand', construct with prep מִן; מִיַּד בֶּן נֵכָר 'from the hand of a foreigner' — idiom for receiving something from a third party.
בֶּןthe son ofN m sg constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain continuing יַדבֵּן (H1121) construct; בֶּן נֵכָר 'a foreigner' (lit. 'son of a foreign land').
נֵכָ֗רa foreignerN m sg abs · נֵכָר (H5236)Genitive completing the construct chainנֵכָר (H5236) 'foreign, alien'; בֶּן נֵכָר, unlike the resident גֵּר of v. 18, is a non-covenant foreigner whose animals — even offered by an Israelite on his behalf — are disqualified if blemished.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תַקְרִ֛יבוּyou shall presentHiphil impf 2mp · קָרַב (H7126)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalקָרַב (H7126) Hiphil 'to bring near, present'.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking לֶחֶם אֱלֹהֵיכֶם as definite direct object.
לֶ֥חֶםthe food ofN c sg constr · לֶחֶם (H3899)Direct object (construct head)לֶחֶם (H3899) 'bread, food', construct; לֶחֶם אֱלֹהֵיכֶם 'the food of your God' — a recurring designation for sacrificial offerings as YHWH's nourishment (cf. 21:6, 8, 17, 21, 22).
אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖םyour GodN m pl constr/Sp2mp · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Genitive completing the construct chainאֱלֹהִים (H430) with 2mp suffix; plural form, singular referent — Israel's God.
מִכָּלfrom any ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Partitive prepositional phrase, qualifying the objectכֹּל (H3605) with prep מִן; מִכָּל אֵלֶּה 'from any of these' — resuming the blemished categories of vv. 22-24.
אֵ֑לֶּהthesedemonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Genitive completing the partitive phraseאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; refers back to the disqualifying defects catalogued in vv. 22-24.
כִּ֣יforconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal conjunction introducing the ground clauseכִּי (H3588) 'for, because'.
מָשְׁחָתָ֤םtheir corruptionN m sg constr/Sp3mp · מָשְׁחָת (H4893)Subject of the existential ground clauseמָשְׁחָת (H4893) 'corruption, disfigurement', from שָׁחַת 'to ruin'; a rare synonym for physical defect, reinforcing מוּם in the same verse.
בָּהֶם֙is in themprep בְּ + Sp3mp · בְּPredicate of the existential clausePreposition בְּ with 3mp suffix, 'in them'.
מ֣וּםa defectN m sg abs · מוּם (H3971)Subject of the second existential clause (in apposition)מוּם (H3971) 'defect, blemish'; restated in apposition to מָשְׁחָתָם for emphasis.
בָּ֔םis in themprep בְּ + Sp3mp · בְּPredicate of the second existential clausePreposition בְּ with 3mp suffix, repeating בָּהֶם for emphasis.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the final predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
יֵרָצ֖וּshall they be acceptedNiphal impf 3mp · רָצָה (H7521)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Niphal imperfect: passive — a categorical denial of acceptanceרָצָה (H7521) Niphal 'to be accepted'; closes the foreigner's-animal exception with the same acceptance-vocabulary as v. 23.
לָכֶֽםfor youprep לְ + Sp2mp · לְAdverbial prepositional phrase (advantage/reference)Preposition לְ with 2mp suffix, 'for you' — the Israelite offerer bears responsibility even for an animal sourced from a foreigner.
26

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר

And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,

Narrative introduction of divine speech (third unit)וַ
The wayyiqtol speech formula reopens the chapter a third time (cf. vv. 1, 17), introducing the closing unit (vv. 26-33) on animal-age requirements, the same-day slaughter ban, proper eating procedure, and the chapter's climactic holiness charge.
Word-by-word analysis· 5 words
וַיְדַבֵּ֥רand he spokeconj וַ + Piel wayyiqtol 3ms · דִּבֶּר (H1696)Predicate verb (main clause); wayyiqtol of narrative sequence→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance introducing a new speechדָּבַר (H1696) Piel 'to speak'; opens the chapter's second unit.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וַיְדַבֵּריְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the speaker throughout.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase marking the addresseeאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'.
מֹשֶׁ֥הMosesN proper sg · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Object of the preposition אֶלמֹשֶׁה (H4872), the mediator of the Sinai legislation.
לֵּאמֹֽרsayingprep לְ + Qal inf constr · אָמַר (H559)Complementary infinitive introducing direct discourse→ Infinitive: introduces the following speech as direct quotationאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; the infinitive construct regularly introduces reported speech, launching the chapter's third and final unit (vv. 26-33).
27

שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ כֶ֤שֶׂב אוֹ עֵז֙ כִּ֣י יִוָּלֵ֔ד וְהָיָ֛ה שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים תַּ֣חַת אִמּ֑וֹ וּמִיּ֤וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי֙ וָהָ֔לְאָה יֵרָצֶ֕ה לְקָרְבַּ֥ן אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַיהוָֽה

When an ox or a sheep or a goat is born, it shall remain seven days under its mother; and from the eighth day on it shall be accepted as an offering by fire to YHWH.

Eighth-day minimum-age rule (asyndetic)asyndeton
A fresh topic opens the chapter's third unit: newborn animals must nurse seven full days under their mother before becoming eligible for sacrifice from the eighth day onward — a maturation requirement paralleling the eighth-day timing of circumcision (12:3) and priestly ordination (9:1).
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
שׁ֣וֹרan oxN m sg abs · שׁוֹר (H7794)Subject of יִוָּלֵד (first of three)שׁוֹר (H7794) 'ox, bull'; opens the eighth-day minimum-age rule.
אוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'.
כֶ֤שֶׂבa sheepN m sg abs · כֶּשֶׂב (H3775)Coordinate subjectכֶּשֶׂב (H3775) 'sheep, lamb'.
אוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'.
עֵז֙a goatN f sg abs · עֵז (H5795)Coordinate subject, third of three speciesעֵז (H5795) 'goat'; completes the standard triad בָּקָר/כֶּשֶׂב/עֵז as in v. 19.
כִּ֣יwhenconj · כִּי (H3588)Temporal/conditional conjunction introducing the protasisכִּי (H3588) here temporal, 'when'.
יִוָּלֵ֔דis bornNiphal impf 3ms · יָלַד (H3205)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Niphal imperfect: passive/reflexive — 'is born'יָלַד (H3205) Niphal 'to be born'; marks the animal's birth as the starting point for the age-count.
וְהָיָ֛הand it shall remainconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the apodosis→ Weqatal: consequence — the required waiting periodהָיָה (H1961) Qal 'to be, remain'; here 'it shall be/remain [under its mother]'.
שִׁבְעַ֥תsevencardinal m sg constr · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Construct numeral heading the temporal phraseשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven', construct; שִׁבְעַת יָמִים 'seven days' — the minimum nursing/maturation period before an animal may be sacrificed (cf. Exod 22:29[30]).
יָמִ֖יםdaysN m pl abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive completing the construct numeralיוֹם (H3117) 'day', plural; the seven-day minimum age.
תַּ֣חַתunderprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Prepositional phrase of locationתַּחַת (H8478) 'under, beneath'; here of the newborn staying with its mother.
אִמּ֑וֹits motherN f sg constr/Sp3ms · אֵם (H517)Object of the preposition תַּחַתאֵם (H517) 'mother' with 3ms suffix; the animal must nurse and mature under its mother's care for the full week.
וּמִיּ֤וֹםand from the day ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg constr · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted)יוֹם (H3117) 'day', construct with prep מִן; marks the point at which the animal becomes eligible.
הַשְּׁמִינִי֙the eighthart + ordinal m sg abs · שְׁמִינִי (H8066)Genitive completing the construct temporal phraseשְׁמִינִי (H8066) 'eighth'; the eighth day parallels the timing of male circumcision (Lev 12:3) and priestly ordination completion (8:33-9:1) — a recurring 'seven-plus-one' consecration pattern.
וָהָ֔לְאָהand onwardconj וְ + adv · הָלְאָה (H1973)Adverbial phrase extending the temporal clauseהָלְאָה (H1973) 'onward, beyond'; וּמִיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי וָהָלְאָה 'from the eighth day and onward' — open-ended eligibility from that point on.
יֵרָצֶ֕הit shall be acceptedNiphal impf 3ms · רָצָה (H7521)Predicate verb of the apodosis (permissive)→ Niphal imperfect: passive/permissive — acceptance now grantedרָצָה (H7521) Niphal 'to be accepted'; positive counterpart to the acceptance-language of vv. 20-25.
לְקָרְבַּ֥ןas an offering ofprep לְ + N m sg constr · קָרְבָּן (H7133)Predicate complement specifying the offering categoryקָרְבָּן (H7133) 'offering', construct with prep לְ; general sacrificial term (cf. v. 18).
אִשֶּׁ֖הby fireN m sg abs · אִשֶּׁה (H801)Genitive completing the construct phraseאִשֶּׁה (H801) 'fire-offering'; קָרְבַּן אִשֶּׁה 'an offering by fire' — the category into which the newly eligible animal now qualifies to enter.
לַיהוָֽהto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object, recipient of the offeringיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ.
28

וְשׁ֖וֹר אוֹ שֶׂ֑ה אֹת֣וֹ וְאֶת בְּנ֔וֹ לֹ֥א תִשְׁחֲט֖וּ בְּי֥וֹם אֶחָֽד

And whether it is an ox or a sheep, you shall not slaughter it and its young on the same day.

Same-day slaughter ban (mother and young)וְ
A distinct humane restriction — unrelated to blemish or acceptability — protects a mother animal and her offspring from being slaughtered on the same day; the concern for the parent-child bond even at the point of sacrifice anticipates the ethic of Deut 22:6-7.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְשׁ֖וֹרand an oxconj וְ + N m sg abs · שׁוֹר (H7794)Subject/topic, fronted (casus pendens)שׁוֹר (H7794) 'ox'; introduces the same-day-slaughter prohibition.
אוֹorconj · אוֹ (H176)Coordinating disjunctive conjunctionאוֹ (H176) 'or'.
שֶׂ֑הa sheepN c sg abs · שֶׂה (H7716)Coordinate subject/topicשֶׂה (H7716) 'sheep, one of the flock'.
אֹת֣וֹitobj marker/Sp3ms · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix (first object)אֵת (H853) with 3ms suffix, resuming שׁוֹר אוֹ שֶׂה as the first direct object of תִשְׁחֲטוּ.
וְאֶתandconj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (second object)וְ plus אֵת (H853); coordinates the second object, בְּנוֹ.
בְּנ֔וֹits youngN m sg constr/Sp3ms · בֵּן (H1121)Second direct object of תִשְׁחֲטוּבֵּן (H1121) 'son', here generically 'offspring, young' of the animal, with 3ms suffix.
לֹ֥אnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תִשְׁחֲט֖וּshall you slaughterQal impf 2mp · שָׁחַט (H7819)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalשָׁחַט (H7819) Qal 'to slaughter'; the standard verb for ritual slaughter of a sacrificial animal.
בְּי֥וֹםon a dayprep בְּ + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phraseיוֹם (H3117) 'day' with prep בְּ.
אֶחָֽדone/the samecardinal m sg abs · אֶחָד (H259)Attributive numeral modifying יוֹםאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; בְּיוֹם אֶחָד 'on one/the same day' — the mother and her offspring may not both be slaughtered on the same day (cf. the parallel humane concern of Deut 22:6-7, the mother-bird law).
29

וְכִֽי תִזְבְּח֥וּ זֶֽבַח תּוֹדָ֖ה לַיהוָ֑ה לִֽרְצֹנְכֶ֖ם תִּזְבָּֽחוּ

And when you sacrifice a thanksgiving sacrifice to YHWH, you shall sacrifice it so that you may be accepted.

Transition to the thanksgiving offering's eating procedureוְ
The topic shifts from the animal's qualifications to correct ritual procedure: a thanksgiving sacrifice must be offered 'for your acceptance' — properly, that is, in a way that secures acceptance — which v. 30 specifies as same-day consumption.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְכִֽיand whenconj וְ + conj · כִּי (H3588)Temporal/conditional conjunction introducing the clauseכִּי (H3588) with prefixed וְ, 'and when'; opens the thanksgiving-offering procedural rule.
תִזְבְּח֥וּyou sacrificeQal impf 2mp · זָבַח (H2076)Predicate verb of the temporal clause→ Yiqtol: conditional/temporal — any instance of sacrificingזָבַח (H2076) Qal 'to slaughter, sacrifice'.
זֶֽבַחa sacrifice ofN m sg constr · זֶבַח (H2077)Direct object of תִזְבְּחוּ (construct head)זֶבַח (H2077) 'sacrifice', construct; זֶבַח תּוֹדָה 'a thanksgiving sacrifice', a subtype of the peace offering (cf. 7:12-15).
תּוֹדָ֖הthanksgivingN f sg abs · תּוֹדָה (H8426)Genitive completing the construct chainתּוֹדָה (H8426) 'thanksgiving, praise', from יָדָה 'to give thanks'; the offering brought in gratitude for deliverance (cf. Ps 107).
לַיהוָ֑הto YHWHprep לְ + N proper · יְהוָה (H3068)Indirect object of תִזְבְּחוּיְהוָה (H3068) with prep לְ.
לִֽרְצֹנְכֶ֖םfor your acceptanceprep לְ + N m sg constr/Sp2mp · רָצוֹן (H7522)Purpose prepositional phrase (fronted)רָצוֹן (H7522) 'acceptance' with 2mp suffix and prep לְ; the same key term of vv. 19-21, now governing correct procedure rather than the animal's physical soundness.
תִּזְבָּֽחוּyou shall sacrifice itQal impf 2mp · זָבַח (H2076)Predicate verb (main clause, resumptive)→ Yiqtol: imperative/obligatory — repeats the verb to specify the manner of sacrificingזָבַח (H2076) Qal 'to sacrifice'; the repetition frames the verse and shifts attention to the eating-time rule of v. 30.
30

בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל לֹֽא תוֹתִ֥ירוּ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עַד בֹּ֑קֶר אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֽה

On that day it shall be eaten; you shall leave none of it until morning; I am YHWH.

Same-day consumption rule for the thanksgiving offeringasyndeton
Echoing the peace-offering timing rules of 7:15 and 19:6-8, the thanksgiving sacrifice must be entirely consumed on the day it is offered, with the self-identification formula 'I am YHWH' sealing the rule.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
בַּיּ֤וֹםon that dayprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Temporal prepositional phrase (fronted)יוֹם (H3117) 'day' with article and prep בְּ.
הַהוּא֙thatart + pron 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Demonstrative modifying יוֹםהוּא (H1931) used demonstratively, 'that'; בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא 'on that (same) day' — same-day consumption required, as with the thanksgiving offering.
יֵאָכֵ֔לit shall be eatenNiphal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (passive, main clause)→ Niphal imperfect: passive/obligatory — the required timing of consumptionאָכַל (H398) Niphal 'to be eaten'; the passive form states the requirement impersonally.
לֹֽאnotneg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תוֹתִ֥ירוּshall you leaveHiphil impf 2mp · יָתַר (H3498)Predicate verb (prohibitive)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalיָתַר (H3498) Hiphil 'to leave over, leave remaining'; the standing prohibition against leftovers (cf. 7:15; 19:6 for the parallel peace-offering rules).
מִמֶּ֖נּוּof itprep מִן + Sp3ms · מִן (H4480)Partitive prepositional phrase, object of תוֹתִירוּמִן (H4480) with suffix; the form מִמֶּנּוּ is identical for 3ms 'from it/him' and 1cp 'from us' — context (the sacrificial meat, not the offerers) requires 'from it'.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Temporal prepositional phrase marking the limitעַד (H5704) 'until'.
בֹּ֑קֶרmorningN m sg abs · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Genitive completing the temporal phraseבֹּקֶר (H1242) 'morning'; the deadline for consuming the thanksgiving/peace offering.
אֲנִ֖יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068); grounds the procedural rule in divine authority.
31

וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֙ מִצְוֺתַ֔י וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם אֹתָ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֽה

And you shall keep my commandments and do them; I am YHWH.

General exhortation opening the chapter's closing chargeוְ
A summarizing call to obedience — keep and do all the commandments — pivots from the specific sacrificial regulations to the chapter's theological climax in vv. 32-33: the holiness of YHWH's name and his historical claim on Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֙and you shall keepconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · שָׁמַר (H8104)Predicate verb (main clause, closing admonition)→ Weqatal: an obligation — a summarizing imperativeשָׁמַר (H8104) Qal 'to keep, observe'; opens the chapter's closing exhortation, echoing v. 9's שָׁמְרוּ.
מִצְוֺתַ֔יmy commandmentsN f pl constr/Sp1cs · מִצְוָה (H4687)Direct object of וּשְׁמַרְתֶּםמִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment', plural with 1cs suffix; YHWH's statutes collectively, summarizing the whole preceding legislation.
וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖םand doconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2mp · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb, coordinate with וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם→ Weqatal: obligation — practical enactment following the injunction to keepעָשָׂה (H6213) Qal 'to do, perform'; שָׁמַר...עָשָׂה is a standard hendiadys pairing attentive observance with actual practice.
אֹתָ֑םthemobj marker/Sp3mp · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffixאֵת (H853) with 3mp suffix, resuming מִצְוֹתַי as direct object of both verbs.
אֲנִ֖יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068); the recurring authority formula, now opening the chapter's climactic closing charge (vv. 31-33).
32

וְלֹ֤א תְחַלְּלוּ֙ אֶת שֵׁ֣ם קָדְשִׁ֔י וְנִ֨קְדַּשְׁתִּ֔י בְּת֖וֹךְ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה מְקַדִּשְׁכֶֽם

You shall not profane my holy name, but I will be sanctified among the Israelites; I am YHWH who sanctifies you,

Climactic holiness charge (profanation warning + sanctification promise)וְ
The chapter's theological center: the prohibition against profaning YHWH's name is matched by the positive assurance that he will be sanctified among Israel regardless — his holiness is not contingent on human success but is made visible precisely through the community's obedient handling of the holy things this chapter has regulated.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
וְלֹ֤אand notconj וְ + neg · לֹא (H3808)Negates the main predicateלֹא (H3808), standard clause negative.
תְחַלְּלוּ֙you shall profanePiel impf 2mp · חִלֵּל (H2490)Predicate verb (prohibitive, main clause)→ Yiqtol: prohibitive/modalחָלַל (H2490) II Piel 'to profane'; the chapter's key term for desecration returns for its final occurrence (cf. vv. 2, 9, 15).
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)אֵת (H853), untranslated nota accusativi marking שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי as definite direct object.
שֵׁ֣םthe name ofN m sg constr · שֵׁם (H8034)Direct object (construct head)שֵׁם (H8034) 'name', construct; שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי 'my holy name', identical phrase to v. 2, now bracketing the whole chapter.
קָדְשִׁ֔יmy holy [name]N m sg constr/Sp1cs · קֹדֶשׁ (H6944)Genitive completing the construct chainקֹדֶשׁ (H6944) with 1cs suffix, 'my holiness'; fixed idiom שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי as in v. 2.
וְנִ֨קְדַּשְׁתִּ֔יbut I will be sanctifiedconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 1cs · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Predicate verb, positive counterpart to the prohibition→ Niphal weqatal: passive/reflexive — a declared certainty, 'I will show myself holy'קָדַשׁ (H6942) Niphal 'to be sanctified, show oneself holy'; YHWH's own holiness is vindicated through Israel's obedience, not diminished by human failure — the positive mirror to תְחַלְּלוּ.
בְּת֖וֹךְin the midst ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · תָּוֶךְ (H8432)Adverbial prepositional phrase of locationתָּוֶךְ (H8432) 'midst, middle', construct with prep בְּ; YHWH's holiness is displayed precisely within the community, through their conduct.
בְּנֵ֣יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive completing the construct chainבֵּן (H1121) construct plural; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'the Israelites'.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelN proper · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing the construct chainיִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478), the covenant community among whom YHWH's holiness is publicly enacted.
אֲנִ֥יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068), further specified by the following participle מְקַדִּשְׁכֶם.
מְקַדִּשְׁכֶֽםwho sanctifies youPiel ptc m sg constr/Sp2mp · קָדַשׁ (H6942)Appositional participle further describing יְהוָה→ Piel participle: an ongoing divine action — YHWH's continual act of consecrating Israelקָדַשׁ (H6942) Piel 'to consecrate, sanctify' with 2mp suffix; parallels the priestly formula of vv. 9, 16 (מְקַדְּשָׁם), now addressed to the whole nation — the chapter's climactic identity statement.
33

הַמּוֹצִ֤יא אֶתְכֶם֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לִהְי֥וֹת לָכֶ֖ם לֵאלֹהִ֑ים אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֽה

who brought you out of the land of Egypt to be your God; I am YHWH.

Closing self-identification: the exodus-redemption formulaasyndeton
The chapter's final verse grounds every preceding regulation in salvation-history: YHWH's claim on Israel's holiness (v. 32) rests on the founding act of the exodus and the covenant formula 'to be your God' — the ultimate theological warrant for the whole chapter's demands.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
הַמּוֹצִ֤יאwho brought outart + Hiphil ptc m sg abs · יָצָא (H3318)Appositional participle further describing YHWH (continuing v. 32)→ Hiphil participle: a defining, characteristic divine act — the exodus deliveranceיָצָא (H3318) Hiphil 'to bring out'; the participle with article, 'the one who brought out', identifies YHWH by his founding redemptive act — the same formula closing many Levitical holiness units (cf. 19:36; 25:38).
אֶתְכֶם֙youobj marker/Sp2mp · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix (definite object)אֵת (H853) with 2mp suffix, marking Israel as the object of the exodus deliverance.
מֵאֶ֣רֶץfrom the land ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Prepositional phrase of sourceאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land', construct with prep מִן; מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם 'from the land of Egypt', the standard exodus formula.
מִצְרַ֔יִםEgyptN proper · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive completing the construct chainמִצְרַיִם (H4714), the place of Israel's former bondage, whose deliverance grounds YHWH's claim to Israel's obedience.
לִהְי֥וֹתto beprep לְ + Qal inf constr · הָיָה (H1961)Purpose infinitive, expressing the goal of the exodus→ Infinitive: names the purpose — the covenant relationship established by the deliveranceהָיָה (H1961) Qal infinitive construct with לְ, 'to be'; לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים 'to be your God' is the fixed covenant-formula (cf. Exod 6:7).
לָכֶ֖םyourprep לְ + Sp2mp · לְIndirect object/possessive within the covenant formulaPreposition לְ with 2mp suffix, 'to/for you' — completing the covenant formula 'to be your God'.
לֵאלֹהִ֑יםas Godprep לְ + N m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Predicate complement of לִהְיוֹתאֱלֹהִים (H430) with prep לְ; the covenant formula's predicate — YHWH becoming Israel's God is the purpose and ground of the exodus.
אֲנִ֖יIindep pron 1cs · אֲנִי (H589)Subject of the closing self-identification formulaאֲנִי (H589), independent 1cs pronoun.
יְהוָֽהYHWHN proper sg · יְהוָה (H3068)Predicate nominativeיְהוָה (H3068); the chapter's final word, sealing the entire unit with the covenant name that has structured every sub-section (cf. vv. 2, 3, 8, 9, 16, 30, 31, 32, 33).