Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Joshua, Chapter 12יהושע 12

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

Joshua 12 converts narrative into inventory: it re-tallies Sihon and Og's Transjordan defeat under Moses, then rolls thirty-one Cisjordan kings under Joshua into a single drumbeat list, many of them (Taanach, Megiddo, Dor, Bethel) never actually shown falling in battle. The register itself becomes the book's claim: total, if uneven, possession of the land.

Translation & textual notes

Joshua 12's MT text is well preserved, but the itemized roll (vv.9-24) contains several small cruxes typical of proper-name lists transmitted across centuries of copying. V.18's second מֶלֶךְ lacks the expected construct form before לַשָּׁרוֹן, suggesting either a periphrastic construction or minor corruption. V.20's שִׁמְרוֹן מְראוֹן duplicates a name that appears as שִׁמְרוֹן alone in the parallel coalition list of 11:1; most critics take מְראוֹן as a secondary expansion, perhaps echoing 'the waters of Merom' (11:5,7), though some retain it as a genuine second element. V.23's גּוֹיִם לְגִלְגָּל is the roll's hardest crux: 'Goiim of Gilgal' has no clear referent, and proposals range from a variant of Harosheth-ha-goiim (4:2) to a scribal garbling of 'Galilee' (cf. Isa 9:1's 'Galilee of the nations'). The Septuagint diverges from the MT at several of these points: its list of kings differs in both order and, in some witnesses, in count — Codex Vaticanus and related manuscripts rearrange entries and, through conflation or omission around the Sharon/Goiim cruxes, do not always total to the MT's clean thirty-one, a reminder that the 'thirty-one' of v.24 is itself an MT-specific redactional achievement rather than a universally fixed number. The chapter closes with a tally the LXX evidently found harder to reproduce than to translate.

1

וְאֵ֣לֶּה מַלְכֵ֣י הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִכּ֤וּ בְנֵֽי יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּ אֶת אַרְצָ֔ם בְּעֵ֥בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרְחָ֣ה הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ מִנַּ֤חַל אַרְנוֹן֙ עַד הַ֣ר חֶרְמ֔וֹן וְכָל הָעֲרָבָ֖ה מִזְרָֽחָה

And these are the kings of the land whom the sons of Israel struck and whose land they possessed beyond the Jordan, toward the sunrise, from the Wadi Arnon to Mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:

Heading (Transjordan roll opens)asyndeton
Opens the chapter's first half with the same relative-clause heading formula that will reintroduce the Cisjordan roll in v.7 ('these are the kings... whom... struck'), framing vv.1-6 as the record of what Israel already possessed east of the Jordan before Joshua's own campaigns began.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
וְאֵ֣לֶּהand theseconj וְ + demonstrative pron cp · אֵלֶּה (H428)Coordinating conjunction + subject (resumptive demonstrative, list-heading formula)אֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; resumptive demonstrative pronoun opening the list-heading formula that introduces both this Transjordan roll (v.1) and its Cisjordan counterpart (v.7).
מַלְכֵ֣יkings ofN m pl constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, plural 'kings of the land')מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; plural construct here ('kings of the land'), heading the chapter's opening summary before the itemized singular tallies of vv.9-24.
הָאָ֗רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of relative clause (antecedent of the whole roll)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, earth'; articular here as the general antecedent ('the land') of the relative clause that frames the whole Transjordan roll.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative clause marker
הִכּ֤וּstruckHiphil perf 3cp · הִכָּה (H5221)Predicate verb of relative clause (main verb, 'whom the sons of Israel struck')→ Perfective: a completed, decisive military actנָכָה (H5221) 'to strike, smite'; Hiphil is the dominant stem, regularly 'to strike down, defeat'; the verb of conquest running throughout Joshua.
בְנֵֽיsons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival, 'sons of X' = the people X)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct plural in the standing idiom בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'sons of Israel' = the Israelite people.
יִשְׂרָאֵל֙Israelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (national name, in construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel', the covenant name of Jacob's descendants; here completing the construct chain 'sons of Israel.'
וַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּand possessedconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3mp · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (result of striking)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — dispossession follows directly from defeatיָרַשׁ (H3425 root יר״שׁ, H3423) 'to take possession of, dispossess, inherit'; Israel's taking of the land as the fulfilled counterpart of the kings' loss of it.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object 'their land')אֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking a definite direct object; untranslated in English.
אַרְצָ֔םtheir landN c sg constr + 3mp suff · אֶרֶץ (H776)Direct object (of וַיִּרְשׁוּ)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land, territory', with 3mp suffix referring to the defeated kings — the very land now itemized in the chapter's roll.
בְּעֵ֥בֶרin the region beyondprep בְּ + N m sg constr · עֵבֶר (H5676)Prepositional phrase (spatial, 'across/on the side of the Jordan')עֵבֶר (H5676) 'region beyond, side'; with the preposition בְּ forms the standard idiom for the Transjordan, 'beyond/across the Jordan.'
הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ןthe Jordanart + proper noun · יַרְדֵּן (H3383)Object of preposition עֵבֶריַרְדֵּן (H3383) 'Jordan' (perhaps 'the descender,' from יָרַד); the river forming Israel's central geographic axis, its east side the referent here.
מִזְרְחָ֣הtoward the rising ofN m sg constr + directional ה · מִזְרָח (H4217)Construct chain + adverbial accusative of direction ('sunrise-ward')מִזְרָח (H4217) 'place of sunrise, east', from זָרַח 'to rise (of the sun)'; here in construct before הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, 'toward the sun's rising.'
הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁthe sunart + N c sg abs · שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121)Genitive (completing the construct מִזְרְחָה)שֶׁמֶשׁ (H8121) 'sun'; with מִזְרָח forms the standard idiom for 'eastward,' orienting the Transjordan territory.
מִנַּ֤חַלfrom the wadi ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · נַחַל (H5158)Prepositional phrase marking spatial origin (southern boundary)נַחַל (H5158) 'wadi, torrent-valley, ravine'; the Arnon gorge forms the traditional southern border of Transjordanian Israel.
אַרְנוֹן֙Arnonproper noun · אַרְנוֹן (H769)Genitive (river name, object of construct נַחַל)אַרְנוֹן (H769) 'Arnon', the deep gorge marking the traditional southern border of the Transjordan territory (cf. Num 21:13; Deut 3:8).
עַדas far asprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase marking spatial terminus
הַ֣רMountN m sg constr · הַר (H2022)Construct chain (genitival, 'Mount Hermon')הַר (H2022) 'mountain, hill country'; in construct before a proper name, forming the toponym 'Mount Hermon,' the northern terminus of the Transjordan territory.
חֶרְמ֔וֹןHermonproper noun · חֶרְמוֹן (H2768)Object of preposition (terminus/extent of territory)חֶרְמוֹן (H2768) 'Hermon' ('devoted, banned'), the snow-capped massif marking the Transjordan territory's northern limit.
וְכָלand all ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain (totality, 'all the Arabah')כֹּל (H3605) 'all, whole, every'; in construct summing the whole rift-valley territory just described.
הָעֲרָבָ֖הthe Arabahart + N f sg abs · עֲרָבָה (H6160)Object of preposition / apposition (the Jordan rift valley)עֲרָבָה (H6160) 'desert plain, steppe'; the Jordan rift valley, here summed as included ('all the Arabah') within the Transjordan grant.
מִזְרָֽחָהeastwardN m sg abs + directional ה · מִזְרָח (H4217)Adverbial accusative of directionמִזְרָח (H4217) 'east, sunrise' + directional ה, 'eastward'; closes v.1's territorial description with the same direction-word that opened it (מִזְרְחָה).
2

סִיחוֹן֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִ֔י הַיּוֹשֵׁ֖ב בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן מֹשֵׁ֡ל מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡ר אֲשֶׁר֩ עַל שְׂפַת נַ֨חַל אַרְנ֜וֹן וְת֤וֹךְ הַנַּ֨חַל֙ וַחֲצִ֣י הַגִּלְעָ֔ד וְעַד֙ יַבֹּ֣ק הַנַּ֔חַל גְּב֖וּל בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן

Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, ruling from Aroer, which is on the edge of the Wadi Arnon, and the middle of the wadi, and half of Gilead, as far as the Wadi Jabbok, the border of the sons of Ammon;

Elaboration (Sihon's territory)asyndeton
A participial and prepositional description trailing off the headline in v.1, detailing Sihon's kingdom by its boundary markers (Aroer, Arnon, Gilead, Jabbok) rather than by narrated battle — establishing the roll's characteristic geographic idiom before it turns to bare tallies in vv.9-24.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
סִיחוֹן֙Sihonproper noun · סִיחוֹן (H5511)Subject / apposition (named king of the Amorites)סִיחוֹן (H5511) 'Sihon', the Amorite king of Heshbon whom Moses defeated (Num 21:21-30; Deut 2:26-37), the first of the two Transjordan kings this roll credits to him.
מֶ֣לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct before the gentilic הָאֱמֹרִי, 'king of the Amorites,' Sihon's royal title.
הָאֱמֹרִ֔יthe Amoriteart + gentilic adj ms · אֱמֹרִי (H567)Apposition / predicate nominative (ethnic identification)אֱמֹרִי (H567) 'Amorite'; one of the standard names for Canaan's pre-Israelite inhabitants, here specifically Sihon's people east of the Jordan.
הַיּוֹשֵׁ֖בwho dweltart + Qal ptc ms · יָשַׁב (H3427)Attributive participle (substantival, in apposition to the king's name)→ Participle: durative/characterizing — depicts ongoing rule from a fixed seatיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to sit, dwell, remain'; the participle here characterizes Sihon by his fixed royal seat at Heshbon, paralleling the same participle used of Og in v.4.
בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹןin Heshbonprep בְּ + proper noun · חֶשְׁבּוֹן (H2809)Prepositional phrase (locative, Sihon's capital)חֶשְׁבּוֹן (H2809) 'Heshbon', Sihon's royal city east of the Jordan, later assigned to Reuben then Gad (13:17, 26).
מֹשֵׁ֡לrulingQal ptc ms · מָשַׁל (H4910)Attributive participle (substantival, continuing the description of Sihon)→ Participle: durative — his ongoing dominion, described by its southern extentמָשַׁל (H4910) 'to rule, have dominion'; the participle marks Sihon's standing sovereignty over the territory named.
מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡רfrom Aroerprep מִן + proper noun · עֲרוֹעֵר (H6177)Prepositional phrase (spatial origin, marking dominion's southern edge)עֲרוֹעֵר (H6177) 'Aroer', a town on the north rim of the Arnon gorge, the fixed southern marker of Sihon's — and later Reuben's — territory.
אֲשֶׁר֩whichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative clause marker
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase (locative, 'on the edge of')עַל (H5921) 'on, upon, beside'; here locating Aroer at the rim of the Arnon gorge.
שְׂפַתthe edge ofN f sg constr · שָׂפָה (H8193)Construct chain (genitival, 'edge/lip of the wadi')שָׂפָה (H8193) 'lip, edge, bank'; a spatial metaphor from the body-part 'lip' applied to a valley's rim.
נַ֨חַלthe wadi ofN m sg constr · נַחַל (H5158)Construct chain (genitival, 'the wadi of Arnon')נַחַל (H5158) 'wadi, ravine'; here in construct directly before the river-name Arnon.
אַרְנ֜וֹןArnonproper noun · אַרְנוֹן (H769)Genitive (river name, object of construct נַחַל)אַרְנוֹן (H769) 'Arnon'; repeated from v.1, here specifying Aroer's location on the gorge's rim as the starting point of Sihon's southern border.
וְת֤וֹךְand the middle ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · תָּוֶךְ (H8432)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain ('and the middle of the wadi')תָּוֶךְ (H8432) 'midst, middle'; the border runs through the wadi's own center, not merely to its edge.
הַנַּ֨חַל֙the wadiart + N m sg abs · נַחַל (H5158)Object of preposition (the Arnon ravine, referent resumed with article)נַחַל (H5158) 'wadi, torrent-valley'; articular here, resuming reference to the Arnon just named, whose very midstream forms the border.
וַחֲצִ֣יand half ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · חֲצִי (H2677)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain ('and half of Gilead')חֲצִי (H2677) 'half'; introduces the border running through only half of Gilead, the remainder falling to Og's kingdom in v.5.
הַגִּלְעָ֔דGileadart + proper noun · גִּלְעָד (H1568)Genitive (regional name, object of חֲצִי, 'half of Gilead')גִּלְעָד (H1568) 'Gilead', the rugged hill country east of the Jordan, later divided between Sihon's and Og's realms and then between Israelite tribes (13:24-31).
וְעַד֙and as far asconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (terminus)
יַבֹּ֣קJabbokproper noun · יַבֹּק (H2999)Genitive (river name, object of construct עַד...הַנַּחַל)יַבֹּק (H2999) 'Jabbok', the river marking the border between Sihon's kingdom and Ammon (cf. Gen 32:23, Jacob's wrestling site).
הַנַּ֔חַלthe wadiart + N m sg abs · נַחַל (H5158)Object of preposition (the Arnon ravine, referent resumed with article)נַחַל (H5158) 'wadi'; articular, referring here to the Jabbok just named, Sihon's northern/eastern border with Ammon.
גְּב֖וּלborder ofN m sg constr · גְּבוּל (H1366)Construct chain (genitival, territorial boundary)גְּבוּל (H1366) 'border, territory'; introduces the final boundary marker of Sihon's kingdom, the frontier with Ammon.
בְּנֵ֥יsons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Construct chain (genitival, 'sons of X' = the people X)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct plural in the idiom 'sons of Ammon' = the Ammonite people, whose border the Jabbok forms.
עַמּֽוֹןAmmonproper noun · עַמּוֹן (H5983)Genitive (national name, in construct chain 'sons of Ammon')עַמּוֹן (H5983) 'Ammon', the Transjordanian people east of Gilead whose border the Jabbok forms.
3

וְהָעֲרָבָה֩ עַד יָ֨ם כִּנְר֜וֹת מִזְרָ֗חָה וְ֠עַד יָ֣ם הָעֲרָבָ֤ה יָם הַמֶּ֨לַח֙ מִזְרָ֔חָה דֶּ֖רֶךְ בֵּ֣ית הַיְשִׁמ֑וֹת וּמִ֨תֵּימָ֔ן תַּ֖חַת אַשְׁדּ֥וֹת הַפִּסְגָּֽה

and the Arabah as far as the Sea of Chinneroth eastward, and as far as the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea) eastward, the way to Beth-jeshimoth, and on the south, under the slopes of Pisgah;

Elaboration continues (Transjordan boundary, cont.)וְ
Continues the boundary description begun in v.2, now sweeping from the Sea of Chinneroth south to the Salt Sea and the slopes of Pisgah — the same geography traversed by Deut 3:17 and 4:49.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
וְהָעֲרָבָה֩and the Arabahconj וְ + art + N f sg abs · עֲרָבָה (H6160)Coordinating conjunction + subject (resumed, 'and the Arabah [extends]')עֲרָבָה (H6160) 'desert plain, steppe'; here resuming the rift-valley description from v.1, now traced further south to the Salt Sea.
עַדas far asprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase marking spatial terminus
יָ֨םsea ofN m sg constr · יָם (H3220)Construct chain (genitival, body-of-water name)יָם (H3220) 'sea'; construct before כִּנְרוֹת, 'the Sea of Chinneroth' (later the Sea of Galilee), marking the northeastern extent of the boundary sweep.
כִּנְר֜וֹתChinnerothproper noun · כִּנְרוֹת (H3672)Genitive (body-of-water name, object of construct יָם)כִּנְרוֹת (H3672) 'Chinneroth', the OT name for the Sea of Galilee, from כִּנּוֹר 'lyre' (the lake's harp-like shape); marks the northern extent of the eastern border.
מִזְרָ֗חָהeastwardN m sg abs + directional ה · מִזְרָח (H4217)Adverbial accusative of directionמִזְרָח (H4217) 'east' + directional ה; repeats v.1's directional idiom, here orienting the Sea of Chinneroth eastward.
וְ֠עַדand as far asconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (terminus)
יָ֣םsea ofN m sg constr · יָם (H3220)Construct chain (genitival, body-of-water name)יָם (H3220) 'sea'; construct again, this time before הָעֲרָבָה, 'the Sea of the Arabah' (the Dead Sea).
הָעֲרָבָ֤הthe Arabahart + N f sg abs · עֲרָבָה (H6160)Object of preposition / apposition (the Jordan rift valley)עֲרָבָה (H6160) 'steppe, rift valley'; here in construct genitive after יָם, forming 'the Sea of the Arabah,' explained in apposition as the Salt Sea.
יָםsea ofN m sg constr · יָם (H3220)Construct chain (genitival, body-of-water name)יָם (H3220) 'sea'; a third occurrence, construct before הַמֶּלַח, completing the appositional phrase 'the Salt Sea.'
הַמֶּ֨לַח֙the Saltart + N m sg abs · מֶלַח (H4417)Genitive/apposition (completing 'Sea of the Salt' = the Dead Sea, in apposition to יָם הָעֲרָבָה)מֶלַח (H4417) 'salt'; יָם הַמֶּלַח 'the Salt Sea' is the standard OT name for the Dead Sea, here in apposition to 'the Sea of the Arabah.'
מִזְרָ֔חָהeastwardN m sg abs + directional ה · מִזְרָח (H4217)Adverbial accusative of directionמִזְרָח (H4217) 'east' + directional ה; a third 'eastward' in this verse, underscoring the boundary's eastern orientation down to the Salt Sea.
דֶּ֖רֶךְthe way ofN c sg constr · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Adverbial accusative (of direction, 'toward Beth-jeshimoth')דֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, road, direction'; here functioning adverbially, 'in the direction of Beth-jeshimoth.'
בֵּ֣יתBeth-jeshimothproper noun (first element) · בֵּית הַיְשִׁמוֹת (H1020)Construct chain (first element of the two-word toponym 'Beth-jeshimoth')H1020 בֵּית הַיְשִׁמוֹת 'Beth-jeshimoth' ('House/Place of the Wastelands'), a town on the plains east of the Jordan's mouth, near the Dead Sea; the name spans two orthographic words sharing one lexeme.
הַיְשִׁמ֑וֹת[-jeshimoth]proper noun (second element) · בֵּית הַיְשִׁמוֹת (H1020)Construct chain (second element of the toponym, article retained in the fixed name)יְשִׁמוֹת, from יְשִׁימוֹן 'desert, wasteland'; second element of the compound place-name, referring to the barren plains of Moab opposite Jericho.
וּמִ֨תֵּימָ֔ןand from the southconj וְ + prep מִן + N f sg abs · תֵּימָן (H8486)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (spatial, marking the southern extent)תֵּימָן (H8486) 'south, right hand (facing east)'; here marking the southern boundary of the described strip, under the slopes of Pisgah.
תַּ֖חַתunderprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Prepositional phrase (spatial, locating the slopes)תַּחַת (H8478) 'under, beneath, in place of'; here purely spatial, 'below the slopes of Pisgah.'
אַשְׁדּ֥וֹתthe slopes ofN f pl constr · אֵשֶׁד (H794)Construct chain (genitival, 'slopes of Pisgah')אֵשֶׁד (H794) 'slope, foot (of a mountain)'; construct plural before פִּסְגָּה, the descending flank of the Pisgah ridge overlooking the Dead Sea.
הַפִּסְגָּֽהPisgahart + proper noun · פִּסְגָּה (H6449)Genitive (mountain name, object of construct אַשְׁדוֹת)פִּסְגָּה (H6449) 'Pisgah', the ridge east of the Dead Sea from which Moses viewed the promised land (Deut 34:1); here marking the southern limit of Sihon's realm.
4

וּגְב֗וּל ע֚וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַבָּשָׁ֔ן מִיֶּ֖תֶר הָרְפָאִ֑ים הַיּוֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּעַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּבְאֶדְרֶֽעִי

and the territory of Og king of Bashan, of the remnant of the Rephaim, who dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,

Elaboration (Og's territory introduced)וְ
Shifts from Sihon to the second Transjordan king, Og of Bashan, identified by his descent from the Rephaim and his two capital cities — paralleling the introduction pattern used for Sihon in v.2.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
וּגְב֗וּלand the territory ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · גְּבוּל (H1366)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain (genitival, 'and the territory of Og')גְּבוּל (H1366) 'border, territory'; here introducing the second Transjordan kingdom, that of Og.
ע֚וֹגOgproper noun · עוֹג (H5747)Genitive (named king, object of construct גְּבוּל)עוֹג (H5747) 'Og', the last king of the Rephaim (Deut 3:11), ruler of Bashan, defeated at Edrei (Num 21:33-35).
מֶ֣לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct before הַבָּשָׁן, 'king of Bashan,' Og's royal title.
הַבָּשָׁ֔ןthe Bashanart + proper noun · בָּשָׁן (H1316)Object of preposition / genitive (regional name, articular)בָּשָׁן (H1316) 'Bashan', the fertile plateau north of Gilead, Og's kingdom, later famous for its cattle and oaks (Ps 22:12; Isa 2:13).
מִיֶּ֖תֶרfrom the remnant ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · יֶתֶר (H3499)Prepositional phrase (partitive, 'of the remnant of the Rephaim')יֶתֶר (H3499) 'remainder, remnant'; Og is identified as one of the last survivors of the Rephaim, a legendary aboriginal race of giants (cf. Deut 3:11).
הָרְפָאִ֑יםthe Rephaimart + N m pl abs · רָפָא (H7497)Genitive (object of construct מִיֶּתֶר, partitive)רְפָאִים (H7497) 'Rephaim', a pre-Israelite people remembered as giants, inhabiting both sides of the Jordan (Gen 14:5; Deut 2:11, 20; 3:11); Og's genealogy underlines the scale of the victory.
הַיּוֹשֵׁ֥בwho dweltart + Qal ptc ms · יָשַׁב (H3427)Attributive participle (substantival, in apposition to the king's name)→ Participle: durative/characterizing — depicts ongoing rule from a fixed seatיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to sit, dwell'; the same characterizing participle used of Sihon in v.2, here fixing Og's rule at his two capitals.
בְּעַשְׁתָּר֖וֹתat Ashtarothprep בְּ + proper noun · עַשְׁתָּרוֹת (H6252)Prepositional phrase (locative, one of Og's two royal cities)עַשְׁתָּרוֹת (H6252) 'Ashtaroth', named for the goddess Astarte; one of Og's capital cities in Bashan (cf. Josh 9:10; 13:12).
וּבְאֶדְרֶֽעִיand at Edreiconj וְ + prep בְּ + proper noun · אֶדְרֶעִי (H154)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, site of Og's defeat)אֶדְרֶעִי (H154) 'Edrei', Og's other capital and the site of the battle where Israel struck him (Num 21:33; Deut 3:1).
5

וּ֠מֹשֵׁל בְּהַ֨ר חֶרְמ֤וֹן וּבְסַלְכָה֙ וּבְכָל הַבָּשָׁ֔ן עַד גְּב֥וּל הַגְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֑י וַחֲצִי֙ הַגִּלְעָ֔ד גְּב֖וּל סִיח֥וֹן מֶֽלֶךְ חֶשְׁבּֽוֹן

and ruled over Mount Hermon, and Salecah, and all Bashan, as far as the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and half of Gilead, the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.

Elaboration continues (Og's territory, cont.)וְ
Completes Og's territorial description with the northern and eastern borders (Hermon, Salecah, the Geshurite and Maacathite frontiers) before rejoining Sihon's border at Gilead, closing the ring begun in v.2.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וּ֠מֹשֵׁלand rulingconj וְ + Qal ptc ms · מָשַׁל (H4910)Coordinating conjunction + attributive participle (continuing the description of Og's dominion)→ Participle: durative — Og's ongoing rule extended over the whole territory namedמָשַׁל (H4910) 'to rule, have dominion'; echoes v.2's description of Sihon, now applied to Og's larger domain across all Bashan.
בְּהַ֨רover Mountprep בְּ + N m sg constr · הַר (H2022)Prepositional phrase (spatial extent of dominion, 'over Mount Hermon')הַר (H2022) 'mountain'; here in construct before חֶרְמוֹן, marking the northern limit of Og's rule.
חֶרְמ֤וֹןHermonproper noun · חֶרְמוֹן (H2768)Object of preposition (terminus/extent of territory)חֶרְמוֹן (H2768) 'Hermon'; repeats v.1's northern landmark, now marking the northern limit of Og's own dominion in Bashan.
וּבְסַלְכָה֙and at Salecahconj וְ + prep בְּ + proper noun · סַלְכָה (H5548)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, easternmost city of Bashan)סַלְכָה (H5548) 'Salecah', a city on the eastern edge of Bashan (cf. Deut 3:10; 1 Chr 5:11), marking dominion's eastern extent.
וּבְכָלand over all ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain (totality, 'and all Bashan')כֹּל (H3605) 'all, whole'; summing the totality of Og's kingdom in Bashan before naming its border peoples.
הַבָּשָׁ֔ןthe Bashanart + proper noun · בָּשָׁן (H1316)Object of preposition / genitive (regional name, articular)בָּשָׁן (H1316) 'Bashan'; repeated from v.4, here summed in totality ('all Bashan') before the border peoples are named.
עַדas far asprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase marking spatial terminus
גְּב֥וּלborder ofN m sg constr · גְּבוּל (H1366)Construct chain (genitival, territorial boundary)גְּבוּל (H1366) 'border'; introduces the eastern frontier of Og's kingdom, adjoining the Geshurites and Maacathites.
הַגְּשׁוּרִ֖יthe Geshuritesart + gentilic adj ms · גְּשׁוּרִי (H1651)Object of preposition (ethnic name, marking a border people)גְּשׁוּרִי (H1651) 'Geshurite', a small Aramean people east of Bashan (cf. Deut 3:14; 2 Sam 3:3), never conquered by Israel (13:13).
וְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֑יand the Maacathitesconj וְ + art + gentilic adj ms · מַעֲכָתִי (H4602)Coordinating conjunction + object of preposition (ethnic name, marking a border people)מַעֲכָתִי (H4602) 'Maacathite', a small Aramean people bordering Bashan (cf. Deut 3:14), likewise left unconquered (13:13).
וַחֲצִי֙and half ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · חֲצִי (H2677)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain ('and half of Gilead')חֲצִי (H2677) 'half'; repeats v.2's term, here closing the ring by naming the same half of Gilead as the border between Og's and Sihon's realms.
הַגִּלְעָ֔דGileadart + proper noun · גִּלְעָד (H1568)Genitive (regional name, object of חֲצִי, 'half of Gilead')גִּלְעָד (H1568) 'Gilead'; repeated from v.2, here marking the point where Og's territorial description rejoins Sihon's.
גְּב֖וּלborder ofN m sg constr · גְּבוּל (H1366)Construct chain (genitival, territorial boundary)גְּבוּל (H1366) 'border'; second use in the verse, now introducing Sihon's border explicitly, closing the Transjordan territorial summary begun in v.2.
סִיח֥וֹןSihonproper noun · סִיחוֹן (H5511)Subject / apposition (named king of the Amorites)סִיחוֹן (H5511) 'Sihon'; named again to mark the boundary where Og's kingdom (Gilead's northern half) meets Sihon's (the southern half).
מֶֽלֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct before חֶשְׁבּוֹן, closing the verse and the whole Transjordan boundary summary with Sihon's royal city.
חֶשְׁבּֽוֹןHeshbonproper noun · חֶשְׁבּוֹן (H2809)Genitive (royal city, object of construct גְּבוּל, 'border of Sihon king of Heshbon')חֶשְׁבּוֹן (H2809) 'Heshbon', Sihon's capital (cf. v.2), here marking the terminus of the boundary summary that closes vv.1-5's Transjordan roll.
6

מֹשֶׁ֧ה עֶֽבֶד יְהוָ֛ה וּבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל הִכּ֑וּם וַֽ֠יִּתְּנָהּ מֹשֶׁ֨ה עֶֽבֶד יְהוָ֜ה יְרֻשָּׁ֗ה לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙ וְלַגָּדִ֔י וְלַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֥בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּֽׁה

Moses the servant of YHWH and the sons of Israel struck them; and Moses the servant of YHWH gave it as a possession to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh.

Resolution (Moses' conquest and grant)asyndeton
Returns to the main narrative line with a summarizing verb pair (struck... gave), crediting Moses rather than Joshua for the Transjordan conquest and formally naming its three tribal recipients — the closing counterpart to v.1's opening formula.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
מֹשֶׁ֧הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject (proper noun, resumed after apposition)מֹשֶׁה (H4872) 'Moses'; named as the human agent of the Transjordan conquest and land-grant, distinguishing this section's credited leader from Joshua's own Cisjordan roll in v.7.
עֶֽבֶדservant ofN m sg constr · עֶבֶד (H5650)Construct chain (genitival, honorific title 'servant of YHWH')עֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant, slave'; construct in the honorific title 'servant of YHWH,' Moses' standing epithet (cf. Deut 34:5; Josh 1:1).
יְהוָ֛הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive (object of construct עֶבֶד, 'servant of YHWH')יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God; completes the honorific construct 'servant of YHWH.'
וּבְנֵ֥יand sons ofconj וְ + N m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain ('and the sons of Israel')בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct plural, 'and the sons of Israel,' joined with Moses as co-agents of the Transjordan conquest.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (national name, in construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'; completes the construct chain 'sons of Israel.'
הִכּ֑וּםstruck themHiphil perf 3cp + 3mp suff · הִכָּה (H5221)Predicate verb (main clause, resumptive summary of the conquest)→ Perfective: a completed, decisive act, summarizing the whole Transjordan campaignנָכָה (H5221) 'to strike, smite'; the same verb that opened the chapter (v.1) now closes the Transjordan section, forming an inclusio around vv.1-6.
וַֽ֠יִּתְּנָהּand he gave itconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms + 3fs suff · נָתַן (H5414)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main-line verb, resuming the subject by name)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the formal act of land-grantנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; wayyiqtol with 3fs suffix ('and he gave it'), the formal verb of land-grant, here crediting Moses with the Transjordan allotment before Joshua performs the same act for Cisjordan in v.7.
מֹשֶׁ֨הMosesproper noun · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Subject (proper noun, resumed after apposition)מֹשֶׁה (H4872) 'Moses'; named a second time in the verse as subject of the giving, an emphatic repetition of the full title 'Moses the servant of YHWH.'
עֶֽבֶדservant ofN m sg constr · עֶבֶד (H5650)Construct chain (genitival, honorific title 'servant of YHWH')עֶבֶד (H5650) 'servant'; the honorific title repeated for emphasis as Moses is credited with the formal act of granting the land.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHproper noun · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive (object of construct עֶבֶד, 'servant of YHWH')יְהוָה (H3068); completes the repeated honorific 'servant of YHWH' at the verse's structural center.
יְרֻשָּׁ֗הas a possessionN f sg abs · יְרֻשָּׁה (H3425)Adverbial accusative (of result/purpose, with וַיִּתֵּן)יְרֻשָּׁה (H3425) 'possession, inheritance'; the adverbial accusative naming the legal status of the grant — the land given 'as a possession' to the three Transjordan tribes.
לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙to the Reubenitesprep לְ + art + gentilic adj ms · רְאוּבֵנִי (H7206)Prepositional phrase (indirect object, recipient of the land grant)רְאוּבֵנִי (H7206) 'Reubenite', the tribe of Reuben, first of the three Transjordan tribes to receive their inheritance (cf. 13:15-23).
וְלַגָּדִ֔יand to the Gaditesconj וְ + prep לְ + art + gentilic adj ms · גָּדִי (H1425)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (indirect object)גָּדִי (H1425) 'Gadite', the tribe of Gad, second of the Transjordan tribes (cf. 13:24-28).
וְלַחֲצִ֖יand to half ofconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg constr · חֲצִי (H2677)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase + construct chain (indirect object, 'to half the tribe of Manasseh')חֲצִי (H2677) 'half'; only half of Manasseh settled east of the Jordan, the other half receiving land in Cisjordan (cf. 13:29-31; 17:1-6).
שֵׁ֥בֶטthe tribe ofN m sg constr · שֵׁבֶט (H7626)Construct chain (genitival, 'the tribe of Manasseh')שֵׁבֶט (H7626) 'tribe, rod, staff'; standard term for a tribal division of Israel.
הַֽמְנַשֶּֽׁהManassehart + proper noun · מְנַשֶּׁה (H4519)Genitive (tribal name, object of construct שֵׁבֶט)מְנַשֶּׁה (H4519) 'Manasseh', son of Joseph; the tribe's eastern half received Gilead and Bashan, Og's former kingdom (v.4-5; 13:29-31).
7

וְאֵ֣לֶּה מַלְכֵ֣י הָאָ֡רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֩ הִכָּ֨ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ וּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל בְּעֵ֤בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ יָ֔מָּה מִבַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ בְּבִקְעַ֣ת הַלְּבָנ֔וֹן וְעַד הָהָ֥ר הֶחָלָ֖ק הָעֹלֶ֣ה שֵׂעִ֑ירָה וַיִּתְּנָ֨הּ יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ לְשִׁבְטֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל יְרֻשָּׁ֖ה כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם

And these are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the sons of Israel struck beyond the Jordan, on the west, from Baal-gad in the Valley of Lebanon as far as Mount Halak that rises toward Seir — and Joshua gave it to the tribes of Israel as a possession, according to their divisions —

Heading (Cisjordan roll opens)וְ
Reopens the list-heading formula of v.1, now for the west-Jordan kings under Joshua's own leadership; the territorial span (Baal-gad to Mount Halak) and the note on tribal allotment by divisions anticipate the detailed inheritance lists of chs.13-21.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
וְאֵ֣לֶּהand theseconj וְ + demonstrative pron cp · אֵלֶּה (H428)Coordinating conjunction + subject (resumptive demonstrative, list-heading formula)אֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; reopens the same list-heading demonstrative used in v.1, now introducing the Cisjordan roll under Joshua.
מַלְכֵ֣יkings ofN m pl constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, plural 'kings of the land')מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; plural construct, 'kings of the land,' heading the west-Jordan roll exactly as v.1 headed the eastern one.
הָאָ֡רֶץthe landart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of relative clause (antecedent of the whole roll)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; articular antecedent of the relative clause, now framing the whole Cisjordan roster of thirty-one kings.
אֲשֶׁר֩whichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative clause marker
הִכָּ֨הstruckHiphil perf 3ms · הִכָּה (H5221)Predicate verb of relative clause (main verb, 'whom Joshua struck')→ Perfective: a completed, decisive military actנָכָה (H5221) 'to strike, smite'; opens the second roll (west-Jordan kings) exactly as v.1 opened the first (Transjordan kings).
יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַJoshuaproper noun · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Subject (proper noun)יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091) 'Joshua' ('YHWH is salvation'), Moses' successor and the human agent of the Cisjordan conquest, credited here as v.6 credited Moses with the Transjordan one.
וּבְנֵ֣יand sons ofconj וְ + N m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Coordinating conjunction + construct chain ('and the sons of Israel')בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; construct plural, 'and the sons of Israel,' joined with Joshua as co-agents, echoing v.6's parallel phrase for Moses.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֗לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (national name, in construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'; completes the construct chain 'sons of Israel.'
בְּעֵ֤בֶרin the region beyondprep בְּ + N m sg constr · עֵבֶר (H5676)Prepositional phrase (spatial, 'across/on the side of the Jordan')עֵבֶר (H5676) 'region beyond, side'; repeats v.1's idiom, now specifying the western side of the Jordan (יָמָּה, 'seaward') for Joshua's own campaign.
הַיַּרְדֵּן֙the Jordanart + proper noun · יַרְדֵּן (H3383)Object of preposition עֵבֶריַרְדֵּן (H3383) 'Jordan'; the same river-boundary named in v.1, now the eastern edge of the territory Joshua's roll will itemize.
יָ֔מָּהtoward the seaN m sg abs + directional ה · יָם (H3220)Adverbial accusative of direction ('seaward' = westward)יָם (H3220) 'sea'; with directional ה idiomatically means 'westward,' since the Mediterranean lies west of Israel.
מִבַּ֤עַלfrom Baal-prep מִן + proper noun (first element) · בַּעַל גָּד (H1171)Prepositional phrase (spatial origin, northern extent named first)בַּעַל (H1171) 'lord, Baal'; first element of the compound toponym בַּעַל גָּד, a Canaanite sanctuary town at the foot of Hermon, marking the far-northern limit of the conquered territory.
גָּד֙-gadproper noun (second element) · בַּעַל גָּד (H1171)Construct chain (second element of the toponym Baal-gad)גָּד (H1171), here the second element of בַּעַל גָּד 'Baal-gad,' likely honoring the god of fortune; located in the Valley of Lebanon at Hermon's foot (11:17; 13:5).
בְּבִקְעַ֣תin the valley ofprep בְּ + N f sg constr · בִּקְעָה (H1237)Prepositional phrase (locative, appositional to Baal-gad's location)בִּקְעָה (H1237) 'valley, plain'; the valley between the Lebanon and Hermon ranges, here specifying Baal-gad's setting.
הַלְּבָנ֔וֹןLebanonart + proper noun · לְבָנוֹן (H3844)Genitive (regional name, object of construct בִּקְעַת)לְבָנוֹן (H3844) 'Lebanon', from לָבָן 'white' (its snow-capped peaks); the northernmost geographic marker of the whole conquest.
וְעַדand as far asconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (terminus)
הָהָ֥רthe mountainart + N m sg abs · הַר (H2022)Object of preposition (terminus, resumed with article before the attributive adjective)הַר (H2022) 'mountain'; here articular before the attributive הֶחָלָק, 'the smooth/bare mountain.'
הֶחָלָ֖קHalakart + adj ms · חָלָק (H2510)Attributive adjective (forming the toponym 'Mount Halak,' the bare mountain)חָלָק (H2510) 'smooth, bare'; הָהָר הֶחָלָק 'the bare mountain' (Mount Halak) marks the southern limit of the conquest, toward Edom (11:17).
הָעֹלֶ֣הthat risesart + Qal ptc ms · עָלָה (H5927)Attributive participle (substantival, describing the mountain's ascent toward Seir)→ Participle: durative — the terrain's fixed, ongoing rise toward Seirעָלָה (H5927) 'to go up, ascend'; here describing the mountain's rising toward Seir, the southern border with Edom.
שֵׂעִ֑ירָהtoward Seirproper noun + directional ה · שֵׂעִיר (H8165)Adverbial accusative of direction (terminus, southern boundary marker)שֵׂעִיר (H8165) 'Seir', the mountainous homeland of Edom south of the Dead Sea; marks the conquest's southern horizon, mirroring Mount Hermon's northern horizon in v.1.
וַיִּתְּנָ֨הּand he gave itconj וְ + Qal wayyiqtol 3ms + 3fs suff · נָתַן (H5414)Wayyiqtol of narrative sequence (main-line verb, resuming the subject by name)→ Wayyiqtol: foregrounded narrative advance — the formal act of land-grantנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; wayyiqtol with 3fs suffix, the same formal verb of land-grant used of Moses in v.6, now crediting Joshua with the Cisjordan allotment to all the tribes.
יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַJoshuaproper noun · יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091)Subject (proper noun)יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (H3091) 'Joshua'; named a second time as subject of the giving, paralleling the doubled naming of Moses in v.6.
לְשִׁבְטֵ֧יto the tribes ofprep לְ + N m pl constr · שֵׁבֶט (H7626)Prepositional phrase (indirect object, recipient of the land grant)שֵׁבֶט (H7626) 'tribe'; plural construct here, since all the Cisjordan tribes (not just three, as in v.6) receive the land.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֛לIsraelproper noun · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive (national name, in construct chain)יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'; completes 'the tribes of Israel,' the recipients of Joshua's Cisjordan grant.
יְרֻשָּׁ֖הas a possessionN f sg abs · יְרֻשָּׁה (H3425)Adverbial accusative (of result/purpose, with וַיִּתֵּן)יְרֻשָּׁה (H3425) 'possession, inheritance'; repeats v.6's term, naming the legal status of Joshua's grant to all the Cisjordan tribes.
כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽםaccording to their divisionsprep כְּ + N f pl constr + 3mp suff · מַחֲלֹקֶת (H4256)Prepositional phrase (manner, closing the west-Jordan heading before the itemized roll)מַחֲלֹקֶת (H4256) 'division, course'; the land was allotted by fixed tribal divisions, the very organizing principle the chapter's roll of thirty-one kings will illustrate.
8

בָּהָ֣ר וּבַשְּׁפֵלָ֗ה וּבָֽעֲרָבָה֙ וּבָ֣אֲשֵׁד֔וֹת וּבַמִּדְבָּ֖ר וּבַנֶּ֑גֶב הַֽחִתִּי֙ הָֽאֱמֹרִ֔י וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ הַפְּרִזִּ֔י הַחִוִּ֖י וְהַיְבוּסִֽי

in the hill country, and in the lowland, and in the Arabah, and on the slopes, and in the wilderness, and in the Negev — the Hittite, the Amorite, and the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite:

Elaboration (regional and ethnic summary)asyndeton
A terrain sextet followed by a nation sextet summarizes, in general terms, the whole conquered territory and its former inhabitants before the chapter narrows to the itemized thirty-one-king roll — the same rhetorical move as 11:16-23's summary before this chapter's roster.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
בָּהָ֣רin the hill countryprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · הַר (H2022)Prepositional phrase (locative, first of six regions summarizing the conquered territory)הַר (H2022) 'hill country, mountain'; first of the sixfold regional list summarizing the whole land's terrain (cf. 10:40; 11:16).
וּבַשְּׁפֵלָ֗הand in the lowlandconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · שְׁפֵלָה (H8219)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, second region)שְׁפֵלָה (H8219) 'lowland, foothills'; the low hill country between the coastal plain and the central highlands.
וּבָֽעֲרָבָה֙and in the Arabahconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · עֲרָבָה (H6160)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, third region)עֲרָבָה (H6160) 'steppe, rift valley'; the Jordan-Dead Sea rift, already detailed in vv.1-3.
וּבָ֣אֲשֵׁד֔וֹתand on the slopesconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f pl abs · אֵשֶׁד (H794)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, fourth region)אֵשֶׁד (H794) 'slope, foot (of a mountain)'; the same term used of Pisgah's slopes in v.3, here generalized to the whole land's mountain flanks.
וּבַמִּדְבָּ֖רand in the wildernessconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · מִדְבָּר (H4057)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, fifth region)מִדְבָּר (H4057) 'wilderness, uncultivated land'; the arid margins of the territory, notably the Judean wilderness.
וּבַנֶּ֑גֶבand in the Negevconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · נֶגֶב (H5045)Coordinating conjunction + prepositional phrase (locative, sixth and final region)נֶגֶב (H5045) 'south, dry land'; the arid southern region toward the Sinai, closing the sixfold regional survey (v.8's terrain sextet).
הַֽחִתִּי֙the Hittiteart + gentilic adj ms · חִתִּי (H2850)Subject / appositional list (first of the six-nation roster)חִתִּי (H2850) 'Hittite'; first of the standard six (or seven) nations of Canaan (cf. Exod 3:8; Deut 7:1).
הָֽאֱמֹרִ֔יthe Amoriteart + gentilic adj ms · אֱמֹרִי (H567)Apposition / predicate nominative (ethnic identification)אֱמֹרִי (H567) 'Amorite'; second of the six-nation roster, repeating the term already used of Sihon's people in v.2, here generalized to all Cisjordan Amorites.
וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙and the Canaaniteconj וְ + art + gentilic adj ms · כְּנַעֲנִי (H3669)Coordinating conjunction + appositional list (third nation)כְּנַעֲנִי (H3669) 'Canaanite'; the general term for the land's inhabitants, here one item among the specific nations.
הַפְּרִזִּ֔יthe Perizziteart + gentilic adj ms · פְּרִזִּי (H6522)Appositional list (fourth nation)פְּרִזִּי (H6522) 'Perizzite'; of uncertain origin, perhaps 'villagers' (from פְּרָזוֹת 'open country').
הַחִוִּ֖יthe Hiviteart + gentilic adj ms · חִוִּי (H2340)Appositional list (fifth nation)חִוִּי (H2340) 'Hivite'; associated with Gibeon (9:7) and the northern coalition (11:3).
וְהַיְבוּסִֽיand the Jebusiteconj וְ + art + gentilic adj ms · יְבוּסִי (H2983)Coordinating conjunction + appositional list (sixth and final nation)יְבוּסִי (H2983) 'Jebusite'; inhabitants of Jerusalem before David's conquest (2 Sam 5:6-9), closing the nation list as Jerusalem's king (v.10) opens the roll of kings.
9

מֶ֥לֶךְ יְרִיח֖וֹ אֶחָ֑ד מֶ֧לֶךְ הָעַ֛י אֲשֶׁר מִצַּ֥ד בֵּֽית אֵ֖ל אֶחָֽד

the king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which is beside Bethel, one;

List entry (conquest roster opens)asyndeton
The thirty-one-king roll begins where the conquest narrative began: Jericho (ch.6) and Ai (chs.7-8), the two cities whose capture frames the whole book's opening campaign.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct singular opening the roll's very first entry, 'the king of Jericho,' the recurring headword of the thirty-one-fold tally formula.
יְרִיח֖וֹJerichoproper noun · יְרִיחוֹ (H3405)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)יְרִיחוֹ (H3405) 'Jericho', the first city taken in the conquest (ch.6), its collapsed walls the paradigm miracle of the campaign; opens the thirty-one-king roll in narrative order.
אֶחָ֑דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; the tally numeral closing the roll's opening entry, the first of thirty-one such counts totaled in v.24.
מֶ֧לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct singular, opening the second entry of the roll, 'the king of Ai.'
הָעַ֛יAiart + proper noun · הָעַי (H5857)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)עַי (H5857) 'Ai' ('the ruin'), the second city taken, after Israel's initial repulse and Achan's sin (chs.7-8); its king was captured alive and impaled (8:29).
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative clause marker
מִצַּ֥דwhich is besideprep מִן + N m sg constr · צַד (H6654)Prepositional phrase (locative, identifying Ai's location relative to Bethel)צַד (H6654) 'side'; מִצַּד idiomatically 'beside, alongside,' here distinguishing this Ai from any ambiguity by anchoring it next to Bethel.
בֵּֽיתBeth-elproper noun (first element) · בֵּית אֵל (H1008)Object of preposition (first element of the toponym 'Bethel')H1008 בֵּית אֵל 'Bethel' ('house of God'); named here only as a landmark for locating Ai (cf. 8:9, 12), not itself listed among the conquered cities until v.16.
אֵ֖ל[-el]proper noun (second element) · בֵּית אֵל (H1008)Object of preposition (second element of the toponym Bethel)אֵל (H1008), second element of the compound name Bethel; the two words spell one place-name, as with Beth-jeshimoth in v.3.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the second entry of the roll, tallying Ai's king.
10

מֶ֤לֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ חֶבְר֖וֹן אֶחָֽד

the king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;

List entry (southern coalition, ch.10)asyndeton
Jerusalem and Hebron were two of the five kings of the southern Amorite coalition that besieged Gibeon (10:1-27); Jerusalem's own capture is not narrated in Joshua, only its king's death.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct singular opening the roll's third entry, 'the king of Jerusalem.'
יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙Jerusalemproper noun · יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)יְרוּשָׁלִַם (H3389) 'Jerusalem'; its king Adoni-zedek led the five-king southern coalition against Gibeon (10:1-5) and was executed at Makkedah (10:26), though the city itself remained unconquered until David (2 Sam 5).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Jerusalem entry, the third tally of the roll.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; construct singular opening the fourth entry, 'the king of Hebron.'
חֶבְר֖וֹןHebronproper noun · חֶבְרוֹן (H2275)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)חֶבְרוֹן (H2275) 'Hebron', member of the southern coalition, later struck by Joshua (10:36-37) and given to Caleb (14:13-14).
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Hebron entry, the fourth tally.
11

מֶ֤לֶךְ יַרְמוּת֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ לָכִ֖ישׁ אֶחָֽד

the king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one;

List entry (southern coalition, ch.10)asyndeton
Continues the five-king coalition roster in the order of their narrated defeat.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the fifth entry, 'the king of Jarmuth.'
יַרְמוּת֙Jarmuthproper noun · יַרְמוּת (H3412)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)יַרְמוּת (H3412) 'Jarmuth', third of the five southern coalition kings (10:3), captured and killed with the others at Makkedah's cave (10:23-26).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Jarmuth entry, the fifth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the sixth entry, 'the king of Lachish.'
לָכִ֖ישׁLachishproper noun · לָכִישׁ (H3923)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)לָכִישׁ (H3923) 'Lachish', fourth coalition member, besieged and taken on the second day (10:31-32).
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Lachish entry, the sixth tally.
12

מֶ֤לֶךְ עֶגְלוֹן֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ גֶּ֖זֶר אֶחָֽד

the king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one;

List entry (southern campaign, ch.10)asyndeton
Eglon completes the five-king coalition; Gezer's king falls as an opportunistic addition to the same southern campaign, though Gezer city long remained a Canaanite enclave.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the seventh entry, 'the king of Eglon.'
עֶגְלוֹן֙Eglonproper noun · עֶגְלוֹן (H5700)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)עֶגְלוֹן (H5700) 'Eglon', fifth and last of the southern coalition kings, taken the same day as Lachish (10:34-35).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Eglon entry, the seventh tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the eighth entry, 'the king of Gezer.'
גֶּ֖זֶרGezerproper noun · גֶּזֶר (H1507)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)גֶּזֶר (H1507) 'Gezer', whose king Horam came to Lachish's aid and was struck along with his army, though the city itself was not occupied (10:33; cf. Judg 1:29).
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Gezer entry, the eighth tally.
13

מֶ֤לֶךְ דְּבִר֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ גֶּ֖דֶר אֶחָֽד

the king of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one;

List entry (Debir concludes ch.10; Geder unnarrated)asyndeton
Debir closes the narrated southern campaign of ch.10; Geder is the roll's first city with no counterpart battle account, signaling that the register's scope exceeds the narrative's.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the ninth entry, 'the king of Debir.'
דְּבִר֙Debirproper noun · דְּבִר (H1688)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)דְּבִר (H1688) 'Debir', taken by Joshua as the campaign's southern sweep concluded (10:38-39), later assigned to Caleb's kinsman Othniel (15:15-17).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Debir entry, the ninth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the tenth entry, 'the king of Geder.'
גֶּ֖דֶרGederproper noun · גֶּדֶר (H1445)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)גֶּדֶר (H1445) 'Geder', otherwise unknown — its capture is narrated nowhere in Joshua; the roll here preserves a victory the story itself never told, perhaps identical with Gederah/Beth-gader of the Judahite lists (15:36; 1 Chr 2:51).
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Geder entry, the tenth tally.
14

מֶ֤לֶךְ חָרְמָה֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ עֲרָ֖ד אֶחָֽד

the king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;

List entry (unnarrated victories)asyndeton
Hormah and Arad belong to the Negev campaigns of Numbers 21, prior to Joshua's own narrated conquest; the roll folds even these earlier southern victories into its total.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the eleventh entry, 'the king of Hormah.'
חָרְמָה֙Hormahproper noun · חָרְמָה (H2767)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)חָרְמָה (H2767) 'Hormah' ('devotion to destruction'), a Negev site associated with Israel's early wilderness-era victory (Num 21:1-3; Judg 1:17); its capture under Joshua is not otherwise narrated.
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Hormah entry, the eleventh tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twelfth entry, 'the king of Arad.'
עֲרָ֖דAradproper noun · עֲרָד (H6166)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)עֲרָד (H6166) 'Arad', a Negev Canaanite city whose king opposed Israel near Hormah in the wilderness period (Num 21:1); like Hormah, unmentioned in Joshua's own battle narratives.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Arad entry, the twelfth tally.
15

מֶ֤לֶךְ לִבְנָה֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ עֲדֻלָּ֖ם אֶחָֽד

the king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;

List entry (Libnah narrated, Adullam not)asyndeton
Libnah resumes the ch.10 order; Adullam, though a well-known Judahite town, has no conquest narrative of its own — another entry the roll alone preserves.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the thirteenth entry, 'the king of Libnah.'
לִבְנָה֙Libnahproper noun · לִבְנָה (H3841)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)לִבְנָה (H3841) 'Libnah', taken between Makkedah and Lachish in the southern campaign (10:29-30).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Libnah entry, the thirteenth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the fourteenth entry, 'the king of Adullam.'
עֲדֻלָּ֖םAdullamproper noun · עֲדֻלָּם (H5725)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)עֲדֻלָּם (H5725) 'Adullam', famed later as David's refuge (1 Sam 22:1); its conquest under Joshua goes unrecorded in the narrative.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Adullam entry, the fourteenth tally.
16

מֶ֤לֶךְ מַקֵּדָה֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ בֵּֽית אֵ֖ל אֶחָֽד

the king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one;

List entry (Makkedah narrated; Bethel's own conquest unnarrated)asyndeton
Makkedah completes the ch.10 sequence; Bethel now appears as a conquered city in its own right, distinct from its use as a mere locator in v.9 — yet Judges 1:22-26 still narrates its fall, a tension long noted by commentators.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the fifteenth entry, 'the king of Makkedah.'
מַקֵּדָה֙Makkedahproper noun · מַקֵּדָה (H4719)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)מַקֵּדָה (H4719) 'Makkedah', site of the cave where the five coalition kings hid and were executed (10:16-28).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Makkedah entry, the fifteenth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the sixteenth entry, 'the king of Bethel.'
בֵּֽיתBeth-elproper noun (first element) · בֵּית אֵל (H1008)Genitive (first element of the toponym, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)H1008 בֵּית אֵל 'Bethel'; here, unlike v.9's use as a mere landmark, the city itself is counted among the conquered — though its own capture is never narrated in Joshua (contrast Judg 1:22-26, where 'the house of Joseph' takes it later).
אֵ֖ל[-el]proper noun (second element) · בֵּית אֵל (H1008)Genitive (second element of the toponym)אֵל (H1008), second element completing 'Bethel'; its listing here as a defeated king's city sits in tension with Judges' later account of its capture.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Bethel entry, the sixteenth tally.
17

מֶ֤לֶךְ תַּפּ֨וּחַ֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ חֵ֖פֶר אֶחָֽד

the king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, one;

List entry (unnarrated central hill-country victories)asyndeton
Tappuah and Hepher, both later central-hill-country border towns, have no narrated battles; the roll extends the record of completeness beyond what the story recounts.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the seventeenth entry, 'the king of Tappuah.'
תַּפּ֨וּחַ֙Tappuahproper noun · תַּפּוּחַ (H8599)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)תַּפּוּחַ (H8599) 'Tappuah' ('apple/quince town'), later on the Ephraim-Manasseh border (16:8; 17:8); no battle account survives.
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Tappuah entry, the seventeenth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the eighteenth entry, 'the king of Hepher.'
חֵ֖פֶרHepherproper noun · חֵפֶר (H2660)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)חֵפֶר (H2660) 'Hepher', a central hill-country town (cf. 1 Kgs 4:10); like Tappuah, otherwise unattested as a conquest.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Hepher entry, the eighteenth tally.
18

מֶ֤לֶךְ אֲפֵק֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ לַשָּׁר֖וֹן אֶחָֽד

the king of Aphek, one; the king of Lasharon, one;

List entry (textually difficult pair)asyndeton
Aphek and 'the king of Lasharon' form one of the list's textually rough patches — the second מֶלֶךְ lacks the normal construct form, and ancient versions diverge here more than elsewhere.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the nineteenth entry, 'the king of Aphek.'
אֲפֵק֙Aphekproper noun · אֲפֵק (H663)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)אֲפֵק (H663) 'Aphek', a common Canaanite toponym ('fortress/enclosure'); several sites bear the name (cf. 13:4; 19:30), none of whose conquest Joshua narrates.
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Aphek entry, the nineteenth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg abs · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Subject (absolute noun + ל-phrase periphrastic construct, 'king belonging to Lasharon')מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; here in absolute form followed by a לְ-phrase rather than a true construct — a periphrastic 'king of Sharon,' one of several textually difficult entries in this stretch of the list.
לַשָּׁר֖וֹןLasharonprep לְ + proper noun · שָׁרוֹן (H8289)Prepositional phrase (periphrastic genitive, 'belonging to Sharon')שָׁרוֹן (H8289) 'Sharon', the coastal plain; לַשָּׁרוֹן 'of/at Sharon' is one of the roll's most disputed entries — the Hebrew is unusually terse, and the ancient versions diverge here more than elsewhere.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the twentieth entry ('king of Lasharon'), one of the roll's textually roughest patches.
19

מֶ֤לֶךְ מָדוֹן֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ חָצ֖וֹר אֶחָֽד

the king of Madon, one; the king of Hazor, one;

List entry (ch.11 northern coalition begins)asyndeton
With Madon and Hazor the roll turns to the one campaign Joshua does narrate in the north (11:1-15), the battle at the waters of Merom against Jabin's coalition.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-first entry, 'the king of Madon,' as the roll turns to ch.11's northern coalition.
מָדוֹן֙Madonproper noun · מָדוֹן (H4068)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)מָדוֹן (H4068) 'Madon', one of the northern kings summoned by Jabin of Hazor to the waters of Merom (11:1), defeated in Joshua's one narrated northern battle.
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Madon entry, the twenty-first tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-second entry, 'the king of Hazor.'
חָצ֖וֹרHazorproper noun · חָצוֹר (H2674)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)חָצוֹר (H2674) 'Hazor', 'head of all those kingdoms' (11:10), the only northern city Joshua burned (11:11, 13) — the roll's sole city granted that distinction.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Hazor entry, the twenty-second tally.
20

מֶ֣לֶךְ שִׁמְר֤וֹן מְראוֹן֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ אַכְשָׁ֖ף אֶחָֽד

the king of Shimron-meron, one; the king of Achshaph, one;

List entry (ch.11 northern coalition)asyndeton
Shimron and Achshaph complete the roll's citation of Jabin's coalition named in 11:1; the doubled 'Shimron-meron' is one of the roster's own small text-critical puzzles.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
מֶ֣לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-third entry, 'the king of Shimron-meron.'
שִׁמְר֤וֹןShimron-proper noun (first element) · שִׁמְרוֹן מְראוֹן (H8112)Genitive (first element of the double toponym)שִׁמְרוֹן (H8112), first element of the coalition city named in 11:1 among Jabin's allies; the second element מְרֹאוֹן is textually uncertain, possibly harmonizing with the 'waters of Merom.'
מְראוֹן֙-meronproper noun (second element) · שִׁמְרוֹן מְראוֹן (H8112)Genitive (second element of the double toponym)מְראוֹן, second element of the city name, absent from the parallel list in 11:1 (which reads only שִׁמְרוֹן); many read it as a scribal expansion echoing 'the waters of Merom' (11:5, 7).
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Shimron-meron entry, the twenty-third tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-fourth entry, 'the king of Achshaph.'
אַכְשָׁ֖ףAchshaphproper noun · אַכְשָׁף (H407)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)אַכְשָׁף (H407) 'Achshaph', another of Jabin's northern coalition allies (11:1), on the border of Asher (19:25).
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Achshaph entry, the twenty-fourth tally.
21

מֶ֤לֶךְ תַּעְנַךְ֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶ֥לֶךְ מְגִדּ֖וֹ אֶחָֽד

the king of Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one;

List entry (unnarrated; later admitted unconquered)asyndeton
Taanach and Megiddo present the roll's sharpest tension with the rest of the historical record: Judges 1:27 explicitly says these cities' Canaanite inhabitants were never dispossessed, yet the roster counts their kings among the defeated — the register's theology of completeness outrunning the settlement's messy reality.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-fifth entry, 'the king of Taanach.'
תַּעְנַךְ֙Taanachproper noun · תַּעְנָךְ (H8590)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)תַּעְנָךְ (H8590) 'Taanach', a Jezreel-valley fortress; its king's defeat is recorded here even though Judg 1:27 states Manasseh in fact failed to dispossess Taanach's inhabitants.
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Taanach entry, the twenty-fifth tally.
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-sixth entry, 'the king of Megiddo.'
מְגִדּ֖וֹMegiddoproper noun · מְגִדּוֹ (H4023)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)מְגִדּוֹ (H4023) 'Megiddo', guardian of the Jezreel pass and later Solomon's chariot city (1 Kgs 9:15); like Taanach, listed here as struck though Judg 1:27 admits it was never actually held.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Megiddo entry, the twenty-sixth tally.
22

מֶ֤לֶךְ קֶ֨דֶשׁ֙ אֶחָ֔ד מֶֽלֶךְ יָקְנֳעָ֥ם לַכַּרְמֶ֖ל אֶחָֽד

the king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam in Carmel, one;

List entry (unnarrated northwestern victories)asyndeton
Kedesh and Jokneam-in-Carmel extend the roll into the northwest, territory the narrative never describes Israel actually fighting for.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
מֶ֤לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-seventh entry, 'the king of Kedesh.'
קֶ֨דֶשׁ֙Kedeshproper noun · קֶדֶשׁ (H6943)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)קֶדֶשׁ (H6943) 'Kedesh', a Naphtali city later designated a city of refuge (20:7); no independent battle narrative survives for it.
אֶחָ֔דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Kedesh entry, the twenty-seventh tally.
מֶֽלֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-eighth entry, 'the king of Jokneam in Carmel.'
יָקְנֳעָ֥םJokneamproper noun · יָקְנֳעָם (H3362)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)יָקְנֳעָם (H3362) 'Jokneam', a Levitical city on Carmel's flank (21:34), assigned to Zebulun's border (19:11).
לַכַּרְמֶ֖לin Carmelprep לְ + art + proper noun · כַּרְמֶל (H3760)Prepositional phrase (locative, identifying Jokneam's location on Mount Carmel)כַּרְמֶל (H3760) 'Carmel' ('garden-land'), the mountain range on the coast; distinguishes this Jokneam from other places of similar name.
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Jokneam entry, the twenty-eighth tally.
23

מֶ֥לֶךְ דּ֛וֹר לְנָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר אֶחָ֑ד מֶֽלֶךְ גּוֹיִ֥ם לְגִלְגָּ֖ל אֶחָֽד

the king of Dor, in the region of Dor, one; the king of Goiim in Gilgal, one;

List entry (Dor unnarrated; Goiim-Gilgal a textual crux)asyndeton
Dor mirrors Taanach and Megiddo's tension with Judges 1:27; 'Goiim of/at Gilgal' is among the roll's least certain identifications, its geography and even its reading disputed since antiquity.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the twenty-ninth entry, 'the king of Dor.'
דּ֛וֹרDorproper noun · דּוֹר (H1756)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)דּוֹר (H1756) 'Dor', a coastal city Manasseh likewise failed to dispossess (Judg 1:27), though the roll counts its king among the defeated.
לְנָפַ֥תin the region ofprep לְ + N f sg constr · נָפָה (H5299)Prepositional phrase (locative, appositional specification)נָפָה (H5299) 'height, region'; here 'the region/district of Dor,' distinguishing the city from its surrounding administrative area (cf. 11:2; 1 Kgs 4:11).
דּ֖וֹרDorproper noun · דּוֹר (H1756)Genitive (city name, completing the phrase 'the region of Dor')דּוֹר (H1756), repeated to specify the district named after the city, a formula paralleled at 11:2 ('the heights of Dor').
אֶחָ֑דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Dor entry, the twenty-ninth tally.
מֶֽלֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the thirtieth entry, 'the king of Goiim,' one of the roll's hardest identifications.
גּוֹיִ֥םGoiimN m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Genitive/apposition (city or people-name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ)גּוֹיִם (H1471) 'nations, peoples', used here as a proper name ('Goiim'); its identity is disputed — some connect it with 'Harosheth-ha-goiim' (4:2) or with Galilee (cf. Isa 9:1 'Galilee of the nations'), making this one of the roll's genuine textual cruxes.
לְגִלְגָּ֖לat Gilgalprep לְ + proper noun · גִּלְגָּל (H1537)Prepositional phrase (locative, identifying this Goiim)גִּלְגָּל (H1537) 'Gilgal'; whether this is Israel's famous base camp (4:19-20) or a different, otherwise-unknown northern site remains unresolved — one of the roll's least certain identifications (see chapter note).
אֶחָֽדonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Goiim entry, the thirtieth tally.
24

מֶ֥לֶךְ תִּרְצָ֖ה אֶחָ֑ד כָּל מְלָכִ֖ים שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וְאֶחָֽד

the king of Tirzah, one — all the kings, thirty-one.

Closing tally (chapter summary)asyndeton
Tirzah closes the individual roster, unnarrated like so many of the list's later entries; the chapter then steps back from the roll's drumbeat form to state its own grand total — thirty-one kings — turning a bare list into a declared sum, the register's own theology of completeness made explicit in a number.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
מֶ֥לֶךְking ofN m sg constr · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Construct chain (genitival, royal title)מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; opens the thirty-first and final entry, 'the king of Tirzah.'
תִּרְצָ֖הTirzahproper noun · תִּרְצָה (H8656)Genitive (city name, object of construct מֶלֶךְ, closing entry of the roll)תִּרְצָה (H8656) 'Tirzah' ('pleasant, delightful'), later the northern kingdom's early capital under Jeroboam I (1 Kgs 14:17); no conquest narrative survives for it, and it closes the list of individually named kings.
אֶחָ֑דonecardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Tally numeral closing the formula (predicate of an implied 'is')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; closes the Tirzah entry, the thirty-first and final individual tally before the chapter's grand total.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct chain (genitival, summing the total, 'all the kings')כֹּל (H3605) 'all, total'; introduces the chapter's closing tally, converting the itemized roll into a single summary number.
מְלָכִ֖יםkingsN m pl abs · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Genitive (object of construct כָּל, 'all the kings')מֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; plural absolute here (contrast the singular construct מֶלֶךְ used thirty-one times in the roll itself), naming the class being totaled.
שְׁלֹשִׁ֥יםthirtycardinal number (pl) · שְׁלֹשִׁים (H7970)Numeral (predicate of the closing tally)שְׁלֹשִׁים (H7970) 'thirty'; the tens digit of the final sum.
וְאֶחָֽדand oneconj וְ + cardinal number · אֶחָד (H259)Coordinating conjunction + numeral (units digit, completing 'thirty-one')אֶחָד (H259) 'one'; completes the grand total — thirty-one kings — closing the chapter with Israel's total dominion tallied to a single number.