Hebrew Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 28דברים 28

Each verse opens with the running Hebrew, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case/state or parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

Theme

The longest chapter of Deuteronomy sets a brief blessings catalog beside curses nearly four times its length: disease, cosmic reversal, futility, siege-cannibalism, exile, and slavery in Egypt itself. Its root cause, named at the hinge verse, is service rendered without joy despite abundance.

Translation & textual notes

The Hebrew of Deuteronomy 28 (996 words, MT's longest Deuteronomy chapter) is transmitted with unusual consistency, but preserves two of the Bible's most-discussed Ketiv/Qere pairs. At v. 27 the Kethiv ובעפלים ('and with tumors/hemorrhoids') is read per the Qere וּבַטְּחֹרִים, a euphemistic substitution avoiding a coarser term for the affliction. At v. 30 the Kethiv ישגלנה (a blunt sexual verb) is read per the Qere יִשְׁכָּבֶנָּה ('will lie with her'), among Scripture's most famous euphemistic Qeres, softening the verb for public liturgical reading while the consonantal text preserves the earlier, cruder wording. MT versification runs the chapter through v. 68, with v. 69 (English 29:1) serving as colophon; LXX and the Samaritan Pentateuch show only minor stylistic variation, no major structural divergence. The siege-cannibalism unit (vv. 53-57) and the invading-nation scene (vv. 49-57) draw on a curse-genre with close formal parallels in first-millennium BCE Assyrian vassal treaties (notably Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty), where siege-starvation-cannibalism and eagle/vulture imagery are stock covenant-curse topoi — the chapter stands solidly within, and rhetorically surpasses, that ancient Near Eastern treaty-curse tradition.

1

וְהָיָ֗ה אִם שָׁמ֤וֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע֙ בְּקוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ לִשְׁמֹ֤ר לַעֲשׂוֹת֙ אֶת כָּל מִצְוֺתָ֔יו אֲשֶׁ֛ר אָנֹכִ֥י מְצַוְּךָ֖ הַיּ֑וֹם וּנְתָ֨נְךָ֜ יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙ עֶלְי֔וֹן עַ֖ל כָּל גּוֹיֵ֥י הָאָֽרֶץ

And it shall be, if you truly listen to the voice of YHWH your God, to observe and do all his commandments which I command you today, that YHWH your God will set you high above all the nations of the earth.

Apodictic conditional opening (protasis-apodosis)וְ
The chapter opens with a casus pendens conditional: the infinitive absolute construction שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע ('you truly, surely listen') intensifies the condition of careful obedience. This single sentence sets the terms for the entire blessings section (vv. 2-14) and, by inversion, the curses (vv. 15-68).
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
וְהָיָ֗הand it will beQal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, apodosis-introducing (main clause)→ Weqatal: consequential future, the result that follows upon obedienceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become, happen'; the weqatal form here launches the long conditional period that structures the whole chapter.
אִםifconj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction (introduces protasis)אִם (H518) conditional particle 'if'; opens the protasis on which the entire blessings/curses structure of the chapter hinges.
שָׁמ֤וֹעַsurely listeningQal inf abs · שָׁמַע (H8085)Infinitive absolute intensifying the finite verb תִּשְׁמַע→ Infinitival intensification: emphasizes the certainty/totality of the obedience requiredשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, listen, obey'; the infinitive absolute before the finite verb of the same root is the classic Hebrew idiom of emphasis, 'if you truly, surely listen.'
תִּשְׁמַע֙you listen/obeyQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of the protasis (paired with inf. absolute)→ Yiqtol: the conditional, ongoing obedience envisioned as the ground of blessingשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, obey'; here of covenantal obedience to YHWH's voice, the condition on which chs. 27-30's whole sanctions section turns.
בְּקוֹל֙to the voice ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · קוֹל (H6963)Prepositional phrase, complement of תִּשְׁמַעקוֹל (H6963) 'voice, sound'; שָׁמַע בְּקוֹל is the standard idiom 'to obey, hearken to' someone's voice/command.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive (construct chain with קוֹל)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name of Israel's God revealed at Exod 3:14-15; the personal name is what obedience is owed to throughout this chapter.
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; plural of majesty taking a singular referent, in apposition to the divine name throughout the chapter's refrain 'YHWH your God.'
לִשְׁמֹ֤רto keepprep לְ + Qal inf constr · שָׁמַר (H8104)Purpose infinitive, epexegetical to תִּשְׁמַע→ Infinitive of purpose/result: defines what the 'listening' consists ofשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, watch, observe'; paired with לַעֲשׂוֹת it is the standard Deuteronomic hendiadys for careful covenant observance.
לַעֲשׂוֹת֙to doprep לְ + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Purpose infinitive, coordinate with לִשְׁמֹר→ Infinitive of purpose/result: obedience as concrete action, not mere assentעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do, make'; שָׁמַר + עָשָׂה together demand both vigilant guarding and active performance of the commandments.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object markerאֵת (H853), nota accusativi marking the definite direct object כָּל מִצְוֺתָיו; untranslated in English.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing מִצְוֺתָיוכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every, whole'; in construct with the following noun, 'all his commandments' — totality is a keynote of the chapter's demand.
מִצְוֺתָ֔יוhis commandmentsN f pl constr + 3ms suff · מִצְוָה (H4687)Direct object of לִשְׁמֹר/לַעֲשׂוֹתמִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment', from צוה 'to command'; the object of the whole double infinitive of obedience.
אֲשֶׁ֛רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause modifying מִצְוֺתָיואֲשֶׁר (H834), the invariable Hebrew relative particle 'who/which/that'.
אָנֹכִ֥יIindependent pronoun 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject of מְצַוְּךָ (emphatic, resumes Moses as speaker)אָנֹכִי (H595), the emphatic first-person pronoun; Moses speaks as YHWH's covenant mediator, echoing the Decalogue's own 'I am YHWH.'
מְצַוְּךָ֖commanding youPiel ptc ms constr + 2ms suff · צִוָּה (H6680)Substantival/verbal participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, Moses' ongoing act of proclamation 'this very day'צִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command, charge'; the participle casts the giving of Torah as a present, living event, not a past memory.
הַיּ֑וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Adverbial accusative of timeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; הַיּוֹם 'today' is Deuteronomy's characteristic marker of covenant renewal urgency — this is not distant memory but present decision.
וּנְתָ֨נְךָ֜and he will set youconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms + 2ms suff · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb, apodosis (main clause)→ Weqatal: the consequential result promised for obedienceנָתַן (H5414) 'to give, set, place'; here 'to set/make' you high — the apodosis proper of the conditional sentence begun in v. 1a.
יְהוָ֤הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject of וּנְתָנְךָיְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the one who acts to exalt Israel is named explicitly as subject of the apodosis.
אֱלֹהֶ֨יךָ֙your GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name, repeating the covenant formula 'YHWH your God.'
עֶלְי֔וֹןhigh, supremeadj m sg abs · עֶלְיוֹן (H5945)Object complement (predicate adjective with וּנְתָנְךָ, 'set you [as] high')עֶלְיוֹן (H5945) 'high, supreme, uppermost'; elsewhere a divine epithet ('Most High'), here describing Israel's unprecedented elevation among the nations.
עַ֖לabove, overprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase specifying the scope of עֶלְיוֹןעַל (H5921) 'upon, over, above'; marks the comparative field over which Israel is set high.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; universal scope — not merely neighboring peoples but all nations of the earth.
גּוֹיֵ֥יnations ofN m pl constr · גּוֹי (H1471)Construct chain (genitival) with הָאָרֶץגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation, people'; here of the world's nations generally, the standard of comparison for Israel's elevation.
הָאָֽרֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chainאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth, land'; the whole of humanity's dwelling-place is envisioned as witness to Israel's elevation.
2

וּבָ֧אוּ עָלֶ֛יךָ כָּל הַבְּרָכ֥וֹת הָאֵ֖לֶּה וְהִשִּׂיגֻ֑ךָ כִּ֣י תִשְׁמַ֔ע בְּק֖וֹל יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ

And all these blessings shall come upon you and overtake you, if you obey the voice of YHWH your God.

Apodosis continued (result of v.1's protasis)וְ
The doubled verb of arrival (בָּאוּ...וְהִשִּׂיגֻךָ, 'come...and overtake') personifies the blessings as pursuing agents that will hunt down the obedient; this pairing of near-synonyms for emphasis becomes a hallmark of the whole chapter.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וּבָ֧אוּand they will comeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause), subject כָּל הַבְּרָכוֹת→ Weqatal: certain future consequence continuing the apodosis of v.1בּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; the blessings are personified as arriving agents, echoing the coming-in/going-out idiom of vv. 6, 19.
עָלֶ֛יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, complement of בָּאוּעַל (H5921) 'upon, against'; here of blessing (contrast the same preposition of calamity in v. 15's curse formula).
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הַבְּרָכוֹתכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totality of blessing corresponds to the totality of obedience demanded in v. 1.
הַבְּרָכ֥וֹתthe blessingsart + N f pl abs · בְּרָכָה (H1293)Subject of בָּאוּ/וְהִשִּׂיגֻךָבְּרָכָה (H1293) 'blessing', from בָּרַךְ; the plural anticipates the catalog of specific blessings enumerated in vv. 3-13.
הָאֵ֖לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַבְּרָכוֹתאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; points forward to the specific blessings about to be listed.
וְהִשִּׂיגֻ֑ךָand they will overtake youconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3cp + 2ms suff · נָשַׂג (H5381)Predicate verb, coordinate with בָּאוּ→ Weqatal: certain future, second half of the doubled verb of pursuitנָשַׂג (H5381) Hiphil 'to reach, overtake'; paired with בּוֹא it pictures blessing as a relentless pursuer, the same verb used of the curses hunting the disobedient in v. 15, 45.
כִּ֣יif/becauseconj · כִּי (H3588)Conditional/causal conjunction resuming the protasisכִּי (H3588) multivalent conjunction; here reiterating the condition of v. 1, 'if you obey.'
תִשְׁמַ֔עyou obeyQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of subordinate conditional clause→ Yiqtol: the recurring condition of obedienceשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, obey'; the refrain-word of the whole chapter, restated to bracket the blessing catalog.
בְּק֖וֹלto the voice ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · קוֹל (H6963)Prepositional phrase, complement of תִשְׁמַעקוֹל (H6963) 'voice'; שָׁמַע בְּקוֹל, the standing idiom for covenant obedience.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Genitive (construct chain with קוֹל)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name.
אֱלֹהֶֽיךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; closes the verse on the covenant formula 'YHWH your God.'
3

בָּר֥וּךְ אַתָּ֖ה בָּעִ֑יר וּבָר֥וּךְ אַתָּ֖ה בַּשָּׂדֶֽה

Blessed are you in the city, and blessed are you in the field.

First item of the blessings catalog (asyndetic list)asyndeton
Opens the itemized blessings (vv. 3-6) with a merism (city/field) framing the totality of Israelite life, urban and agrarian, as the sphere of blessing. The passive participle בָּרוּךְ, repeated through v. 6, is the chapter's opening keyword, mirrored by אָרוּר in the curses (vv. 16-19).
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
בָּר֥וּךְblessedQal pass ptc ms · בָּרוּךְ (H1288)Predicate adjective (passive participle, blessing formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced blessing resting upon the subjectבָּרוּךְ (H1288), Qal passive participle of בָּרַךְ 'to bless'; the standing formula opening each item of the blessings catalog.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject of the nominal clause with בָּרוּךְאַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); the second-person address running throughout the chapter.
בָּעִ֑ירin the cityprep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · עִיר (H5892)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeעִיר (H5892) 'city'; paired with שָׂדֶה as a merism for urban and rural life alike.
וּבָר֥וּךְand blessedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc ms · בָּרוּךְ (H1288)Predicate adjective, second clause of the couplet→ Stative/passive: blessing extended to the second, complementary sphereבָּרוּךְ (H1288), repeated to complete the city/field merism.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject of the second nominal clauseאַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms), repeated for the second half of the couplet.
בַּשָּׂדֶֽהin the fieldprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeשָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field, open country'; completes the city/field merism for the whole of daily life.
4

בָּר֧וּךְ פְּרִֽי בִטְנְךָ֛ וּפְרִ֥י אַדְמָתְךָ֖ וּפְרִ֣י בְהֶמְתֶּ֑ךָ שְׁגַ֥ר אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹת צֹאנֶֽךָ

Blessed shall be the fruit of your womb, the fruit of your ground, and the fruit of your livestock, the increase of your cattle and the young of your flock.

Second item of the blessings catalogasyndeton
Moves from the merism of place (v. 3) to the fertility of body, soil, and herd — the three domains of ancient agrarian life whose fruitfulness constitutes covenant blessing.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
בָּר֧וּךְblessedQal pass ptc ms · בָּרוּךְ (H1288)Predicate adjective (passive participle, blessing formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced blessing resting upon the subjectבָּרוּךְ (H1288), Qal passive participle of בָּרַךְ 'to bless'; opens the second item of the blessings catalog.
פְּרִֽיfruit ofN m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival)פְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; first item of the fertility triad opening the blessings catalog's second item.
בִטְנְךָ֛your wombN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בֶּטֶן (H990)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבֶּטֶן (H990) 'womb, belly'; first domain of the fertility triad, human fecundity.
וּפְרִ֥יand the fruit ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival), coordinate with preceding itemפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; second item of the fertility triad (womb, ground, livestock).
אַדְמָתְךָ֖your groundN f sg constr + 2ms suff · אֲדָמָה (H127)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, soil'; the second domain of fruitfulness, distinct from אֶרֶץ 'land' in its focus on tilled soil.
וּפְרִ֣יand the fruit ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival), third item of the triadפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; third and final item of the fertility triad, applied now to livestock.
בְהֶמְתֶּ֑ךָyour livestockN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, livestock' (collective); completes the fertility triad of womb, ground, and herd.
שְׁגַ֥רthe increase ofN m sg constr · שֶׁגֶר (H7698)Construct chain (genitival) with אֲלָפֶיךָשֶׁגֶר (H7698) 'offspring, increase' (of animals), a rare term appearing only in this formula (here and v. 18, 51); specifically the newly-dropped young of cattle.
אֲלָפֶ֖יךָyour cattleN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֶלֶף (H504)Genitive completing construct chain with שְׁגַראֶלֶף (H504) 'herd, cattle' (a distinct homonym from 'thousand'); the offspring of the herd.
וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹתand the young ofconj וְ + N f pl constr · עַשְׁתְּרָה (H6251)Construct chain (genitival) with צֹאנֶךָעַשְׁתָּרוֹת (H6251) 'young, offspring' of the flock, likely related to the fertility-goddess name Ashtoreth (עַשְׁתֹּרֶת) though here demythologized into an ordinary term for increase.
צֹאנֶֽךָyour flockN c sg constr + 2ms suff · צֹאן (H6629)Genitive completing construct chain with עַשְׁתְּרוֹתצֹאן (H6629) 'flock' (sheep/goats, collective); pairs with אֶלֶף to cover the whole herd economy.
5

בָּר֥וּךְ טַנְאֲךָ֖ וּמִשְׁאַרְתֶּֽךָ

Blessed shall be your basket and your kneading trough.

Third item of the blessings catalogasyndeton
The shortest verse of the catalog narrows to the domestic instruments of daily food production — from field to table — before the fourth item (v. 6) frames the whole of daily movement.
Word-by-word analysis· 3 words
בָּר֥וּךְblessedQal pass ptc ms · בָּרוּךְ (H1288)Predicate adjective (passive participle, blessing formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced blessing resting upon the subjectבָּרוּךְ (H1288); opens the third, shortest item of the blessings catalog, turning to household implements.
טַנְאֲךָ֖your basketN m sg constr + 2ms suff · טֶנֶא (H2935)Subject of the nominal clause with בָּרוּךְטֶנֶא (H2935) 'basket', a rare word used elsewhere only of the first-fruits basket (Deut 26:2, 4); here the everyday container of harvested produce.
וּמִשְׁאַרְתֶּֽךָand your kneading troughconj וְ + N f sg constr + 2ms suff · מִשְׁאֶרֶת (H4863)Coordinate subject with טַנְאֲךָמִשְׁאֶרֶת (H4863) 'kneading trough/bowl', from שְׁאֵר 'remainder, leftover dough'; paired with the basket, it covers both the gathering and the preparation of daily bread (cf. Exod 12:34).
6

בָּר֥וּךְ אַתָּ֖ה בְּבֹאֶ֑ךָ וּבָר֥וּךְ אַתָּ֖ה בְּצֵאתֶֽךָ

Blessed shall you be when you come in, and blessed shall you be when you go out.

Fourth and closing item of the blessings catalogasyndeton
The coming-in/going-out merism closes the itemized list (vv. 3-6) by framing the whole rhythm of daily activity, echoed and inverted in v. 19's curse and recalling the same idiom used of leadership in Num 27:17.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
בָּר֥וּךְblessedQal pass ptc ms · בָּרוּךְ (H1288)Predicate adjective (passive participle, blessing formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced blessing resting upon the subjectבָּרוּךְ (H1288); opens the fourth and closing item of the blessings catalog, the coming-in/going-out merism.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the coming-in clause.
בְּבֹאֶ֑ךָin your coming inprep בְּ + Qal inf constr + 2ms suff · בּוֹא (H935)Adverbial infinitival phrase of time/circumstance→ Infinitive construct: durative, describing the ongoing activity of enteringבּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; the coming-in half of the merism for all daily activity, blessed here (cf. curse at v. 19).
וּבָר֥וּךְand blessedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc ms · בָּרוּךְ (H1288)Predicate adjective, second clause of the couplet→ Stative/passive: blessing extended to the going-outבָּרוּךְ (H1288), repeated for the second half of the coming-in/going-out merism.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the going-out clause, completing the merism.
בְּצֵאתֶֽךָin your going outprep בְּ + Qal inf constr + 2ms suff · יָצָא (H3318)Adverbial infinitival phrase of time/circumstance→ Infinitive construct: durative, describing the ongoing activity of departingיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the going-out half of the merism, blessed here (cf. curse at v. 19).
7

יִתֵּ֨ן יְהוָ֤ה אֶת אֹיְבֶ֨יךָ֙ הַקָּמִ֣ים עָלֶ֔יךָ נִגָּפִ֖ים לְפָנֶ֑יךָ בְּדֶ֤רֶךְ אֶחָד֙ יֵצְא֣וּ אֵלֶ֔יךָ וּבְשִׁבְעָ֥ה דְרָכִ֖ים יָנ֥וּסוּ לְפָנֶֽיךָ

YHWH will cause your enemies who rise against you to be struck down before you; they will come out against you one way and flee before you seven ways.

Shift from static blessing-list to narrated future acts of YHWH (vv. 7-13)asyndeton
The catalog's fixed formula gives way to a sequence of yiqtol/weqatal narrations of specific victories; the numerical contrast 'one way...seven ways' (perfect completeness of rout) recurs verbatim, inverted, at v. 25 for the curse.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
יִתֵּ֨ןhe will giveQal impf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future actionנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; here idiomatic 'to cause to be struck down,' YHWH as the unseen agent of Israel's military victory.
יְהוָ֤הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the victory YHWH grants over Israel's enemies.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
אֹיְבֶ֨יךָ֙your enemiesQal act ptc m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Substantival participle, object or subject per clause→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostility ('the ones hating you')אֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating/being hostile', from אָיַב; substantival, 'enemy, foe' — those characteristically hostile to Israel.
הַקָּמִ֣יםthe ones risingart + Qal act ptc m pl · קוּם (H6965)Substantival participle modifying אֹיְבֶיךָ→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostile actionקוּם (H6965) 'to rise, stand up'; here of enemies rising in hostility/rebellion against Israel.
עָלֶ֔יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
נִגָּפִ֖יםbeing struck downNiphal ptc m pl · נָגַף (H5062)Predicate participle describing the result imposed on אֹיְבֶיךָ→ Passive participle: the ongoing state of defeat inflicted on the enemyנָגַף (H5062) Niphal 'to be struck, defeated'; the result-participle explaining יִתֵּן יְהוָה...נִגָּפִים, 'YHWH will give your enemies... struck down.'
לְפָנֶ֑יךָbefore youprep לְ + N c pl constr + 2ms suff · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase of placeפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; לִפְנֵי idiomatically 'before, in front of' — the enemy struck down in Israel's very sight.
בְּדֶ֤רֶךְin the way ofprep בְּ + N c sg abs · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, road'; the enemy's unified approach 'by one road' sets up the contrast with their sevenfold scattered flight.
אֶחָד֙onecardinal number m sg · אֶחָד (H259)Attributive numeral modifying דֶּרֶךְאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; the enemy's unified single approach, about to be undone into sevenfold scattered rout.
יֵצְא֣וּthey will come outQal impf 3mp · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb, subordinate clause describing the enemy's approach→ Yiqtol: the enemy's unified initial assaultיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; the enemy comes out united by one road, only to scatter in the rout that follows.
אֵלֶ֔יךָagainst youprep אֶל + 2ms suff · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, complement of יֵצְאוּאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; here of hostile approach, 'against you.'
וּבְשִׁבְעָ֥הand in sevenconj וְ + prep בְּ + cardinal number m sg · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Adverbial prepositional phrase of manner, contrastive with v. 7aשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven', symbolic number of completeness; the enemy's total rout, contrasted with their unified approach by 'one way.'
דְרָכִ֖יםwaysN c pl abs · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Object of the numeral שִׁבְעָהדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, road', plural; the number seven marks the totality of the enemy's scattered, panicked flight.
יָנ֥וּסוּthey will fleeQal impf 3mp · נוּס (H5127)Predicate verb, main clause result→ Yiqtol: the certain, scattered flight of the defeated enemyנוּס (H5127) 'to flee'; completes the reversal-of-fortune image begun with יֵצְאוּ, unity giving way to scattered rout.
לְפָנֶֽיךָbefore youprep לְ + N c pl constr + 2ms suff · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase of placeפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; closes the verse, the enemy routed 'before you' a second time for emphasis.
8

יְצַ֨ו יְהוָ֤ה אִתְּךָ֙ אֶת הַבְּרָכָ֔ה בַּאֲסָמֶ֕יךָ וּבְכֹ֖ל מִשְׁלַ֣ח יָדֶ֑ךָ וּבֵ֣רַכְךָ֔ בָּאָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ

YHWH will command the blessing upon you in your storehouses and in all that you undertake, and he will bless you in the land that YHWH your God is giving you.

Continues the sequence of YHWH's future blessing-actsasyndeton
'Command the blessing' personifies berakah as an entity YHWH dispatches, paralleling the personified curses of v. 20 (מְאֵרָה etc.) — the blessings/curses of this chapter are agents YHWH sends, not mere states.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
יְצַ֨וhe will commandPiel impf 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future decreeצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; here 'command the blessing,' personifying berakah as an entity YHWH dispatches by decree.
יְהוָ֤הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the decreed blessing.
אִתְּךָ֙with youprep אֵת + 2ms suff · אֵת (H854)Prepositional phrase, complement of יְצַואֵת (H854) 'with' (comitative preposition, distinct from the object-marker homonym); the blessing is commanded to be present with the addressee.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַבְּרָכָ֔הthe blessingart + N f sg abs · בְּרָכָה (H1293)Direct object of יְצַובְּרָכָה (H1293) 'blessing'; now singular and definite, personified as the object YHWH commands into being.
בַּאֲסָמֶ֕יךָin your storehousesprep בְּ + N m pl constr + 2ms suff · אָסָם (H618)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeאָסָם (H618) 'storehouse, barn', a rare term (elsewhere only Prov 3:10); the place where the commanded blessing takes concrete form.
וּבְכֹ֖לand in allconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing מִשְׁלַח יָדֶךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; extends the blessing from fixed storehouses to every undertaking of daily labor.
מִשְׁלַ֣חthe undertaking ofN m sg constr · מִשְׁלָח (H4916)Construct chain (genitival) with יָדֶךָמִשְׁלָח (H4916) 'undertaking, venture', from שָׁלַח 'to send'; מִשְׁלַח יָד idiomatically means 'whatever your hand puts forth to do.'
יָדֶ֑ךָyour handN c sg constr + 2ms suff · יָד (H3027)Genitive completing construct chain with מִשְׁלַחיָד (H3027) 'hand'; מִשְׁלַח יָד idiomatically covers every task the hand undertakes.
וּבֵ֣רַכְךָ֔and he will bless youconj וְ + Piel weqatal 3ms + 2ms suff · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future consequenceבָּרַךְ (H1288) Piel 'to bless'; the finite verb underlying the passive participle בָּרוּךְ used throughout the catalog.
בָּאָ֕רֶץin the landprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; specifies the promised land as the sphere in which this blessing takes effect.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the giver of the land in the relative clause.
אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name, the standing covenant formula.
נֹתֵ֥ןgivingQal act ptc ms · נָתַן (H5414)Substantival participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, YHWH's ongoing act of granting the landנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the participle marks the land-gift as a present, continuing reality, not a past, completed transaction.
לָֽךְto youprep לְ + 2fs suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of נֹתֵןלְ 'to, for'; the 2fs suffix form (an archaic/dialectal variant addressing Israel collectively as feminine) recurs throughout the chapter.
9

יְקִֽימְךָ֨ יְהוָ֥ה לוֹ֙ לְעַ֣ם קָד֔וֹשׁ כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר נִֽשְׁבַּֽע לָ֑ךְ כִּ֣י תִשְׁמֹ֗ר אֶת מִצְוֺת֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ וְהָלַכְתָּ֖ בִּדְרָכָֽיו

YHWH will establish you as a holy people to himself, as he swore to you, if you keep the commandments of YHWH your God and walk in his ways.

Continues the future-blessing sequence; embedded conditional (כִּי clause) restates the obedience requirementasyndeton
Identity ('holy people') rather than mere prosperity is now in view; the embedded condition כִּי תִשְׁמֹר...וְהָלַכְתָּ recalls v. 1's opening formula, binding the whole blessing sequence back to its initial premise.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
יְקִֽימְךָ֨he will establish youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suff · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future establishmentקוּם (H6965) Hiphil 'to raise up, establish, confirm'; here of YHWH constituting Israel as his own holy people.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of Israel's constitution as a holy people.
לוֹ֙to himselfprep לְ + 3ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יְקִימְךָלְ 'to, for'; here reflexive-benefactive, 'as a people for himself.'
לְעַ֣םas a peopleprep לְ + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Predicate complement (object complement of יְקִימְךָ)עַם (H5971) 'people, nation'; the object-complement of the establishing verb, defining Israel's new constituted identity.
קָד֔וֹשׁholyadj m sg abs · קָדוֹשׁ (H6918)Attributive adjective modifying עַםקָדוֹשׁ (H6918) 'holy, set apart'; Israel's identity as YHWH's consecrated people, echoing Exod 19:6.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֖רasprep כְּ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative conjunction introducing subordinate clauseכַּאֲשֶׁר (H834 with כְּ) 'as, just as'; introduces the ground of the promise in YHWH's prior oath.
נִֽשְׁבַּֽעhe sworeNiphal perf 3ms · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of the comparative clause→ Perfective: a completed, prior divine oathשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear an oath'; grounds the promise in a prior, binding divine commitment (cf. v. 11's oath to the fathers).
לָ֑ךְto youprep לְ + 2fs suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of נִשְׁבַּעלְ 'to, for'; marks Israel as the recipient of the divine oath.
כִּ֣יfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
תִשְׁמֹ֗רyou keepQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַר (H8104)Predicate verb of embedded conditional clause→ Yiqtol: the ongoing condition of obedienceשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, observe'; the embedded condition that binds the promise of holy-people status to continued obedience.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
מִצְוֺת֙the commandments ofN f pl constr · מִצְוָה (H4687)Direct object of תִשְׁמֹר; construct chain (genitival)מִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment'; direct object of the condition of obedience.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the condition of obedience is owed to him by name.
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
וְהָלַכְתָּ֖and you walkconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָלַךְ (H1980)Predicate verb, coordinate with תִשְׁמֹר→ Weqatal: the ongoing conduct of covenant lifeהָלַךְ (H1980) 'to walk, go'; idiomatically 'to walk in someone's ways' means to conduct one's life in conformity with them.
בִּדְרָכָֽיוin his waysprep בְּ + N c pl constr + 3ms suff · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, path'; here metaphorically of YHWH's conduct/character as the pattern for Israel's own life.
10

וְרָאוּ֙ כָּל עַמֵּ֣י הָאָ֔רֶץ כִּ֛י שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה נִקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יךָ וְיָֽרְא֖וּ מִמֶּֽךָּ

And all the peoples of the earth will see that the name of YHWH is called upon you, and they will be afraid of you.

Result of v. 9's elevation to holy-people statusוְ
'The name of YHWH called upon you' is a possession-formula (cf. 2 Chr 7:14) marking Israel as YHWH's own; the nations' fear is the external, visible confirmation of Israel's election, a theme this chapter's curses will invert into mockery (v. 37).
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְרָאוּ֙and they will seeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future consequence of Israel's holy-people statusרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; the nations' visible recognition of Israel's election, an external confirmation of vv. 9's inner reality.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; totality of the nations as witnesses.
עַמֵּ֣יpeoples ofN m pl constr · עַם (H5971)Construct chain (genitival), subject of וְרָאוּעַם (H5971) 'people'; here plural, all the nations of the earth as onlookers.
הָאָ֔רֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with עַמֵּיאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; universalizes the witnessing audience to all humanity, recalling v. 1's 'all nations of the earth.'
כִּ֛יfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
שֵׁ֥םthe name ofN m sg constr · שֵׁם (H8034)Subject of נִקְרָא; construct chain (genitival)שֵׁם (H8034) 'name'; שֵׁם...נִקְרָא עַל is a possession-formula ('called by the name of'), marking Israel as YHWH's own.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; whose name is called upon Israel in this possession-formula.
נִקְרָ֣אis calledNiphal perf 3ms · קָרָא (H7121)Predicate verb of the כִּי clause→ Perfective/stative: a settled, defining state of ownershipקָרָא (H7121) Niphal 'to be called'; שֵׁם יְהוָה נִקְרָא עָלֶיךָ is the standard formula of covenant possession (cf. 2 Chr 7:14; Jer 14:9).
עָלֶ֑יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
וְיָֽרְא֖וּand they will fearconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · יָרֵא (H3372)Predicate verb, coordinate with וְרָאוּ→ Weqatal: certain future consequenceיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear'; the nations' dread of Israel is the practical outworking of recognizing YHWH's name upon her.
מִמֶּֽךָּof youprep מִן + 2ms suff · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְיָרְאוּמִן (H4480) 'from'; יָרֵא מִן idiom 'to fear/be afraid of.'
11

וְהוֹתִֽרְךָ֤ יְהוָה֙ לְטוֹבָ֔ה בִּפְרִ֧י בִטְנְךָ֛ וּבִפְרִ֥י בְהַמְתְּךָ֖ וּבִפְרִ֣י אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָ עַ֚ל הָאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֧ע יְהוָ֛ה לַאֲבֹתֶ֖יךָ לָ֥תֶת לָֽךְ

And YHWH will make you abound in prosperity, in the fruit of your womb, the fruit of your livestock, and the fruit of your ground, in the land that YHWH swore to your fathers to give you.

Continues the future-blessing sequence, resuming the triad of fertility from v. 4וְ
Reprises v. 4's threefold fruitfulness (womb, livestock, ground), now explicitly tied to the patriarchal land-oath — the blessing catalog folds Israel's agrarian flourishing into the ancient promise to the fathers.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְהוֹתִֽרְךָ֤and he will make you abundantconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms + 2ms suff · יָתַר (H3498)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future abundanceיָתַר (H3498) Hiphil 'to cause to abound, leave over in surplus'; the same root reappears grimly at v. 55's 'he has nothing left' under the curse.
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the promised abundance.
לְטוֹבָ֔הfor goodprep לְ + adj f sg abs · טוֹבָה (H2896)Adverbial prepositional phrase of purpose/resultטוֹבָה (H2896) 'good, goodness'; recurs at v. 47's 'joy and goodness of heart' and v. 63's YHWH rejoicing 'to do you good.'
בִּפְרִ֧יin the fruit ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival), specifying the domain of abundanceפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; reprises the fertility triad of v. 4.
בִטְנְךָ֛your wombN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בֶּטֶן (H990)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבֶּטֶן (H990) 'womb, belly'; first item of the fertility triad reprised from v. 4.
וּבִפְרִ֥יand in the fruit ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival), second itemפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; second item of the triad, applied to livestock.
בְהַמְתְּךָ֖your livestockN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, livestock'; second domain of the fertility triad.
וּבִפְרִ֣יand in the fruit ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival), third itemפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; third and final item of the triad, applied to the ground.
אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָyour groundN f sg constr + 2ms suff · אֲדָמָה (H127)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, soil'; completes the fertility triad of womb, herd, and soil.
עַ֚לuponprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase of place, resuming the land referenceעַל (H5921) 'upon'; introduces the land as the setting of this abundance.
הָאֲדָמָ֔הthe groundart + N f sg abs · אֲדָמָה (H127)Object of עַלאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground'; here as the land itself, object of preposition עַל.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
נִשְׁבַּ֧עhe sworeNiphal perf 3ms · שָׁבַע (H7650)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, prior divine oathשָׁבַע (H7650) Niphal 'to swear'; grounds the land-blessing in the patriarchal oath (Gen 15, 17, 22, 26, 28).
יְהוָ֛הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the one who swore the land-oath to the fathers.
לַאֲבֹתֶ֖יךָto your fathersprep לְ + N m pl constr + 2ms suff · אָב (H1)Prepositional phrase, complement of נִשְׁבַּעאָב (H1) 'father'; the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, recipients of the original land-oath.
לָ֥תֶתto giveprep לְ + Qal inf constr · נָתַן (H5414)Infinitive of purpose, complement of נִשְׁבַּע→ Infinitive of purpose: the content of the oath itselfנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; specifies the content of the oath to the fathers, the gift of the land.
לָֽךְto youprep לְ + 2fs suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of לָתֶתלְ 'to, for'; closes the verse identifying Israel as the promise's living beneficiary.
12

יִפְתַּ֣ח יְהוָ֣ה לְ֠ךָ אֶת אוֹצָר֨וֹ הַטּ֜וֹב אֶת הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם לָתֵ֤ת מְטַֽר אַרְצְךָ֙ בְּעִתּ֔וֹ וּלְבָרֵ֕ךְ אֵ֖ת כָּל מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יָדֶ֑ךָ וְהִלְוִ֨יתָ֙ גּוֹיִ֣ם רַבִּ֔ים וְאַתָּ֖ה לֹ֥א תִלְוֶֽה

YHWH will open for you his good storehouse, the heavens, to give the rain of your land in its season and to bless all the work of your hand; you will lend to many nations, but you will not borrow.

Climactic item of the future-blessing sequenceasyndeton
'His good storehouse, the heavens' pictures rainfall as treasure released on schedule; the closing note on lending rather than borrowing anticipates the head/tail imagery of v. 13 and its precise inversion at v. 44.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
יִפְתַּ֣חhe will openQal impf 3ms · פָּתַח (H6605)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future openingפָּתַח (H6605) 'to open'; here of YHWH releasing the heavens' storehouse of rain, an image of controlled, deliberate generosity.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the opened heavenly storehouse.
לְ֠ךָfor youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יִפְתַּחלְ 'to, for'; the beneficiary of YHWH's opened storehouse.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
אוֹצָר֨וֹhis storehouseN m sg constr + 3ms suff · אוֹצָר (H214)Direct object of יִפְתַּחאוֹצָר (H214) 'storehouse, treasury'; the heavens themselves are figured as YHWH's treasury of rain.
הַטּ֜וֹבthe goodart + adj m sg abs · טוֹב (H2896)Attributive adjective modifying אוֹצָרוֹטוֹב (H2896) 'good'; qualifies the storehouse as beneficent, echoing v. 11's לְטוֹבָה.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַשָּׁמַ֗יִםthe heavensart + N m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Appositive to אוֹצָרוֹ הַטּוֹבשָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens'; identifies the 'good storehouse' as the sky itself, source of rain — inverted into bronze at v. 23.
לָתֵ֤תto giveprep לְ + Qal inf constr · נָתַן (H5414)Infinitive of purpose, complement of יִפְתַּח→ Infinitive of purpose: the goal of opening the storehouseנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; specifies the purpose of the opened heavens — rainfall precisely timed.
מְטַֽרthe rain ofN m sg constr · מָטָר (H4306)Direct object of לָתֵת; construct chain (genitival)מָטָר (H4306) 'rain'; the object of YHWH's giving, inverted into dust at v. 24.
אַרְצְךָ֙your landN c sg constr + 2ms suff · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with מְטַראֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; the specific territory watered, echoed inverted at v. 24.
בְּעִתּ֔וֹin its seasonprep בְּ + N c sg constr + 3ms suff · עֵת (H6256)Adverbial prepositional phrase of timeעֵת (H6256) 'time, season'; well-timed rain (early/latter rains) is essential to the agricultural cycle, a mark of YHWH's providential precision.
וּלְבָרֵ֕ךְand to blessconj וְ + prep לְ + Piel inf constr · בָּרַךְ (H1288)Infinitive of purpose, coordinate with לָתֵת→ Infinitive of purpose: the further goal of the rain's blessingבָּרַךְ (H1288) Piel 'to bless'; extends the rain's purpose to blessing all human labor, not merely watering crops.
אֵ֖ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; every deed of the hand comes under this blessing.
מַעֲשֵׂ֣הthe work ofN m sg constr · מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639)Direct object of וּלְבָרֵךְ; construct chain (genitival)מַעֲשֶׂה (H4639) 'work, deed'; all human labor, the object of the rain-enabled blessing.
יָדֶ֑ךָyour handN c sg constr + 2ms suff · יָד (H3027)Genitive completing construct chain with מִשְׁלַחיָד (H3027) 'hand'; the totality of human labor, promised blessing here.
וְהִלְוִ֨יתָ֙and you will lendconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 2ms · לָוָה (H3867)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future economic superiorityלָוָה (H3867) Hiphil 'to cause to borrow, lend'; economic dominance over foreign nations, inverted at v. 44.
גּוֹיִ֣םnationsN m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Indirect object of וְהִלְוִיתָגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; foreign peoples as debtors to Israel, a mark of dominance.
רַבִּ֔יםmanyadj m pl abs · רַב (H7227)Attributive adjective modifying גּוֹיִםרַב (H7227) 'many, great'; emphasizes the scale of Israel's prospective economic reach.
וְאַתָּ֖הand youconj וְ + independent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Emphatic subject of תִלְוֶה, contrastiveאַתָּה (H859) 'you'; emphatic contrastive pronoun, setting Israel's role in relief against the nations'.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תִלְוֶֽהyou will borrowQal impf 2ms · לָוָה (H3867)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: certain future exemption from dependencyלָוָה (H3867) Qal 'to borrow'; negated, closing the verse on Israel's promised economic independence — precisely inverted at v. 44.
13

וּנְתָֽנְךָ֨ יְהוָ֤ה לְרֹאשׁ֙ וְלֹ֣א לְזָנָ֔ב וְהָיִ֨יתָ֙ רַ֣ק לְמַ֔עְלָה וְלֹ֥א תִהְיֶ֖ה לְמָ֑טָּה כִּֽי תִשְׁמַ֞ע אֶל מִצְוֺ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָנֹכִ֧י מְצַוְּךָ֛ הַיּ֖וֹם לִשְׁמֹ֥ר וְלַעֲשֽׂוֹת

YHWH will make you the head and not the tail; you will be only above and not beneath, if you listen to the commandments of YHWH your God, which I command you today, to observe and to do them.

Closing summary of the blessings, with a final embedded conditionasyndeton
The head/tail, above/beneath imagery summarizes the whole blessing sequence as one of preeminence; the closing conditional clause forms an inclusio with v. 1, bracketing the entire blessings section (vv. 1-13) with the same obedience formula. The wording here is inverted verbatim at v. 43-44 for the curse.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
וּנְתָֽנְךָ֨and he will make youconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms + 2ms suff · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future elevationנָתַן (H5414) 'to give, make'; reprises v. 1's identical formula, closing the blessings section with its opening promise.
יְהוָ֤הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of Israel's elevation to head, not tail.
לְרֹאשׁ֙as headprep לְ + N m sg abs · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Predicate complement (object complement of וּנְתָנְךָ)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head'; figuratively of preeminence and leadership, precisely inverted at v. 44.
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
לְזָנָ֔בas tailprep לְ + N m sg abs · זָנָב (H2180)Predicate complement, negated coordinate to לְרֹאשׁזָנָב (H2180) 'tail'; figuratively of the lowest, most subservient position, the opposite of רֹאשׁ.
וְהָיִ֨יתָ֙and you will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the above/beneath imagery paralleling head/tail.
רַ֣קonlyrestrictive adverb · רַק (H7535)Restrictive particle modifying the predicateרַק (H7535) 'only, surely'; restricts the promise to unqualified elevation, no admixture of decline.
לְמַ֔עְלָהupward, aboveprep לְ + adverb + directional ה · מַעְלָה (H4605)Predicate complement (adverbial of direction/status)מַעְלָה (H4605) 'upward, above'; pairs with רֹאשׁ to reinforce the imagery of elevation, precisely inverted at v. 43-44.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תִהְיֶ֖הyou will beQal impf 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: certain future exemptionהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; negated, excluding any descent to the lower position.
לְמָ֑טָּהdownward, beneathprep לְ + adverb · מַטָּה (H4295)Predicate complement (adverbial of direction/status), negatedמַטָּה (H4295) 'downward, beneath'; the excluded opposite of מַעְלָה, precisely reused at v. 43-44 for the curse.
כִּֽיfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
תִשְׁמַ֞עyou listenQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of the closing embedded conditional clause→ Yiqtol: the recurring condition, closing the blessings inclusio with v. 1שָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, obey'; the chapter's refrain-word, bracketing the whole blessings section (vv. 1-13) with the same condition.
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, complement of תִשְׁמַעאֶל (H413) 'to, toward'; here interchangeable with בְּ in the idiom 'to listen to' (cf. v. 1's בְּקוֹל).
מִצְוֺ֣תthe commandments ofN f pl constr · מִצְוָה (H4687)Object of אֶל; construct chain (genitival)מִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment'; direct object of the condition, echoing v. 1.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the commandments belong to him.
אֱלֹהֶ֗יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אָנֹכִ֧יIindependent pronoun 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject of מְצַוְּךָ, emphatic (Moses as speaker)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic first-person pronoun; Moses speaks as covenant mediator, echoing v. 1.
מְצַוְּךָ֛commanding youPiel ptc ms constr + 2ms suff · צִוָּה (H6680)Substantival/verbal participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, Moses' ongoing act of proclamationצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; the present participle recurs throughout the chapter, casting Torah-giving as a living, present event.
הַיּ֖וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Adverbial accusative of timeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; הַיּוֹם 'today', Deuteronomy's marker of covenant-renewal urgency.
לִשְׁמֹ֥רto keepprep לְ + Qal inf constr · שָׁמַר (H8104)Purpose infinitive, epexegetical to תִשְׁמַע→ Infinitive of purpose/resultשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, observe'; reprises v. 1's identical double infinitive, closing the inclusio.
וְלַעֲשֽׂוֹתand to doconj וְ + prep לְ + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Purpose infinitive, coordinate with לִשְׁמֹר→ Infinitive of purpose/resultעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; closes the blessings section on the same שָׁמַר + עָשָׂה pairing that opened it in v. 1.
14

וְלֹ֣א תָס֗וּר מִכָּל הַדְּבָרִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָנֹכִ֜י מְצַוֶּ֥ה אֶתְכֶ֛ם הַיּ֖וֹם יָמִ֣ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול לָלֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵ֛י אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים לְעָבְדָֽם

And do not turn aside from any of the words that I command you today, to the right hand or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.

Final negative admonition closing the blessings sectionוְ
A prohibitive appendix warning against apostasy ('other gods') seals the blessings unit before the pivot at v. 15; the right/left idiom for exact fidelity to the commanded path is a Deuteronomic commonplace (cf. 5:32; 17:11, 20).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תָס֗וּרyou turn asideQal impf 2ms · סוּר (H5493)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: prohibition of deviationסוּר (H5493) 'to turn aside, depart'; negated, prohibiting any deviation from the commanded path.
מִכָּלfrom any ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הַדְּבָרִיםכֹּל (H3605) 'all, any'; with negated verb, 'not turn aside from any of.'
הַדְּבָרִים֙the wordsart + N m pl abs · דָּבָר (H1697)Genitive completing construct chain with מִכָּלדָּבָר (H1697) 'word, thing'; the commanded words of Torah, echoed at v. 58, 61, 69.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אָנֹכִ֜יIindependent pronoun 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject of מְצַוְּךָ, emphatic (Moses as speaker)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic first-person pronoun; Moses speaks as covenant mediator.
מְצַוֶּ֥הcommandingPiel ptc ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Substantival/verbal participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, Moses' ongoing proclamationצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; without pronominal suffix here since the object אֶתְכֶם follows separately.
אֶתְכֶ֛םyou [obj, pl]obj marker + 2mp suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffixאֵת (H853), object marker with 2mp suffix; the plural addresses the whole assembly of Israel.
הַיּ֖וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Adverbial accusative of timeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; הַיּוֹם 'today', the marker of present covenantal urgency.
יָמִ֣יןthe right handN f sg abs · יָמִין (H3225)Adverbial accusative of directionיָמִין (H3225) 'right hand/side'; with שְׂמֹאול forms the idiom for total, exact fidelity to the path (cf. Deut 5:32; 17:11, 20).
וּשְׂמֹ֑אולor the leftconj וְ + N m sg abs · שְׂמֹאול (H8040)Coordinate adverbial accusative of directionשְׂמֹאול (H8040) 'left hand/side'; completes the right/left merism for exact, undeviating fidelity.
לָלֶ֗כֶתto goprep לְ + Qal inf constr · הָלַךְ (H3212)Infinitive of purpose/result→ Infinitive of purpose: the forbidden goal of deviationהָלַךְ (H3212) 'to go, walk'; here of apostasy, 'going after other gods,' the standard Deuteronomic idiom for idolatry.
אַחֲרֵ֛יafterprep · אַחַר (H310)Prepositional phrase, complement of לָלֶכֶתאַחַר (H310) 'after, behind'; הָלַךְ אַחֲרֵי is the fixed Deuteronomic idiom for following/serving other gods.
אֱלֹהִ֥יםgodsN m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Object of אַחֲרֵיאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'gods'; here plural referring to foreign deities, contrasting its usual singular use for YHWH.
אֲחֵרִ֖יםotheradj m pl abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying אֱלֹהִיםאַחֵר (H312) 'other'; marks the gods as illegitimate rivals to YHWH, the chapter's root apostasy.
לְעָבְדָֽםto serve themprep לְ + Qal inf constr + 3mp suff · עָבַד (H5647)Infinitive of purpose, complement of לָלֶכֶת אַחֲרֵי→ Infinitive of purpose: the forbidden end-goal of apostasyעָבַד (H5647) 'to serve, worship'; closes the blessings section on a warning whose violation (service to other gods) the curses will punish with literal enslavement (vv. 48, 68).
15

וְהָיָ֗ה אִם לֹ֤א תִשְׁמַע֙ בְּקוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ לִשְׁמֹ֤ר לַעֲשׂוֹת֙ אֶת כָּל מִצְוֺתָ֣יו וְחֻקֹּתָ֔יו אֲשֶׁ֛ר אָנֹכִ֥י מְצַוְּךָ֖ הַיּ֑וֹם וּבָ֧אוּ עָלֶ֛יךָ כָּל הַקְּלָל֥וֹת הָאֵ֖לֶּה וְהִשִּׂיגֽוּךָ

But if you do not obey the voice of YHWH your God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes that I command you today, then all these curses will come upon you and overtake you.

Structural pivot: inverts v. 1-2 to open the curses sectionוְ
The hinge-verse of the whole chapter: it reproduces v. 1-2 almost word for word but negates the condition (לֹא תִשְׁמַע) and swaps בְּרָכוֹת for קְלָלוֹת, launching the curses (vv. 15-68), which will run nearly four times the length of the blessings just given.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
וְהָיָ֗הand it will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, apodosis-introducing (main clause)→ Weqatal: consequential future, the result that follows upon disobedienceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; reprises v. 1's identical opening, now inverted to launch the curses.
אִםifconj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction (introduces protasis)אִם (H518) 'if'; opens the negated protasis, mirroring v. 1's positive condition.
לֹ֤אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תִשְׁמַע֙you obeyQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of the negated protasis→ Yiqtol negated: the failed condition that triggers the cursesשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, obey'; negated here (לֹא תִשְׁמַע), the chapter's refrain-word turned to failure.
בְּקוֹל֙to the voice ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · קוֹל (H6963)Prepositional phrase, complement of תשמעקוֹל (H6963) 'voice'; שָׁמַע בְּקוֹל, the standing idiom for obedience, now negated.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the voice Israel fails to obey.
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
לִשְׁמֹ֤רto observeprep לְ + Qal inf constr · שָׁמַר (H8104)Purpose infinitive, epexegetical to תִשְׁמַע→ Infinitive of purpose/resultשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, observe'; reprises v. 1's double infinitive, now negated.
לַעֲשׂוֹת֙to doprep לְ + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Purpose infinitive, coordinate with לִשְׁמֹר→ Infinitive of purpose/resultעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; completes the double infinitive of obedience, now the failed condition.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totality of the failed obedience, mirroring v. 1's demand.
מִצְוֺתָ֣יוhis commandmentsN f pl constr + 3ms suff · מִצְוָה (H4687)Direct object of לִשְׁמֹר/לַעֲשׂוֹתמִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment'; the object of the failed obedience.
וְחֻקֹּתָ֔יוand his statutesconj וְ + N c pl constr + 3ms suff · חֻקָּה (H2708)Coordinate direct object with מִצְוֺתָיוחֻקָּה (H2708) 'statute, prescribed limit'; added to מִצְוָה, this pairing (commandments and statutes) recurs at v. 45 to bracket the curses' first movement.
אֲשֶׁ֛רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אָנֹכִ֥יIindependent pronoun 1cs · אָנֹכִי (H595)Subject of מְצַוְּךָ, emphatic (Moses as speaker)אָנֹכִי (H595), emphatic first-person pronoun; Moses speaks as covenant mediator.
מְצַוְּךָ֖commanding youPiel ptc ms constr + 2ms suff · צִוָּה (H6680)Substantival/verbal participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, Moses' ongoing act of proclamationצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; the present participle recurs throughout the chapter, casting Torah-giving as a living, present event.
הַיּ֑וֹםtodayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Adverbial accusative of timeיוֹם (H3117) 'day'; הַיּוֹם 'today', the marker of present covenantal urgency.
וּבָ֧אוּand they will comeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause), subject כָּל הַקְּלָלוֹת→ Weqatal: certain future consequenceבּוֹא (H935) 'to come'; reprises v. 2's identical formula, now with curses as the personified agents rather than blessings.
עָלֶ֛יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totality of curse, inverting v. 2's totality of blessing.
הַקְּלָל֥וֹתthe cursesart + N f pl abs · קְלָלָה (H7045)Subject of וּבָאוּ/וְהִשִּׂיגוּךָקְלָלָה (H7045) 'curse', from קָלַל 'to be light, curse'; inverts v. 2's בְּרָכוֹת, launching the long curses catalog.
הָאֵ֖לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַקְּלָלוֹתאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; points forward to the extensive curses catalog about to unfold.
וְהִשִּׂיגֽוּךָand they will overtake youconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3cp + 2ms suff · נָשַׂג (H5381)Predicate verb, coordinate with וּבָאוּ→ Weqatal: certain future, completing the doubled verb of pursuitנָשַׂג (H5381) Hiphil 'to overtake'; the same relentless-pursuit verb as v. 2, now working against Israel instead of for her.
16

אָר֥וּר אַתָּ֖ה בָּעִ֑יר וְאָר֥וּר אַתָּ֖ה בַּשָּׂדֶֽה

Cursed shall you be in the city, and cursed shall you be in the field.

First item of the curses catalog, inverting v. 3asyndeton
Verbatim inversion of v. 3 (בָּרוּךְ → אָרוּר); the curses catalog (vv. 16-19) mirrors the blessings catalog's structure exactly before the curses expand far beyond the blessings' scope.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
אָר֥וּרcursedQal pass ptc ms · אָרוּר (H779)Predicate adjective (passive participle, curse formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced curse resting upon the subjectאָרוּר (H779), Qal passive participle of אָרַר 'to curse'; the standing formula opening each item of the curses catalog, inverting בָּרוּךְ.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the curse formula.
בָּעִ֑ירin the cityprep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · עִיר (H5892)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeעִיר (H5892) 'city'; inverts v. 3's identical blessing, opening the curses catalog with the same merism.
וְאָר֥וּרand cursedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc ms · אָרוּר (H779)Predicate adjective, second clause of the couplet→ Stative/passive: curse extended to the second, complementary sphereאָרוּר (H779), repeated to complete the city/field merism under curse.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms), repeated for the second half of the couplet.
בַּשָּׂדֶֽהin the fieldprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeשָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field'; completes the city/field merism, inverting v. 3's blessing.
17

אָר֥וּר טַנְאֲךָ֖ וּמִשְׁאַרְתֶּֽךָ

Cursed shall be your basket and your kneading trough.

Second item of the curses catalog, inverting v. 5asyndeton
Exact inversion of v. 5; the domestic instruments of food production, blessed above, are now cursed.
Word-by-word analysis· 3 words
אָר֥וּרcursedQal pass ptc ms · אָרוּר (H779)Predicate adjective (passive participle, curse formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced curse resting upon the subjectאָרוּר (H779), Qal passive participle of אָרַר 'to curse'; opens the second item of the curses catalog, inverting v. 5's blessing.
טַנְאֲךָ֖your basketN m sg constr + 2ms suff · טֶנֶא (H2935)Subject of the nominal clause with אָרוּרטֶנֶא (H2935) 'basket'; inverts v. 5's blessing on the same household implement.
וּמִשְׁאַרְתֶּֽךָand your kneading troughconj וְ + N f sg constr + 2ms suff · מִשְׁאֶרֶת (H4863)Coordinate subject with טַנְאֲךָמִשְׁאֶרֶת (H4863) 'kneading trough'; completes the inversion of v. 5's blessing on food preparation.
18

אָר֥וּר פְּרִֽי בִטְנְךָ֖ וּפְרִ֣י אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָ שְׁגַ֥ר אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹת צֹאנֶֽךָ

Cursed shall be the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your ground, the increase of your cattle and the young of your flock.

Third item of the curses catalog, inverting v. 4asyndeton
Exact inversion of v. 4's fertility triad; the same categories of blessing (body, soil, herd) become the site of curse.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
אָר֥וּרcursedQal pass ptc ms · אָרוּר (H779)Predicate adjective (passive participle, curse formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced curse resting upon the subjectאָרוּר (H779), Qal passive participle of אָרַר 'to curse'; opens the third item of the curses catalog, inverting v. 4's fertility triad.
פְּרִֽיfruit ofN m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival)פְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; first item of the fertility triad, inverting v. 4's blessing.
בִטְנְךָ֖your wombN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בֶּטֶן (H990)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבֶּטֶן (H990) 'womb'; the human-fecundity item of the triad, now under curse.
וּפְרִ֣יand the fruit ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival), coordinate itemפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; inverts v. 4's fertility triad, now applied to the ground under curse.
אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָyour groundN f sg constr + 2ms suff · אֲדָמָה (H127)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground'; inverts v. 4's blessing on the soil.
שְׁגַ֥רthe increase ofN m sg constr · שֶׁגֶר (H7698)Construct chain (genitival) with אֲלָפֶיךָשֶׁגֶר (H7698) 'offspring, increase'; inverts v. 4's blessing on the herd's young.
אֲלָפֶ֖יךָyour cattleN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֶלֶף (H504)Genitive completing construct chain with שְׁגַראֶלֶף (H504) 'herd, cattle'; inverts v. 4's blessing on the cattle's offspring.
וְעַשְׁתְּר֥וֹתand the young ofconj וְ + N f pl constr · עַשְׁתְּרָה (H6251)Construct chain (genitival) with צֹאנֶךָעַשְׁתָּרוֹת (H6251) 'young, offspring' of the flock; inverts v. 4's blessing on the flock's increase.
צֹאנֶֽךָyour flockN c sg constr + 2ms suff · צֹאן (H6629)Genitive completing construct chain with עַשְׁתְּרוֹתצֹאן (H6629) 'flock'; completes the curse-inversion of v. 4's fertility blessing.
19

אָר֥וּר אַתָּ֖ה בְּבֹאֶ֑ךָ וְאָר֥וּר אַתָּ֖ה בְּצֵאתֶֽךָ

Cursed shall you be when you come in, and cursed shall you be when you go out.

Fourth and closing item of the curses catalog, inverting v. 6asyndeton
Closes the four-item curses catalog (vv. 16-19) as the mirror of vv. 3-6; from here the curses break the catalog form entirely and expand into the long narrated horrors of vv. 20-68.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
אָר֥וּרcursedQal pass ptc ms · אָרוּר (H779)Predicate adjective (passive participle, curse formula)→ Stative/passive: a state of pronounced curse resting upon the subjectאָרוּר (H779), Qal passive participle 'cursed'; opens the fourth and closing item of the curses catalog.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the coming-in clause under curse.
בְּבֹאֶ֑ךָin your coming inprep בְּ + Qal inf constr + 2ms suff · בּוֹא (H935)Adverbial infinitival phrase of time/circumstance→ Infinitive construct: durative, describing the ongoing activity of enteringבּוֹא (H935) 'to come, enter'; here under the curse formula, inverting the blessing of v. 6.
וְאָר֥וּרand cursedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc ms · אָרוּר (H779)Predicate adjective, second clause of the couplet→ Stative/passive: curse extended to the second, complementary sphereאָרוּר (H779), repeated for the second half of the coming-in/going-out merism, completing the curse-inversion of v. 6.
אַתָּ֖הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the going-out clause, completing the merism under curse.
בְּצֵאתֶֽךָin your going outprep בְּ + Qal inf constr + 2ms suff · יָצָא (H3318)Adverbial infinitival phrase of time/circumstance→ Infinitive construct: durative, describing the ongoing activity of departingיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; here under the curse formula, inverting the blessing of v. 6.
20

יְשַׁלַּ֣ח יְהוָ֣ה בְּ֠ךָ אֶת הַמְּאֵרָ֤ה אֶת הַמְּהוּמָה֙ וְאֶת הַמִּגְעֶ֔רֶת בְּכָל מִשְׁלַ֥ח יָדְךָ֖ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תַּעֲשֶׂ֑ה עַ֣ד הִשָּֽׁמֶדְךָ֤ וְעַד אֲבָדְךָ֙ מַהֵ֔ר מִפְּנֵ֛י רֹ֥עַ מַֽעֲלָלֶ֖יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עֲזַבְתָּֽנִי

YHWH will send upon you cursing, confusion, and rebuke in everything you undertake to do, until you are destroyed and until you perish quickly, because of the evil of your deeds by which you have forsaken me.

Opens the expanded, narrated curses (vv. 20-44)asyndeton
The triad הַמְּאֵרָה, הַמְּהוּמָה, הַמִּגְעֶרֶת (cursing, confusion, rebuke) are each personified afflictions YHWH 'sends,' just as blessing was 'commanded' in v. 8; the abrupt shift to first-person 'forsaken me' briefly makes YHWH the direct speaker.
Word-by-word analysis· 24 words
יְשַׁלַּ֣חhe will sendPiel impf 3ms · שָׁלַח (H7971)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future decreeשָׁלַח (H7971) Piel 'to send'; personifies the curses as agents YHWH dispatches, paralleling v. 8's 'command the blessing.'
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the sent curse-triad.
בְּ֠ךָupon youprep בְּ + 2ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יְשַׁלַּחבְּ 'in, upon'; marks Israel as the target of the sent curses.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַמְּאֵרָ֤הthe cursingart + N f sg abs · מְאֵרָה (H3994)First direct object of יְשַׁלַּחמְאֵרָה (H3994) 'curse, cursing', from אָרַר; the first of three personified afflictions (with מְהוּמָה, מִגְעֶרֶת) YHWH sends against the disobedient.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַמְּהוּמָה֙the confusionart + N f sg abs · מְהוּמָה (H4103)Second direct object of יְשַׁלַּחמְהוּמָה (H4103) 'confusion, panic, tumult'; the disorientation that undoes all ordered effort, often associated elsewhere with divinely-sent battle panic.
וְאֶתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (third object)וְ joins the third object; אֵת marks הַמִּגְעֶרֶת as the definite direct object.
הַמִּגְעֶ֔רֶתthe rebukeart + N f sg abs · מִגְעֶרֶת (H4045)Third direct object of יְשַׁלַּחמִגְעֶרֶת (H4045) 'rebuke', a hapax legomenon from גָּעַר 'to rebuke sharply'; third of the personified triad of afflictions sent against disobedience.
בְּכָלin allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing מִשְׁלַח יָדְךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; extends these curses to every undertaking, inverting v. 8's identical phrase of blessing.
מִשְׁלַ֥חthe undertaking ofN m sg constr · מִשְׁלָח (H4916)Construct chain (genitival) with יָדְךָמִשְׁלָח (H4916) 'undertaking'; inverts v. 8's identical phrase, now the site of curse rather than blessing.
יָדְךָ֖your handN c sg constr + 2ms suff · יָד (H3027)Genitive completing construct chain with מִשְׁלַחיָד (H3027) 'hand'; inverts v. 8's blessing on all labor.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תַּעֲשֶׂ֑הyou doQal impf 2ms · עָשָׂה (H6213)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitual, whatever Israel undertakes to doעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; every future undertaking, without exception, falls under this curse.
עַ֣דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הִשָּֽׁמֶדְךָ֤your being destroyedNiphal inf constr + 2ms suff · שָׁמַד (H8045)Infinitival object of עַד, marking temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of the affliction's durationשָׁמַד (H8045) Niphal 'to be destroyed, exterminated'; the ultimate horizon of this curse-sequence, recurring throughout the chapter as its grim refrain.
וְעַדand untilconj וְ + prep עַד · עַד (H5704)Coordinate prepositional phrase of timeעַד (H5704) 'until'; doubles the temporal marker for emphasis, 'until destroyed and until perished.'
אֲבָדְךָ֙your perishingQal inf constr + 2ms suff · אָבַד (H6)Infinitival object of עַד, marking temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point, intensifying הִשָּׁמְדְךָאָבַד (H6) 'to perish, be lost'; paired with שָׁמַד for maximal emphasis on total ruin.
מַהֵ֔רquicklyPiel inf abs (adverbial) · מָהַר (H4118)Adverbial infinitive absolute modifying אָבְדְךָ→ Infinitive absolute used adverbially: intensifies the speed of the ruinמָהַר (H4118) Piel 'to hasten'; used adverbially, 'quickly, swiftly' — the destruction will not be slow.
מִפְּנֵ֛יbecause ofprep מִן + N c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Causal prepositional phraseפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; מִפְּנֵי idiom 'because of, on account of,' introducing the cause of the curse.
רֹ֥עַthe evil ofN m sg constr · רֹעַ (H7455)Construct chain (genitival) with מַעֲלָלֶיךָרֹעַ (H7455) 'evil, badness'; names the moral cause behind the curse's affliction.
מַֽעֲלָלֶ֖יךָyour deedsN m pl constr + 2ms suff · מַעֲלָל (H4611)Genitive completing construct chain with רֹעַמַעֲלָל (H4611) 'deed, practice', from עָלַל; typically plural and typically negative in Deuteronomistic usage, denoting persistent patterns of wrongdoing.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
עֲזַבְתָּֽנִיyou have forsaken meQal perf 2ms + 1cs suff · עָזַב (H5800)Predicate verb of the relative clause, closing the verse→ Perfective: a completed act of abandonment, the root offenseעָזַב (H5800) 'to forsake, abandon'; the abrupt shift to first-person ('forsaken ME') makes YHWH momentarily the direct speaker, personalizing the covenant breach.
21

יַדְבֵּ֧ק יְהוָ֛ה בְּךָ֖ אֶת הַדָּ֑בֶר עַ֚ד כַּלֹּת֣וֹ אֹֽתְךָ֔ מֵעַל֙ הָֽאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֥ה בָא שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ

YHWH will make the pestilence cling to you until he has consumed you off the land that you are entering to possess.

Continues the narrated cursesasyndeton
'Cling' (הִדְבִּיק) pictures pestilence as an inescapable parasite; the land promised for possession becomes instead the site of annihilation — an ironic reversal of the conquest hope.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
יַדְבֵּ֧קhe will make clingHiphil impf 3ms · דָּבַק (H1692)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future afflictionדָּבַק (H1692) Hiphil 'to cause to cling, attach'; pictures pestilence as a parasite YHWH fastens onto Israel.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the pestilence sent to cling to Israel.
בְּךָ֖to youprep בְּ + 2ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יַדְבֵּקבְּ 'in, to'; marks Israel as the site the pestilence attaches to.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַדָּ֑בֶרthe pestilenceart + N m sg abs · דֶּבֶר (H1698)Direct object of יַדְבֵּקדֶּבֶר (H1698) 'plague, pestilence'; one of the classic covenant-curse afflictions (cf. Lev 26:25; Jer 14:12), grimly punning on the verb דָּבַק ('cling') that governs it.
עַ֚דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
כַּלֹּת֣וֹhis consuming (it)Piel inf constr + 3ms suff · כָּלָה (H3615)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the curse's temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the completion-point of the pestilence's destructive workכָּלָה (H3615) Piel 'to finish, consume, annihilate'; the 3ms suffix refers back to the pestilence as the agent completing its destructive work.
אֹֽתְךָ֔you [obj]obj marker + 2ms suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix, object of כַּלֹּתוֹאֵת (H853), object marker with 2ms suffix marking Israel as the object consumed.
מֵעַל֙from uponprep מִן + prep עַל · עַל (H5921)Compound prepositional phrase of separationמֵעַל (מִן + עַל) 'from upon, off of'; marks total removal from the land, not merely diminishment.
הָֽאֲדָמָ֔הthe groundart + N f sg abs · אֲדָמָה (H127)Object of מֵעַלאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, land'; the very land promised for possession becomes instead the site of annihilation.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אַתָּ֥הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the relative clause describing entry into the land.
בָאcomingQal act ptc ms · בּוֹא (H935)Substantival participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, the ongoing act of enteringבּוֹא (H935) Qal active participle 'entering, coming'; the very act of entering the land promised for possession now frames a curse of annihilation instead.
שָׁ֖מָּהthereadverb + directional ה · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of בָא
לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּto possess itprep לְ + Qal inf constr + 3fs suff · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Infinitive of purpose, complement of בָא→ Infinitive of purpose: the intended goal of entering the landיָרַשׁ (H3423) 'to possess, inherit, dispossess'; the very verb of conquest hope now closes a verse of annihilation instead.
22

יַכְּכָ֣ה יְ֠הוָה בַּשַּׁחֶ֨פֶת וּבַקַּדַּ֜חַת וּבַדַּלֶּ֗קֶת וּבַֽחַרְחֻר֙ וּבַחֶ֔רֶב וּבַשִּׁדָּפ֖וֹן וּבַיֵּרָק֑וֹן וּרְדָפ֖וּךָ עַ֥ד אָבְדֶֽךָ

YHWH will strike you with consumption, fever, inflammation, fiery heat, drought, blight, and mildew; they will pursue you until you perish.

Continues the narrated curses; sevenfold list of afflictionsasyndeton
A cascading list of seven diseases/agricultural blights, personified as pursuers ('they will pursue you') exactly as blessings pursued in v. 2 — the same verb of hunting-down now works against Israel.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
יַכְּכָ֣הhe will strike youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suff · נָכָה (H5221)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future afflictionנָכָה (H5221) Hiphil 'to strike, smite'; opens the sevenfold heptad of disease-curses.
יְ֠הוָהYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the sevenfold disease-curse.
בַּשַּׁחֶ֨פֶתwith consumptionprep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · שַׁחֶפֶת (H7829)Instrumental prepositional phrase, first item of the sevenfold disease-listשַׁחֶפֶת (H7829) 'consumption, wasting disease' (likely tuberculosis-like wasting); first of the seven afflictions.
וּבַקַּדַּ֜חַתand with feverconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · קַדַּחַת (H6920)Instrumental prepositional phrase, second item of the sevenfold disease-listקַדַּחַת (H6920) 'fever, burning heat', from קדח 'to kindle, burn'; second of the seven afflictions.
וּבַדַּלֶּ֗קֶתand with inflammationconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · דַּלֶּקֶת (H1816)Instrumental prepositional phrase, third item of the sevenfold disease-listדַּלֶּקֶת (H1816) 'inflammation, burning fever', from דלק 'to burn, blaze'; third of the seven afflictions.
וּבַֽחַרְחֻר֙and with scorching heatconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · חַרְחֻר (H2746)Instrumental prepositional phrase, fourth item of the sevenfold disease-listחַרְחֻר (H2746), a hapax legomenon, reduplicated intensive from a root meaning 'to be hot, scorched'; 'burning fever, feverish heat'; fourth of the seven afflictions.
וּבַחֶ֔רֶבand with the swordconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · חֶרֶב (H2719)Instrumental prepositional phrase, fifth item of the sevenfold disease-listחֶרֶב (H2719) 'sword'; violent death by war inserted into the disease-heptad, broadening the curse's scope beyond illness alone.
וּבַשִּׁדָּפ֖וֹןand with blightconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · שִׁדָּפוֹן (H7711)Instrumental prepositional phrase, sixth item of the sevenfold disease-listשִׁדָּפוֹן (H7711) 'blight, blasting' of grain by scorching east wind, from שדף 'to scorch'; sixth affliction, shifting from bodily disease to agricultural ruin.
וּבַיֵּרָק֑וֹןand with mildewconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · יֵרָקוֹן (H3420)Instrumental prepositional phrase, seventh and final item of the sevenfold disease-listיֵרָקוֹן (H3420) 'mildew, yellow blight' of crops, from יָרָק 'green, pale'; paired with שִׁדָּפוֹן (cf. 1 Kgs 8:37), completing the heptad.
וּרְדָפ֖וּךָand they will pursue youconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp + 2ms suff · רָדַף (H7291)Predicate verb (main clause), subject the sevenfold afflictions→ Weqatal: certain future, personifying the afflictions as relentless pursuersרָדַף (H7291) 'to pursue, chase'; the diseases personified as hunters, echoing the pursuit-verbs of v. 2 now turned against Israel.
עַ֥דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
אָבְדֶֽךָyour perishingQal inf constr + 2ms suff · אָבַד (H6)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point toward which the pursuing afflictions driveאָבַד (H6) 'to perish, be lost'; the horizon toward which the sevenfold affliction hunts Israel down, echoing v. 20's הִשָּׁמְדְךָ...אֲבָדְךָ.
23

וְהָי֥וּ שָׁמֶ֛יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל רֹאשְׁךָ֖ נְחֹ֑שֶׁת וְהָאָ֥רֶץ אֲשֶׁר תַּחְתֶּ֖יךָ בַּרְזֶֽל

The heavens over your head will be bronze, and the earth under you iron.

Continues the narrated curses; cosmic-drought imageryוְ
The bronze-heavens/iron-earth pair is a vivid ANE drought metaphor (paralleled in Lev 26:19 and the Assyrian vassal treaties) picturing a sky that will not yield rain and ground baked hard — the inversion of v. 12's open storehouse of rain.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְהָי֥וּand they will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the cosmic-reversal curse of bronze heavens and iron earth.
שָׁמֶ֛יךָyour heavensN m pl constr + 2ms suff · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Subject of וְהָיוּשָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens, sky'; inverts v. 12's good storehouse of rain into unyielding bronze.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
עַלoverprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase specifying location relative to רֹאשְׁךָ
רֹאשְׁךָ֖your headN m sg constr + 2ms suff · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Object of עַלרֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head'; here literal (the sky directly overhead), contrasting its figurative use in v. 13's 'head, not tail.'
נְחֹ֑שֶׁתbronzeN f sg abs · נְחֹשֶׁת (H5178)Predicate complement (nominal clause, שָׁמֶיךָ the subject)נְחֹשֶׁת (H5178) 'bronze, copper'; a sky of unyielding metal sealed against rain — the classic ANE drought curse-image (cf. Lev 26:19).
וְהָאָ֥רֶץand the earthconj וְ + art + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Subject of the second nominal clause (predicate בַּרְזֶל)אֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth, ground'; second half of the bronze-heavens/iron-earth cosmic-reversal pair.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תַּחְתֶּ֖יךָunder youprep תַּחַת + 2ms suff · תַּחַת (H8478)Prepositional phrase of place, complement of וְהָאָרֶץ
בַּרְזֶֽלironN m sg abs · בַּרְזֶל (H1270)Predicate complement, completing the earth's cosmic-reversal imageבַּרְזֶל (H1270) 'iron'; ground baked as hard and impermeable as metal, sealed against agriculture.
24

יִתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת מְטַ֥ר אַרְצְךָ֖ אָבָ֣ק וְעָפָ֑ר מִן הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ יֵרֵ֣ד עָלֶ֔יךָ עַ֖ד הִשָּׁמְדָֽךְ

YHWH will make the rain of your land dust and powder; from the heavens it will come down upon you until you are destroyed.

Continues and intensifies the bronze-heavens motif of v. 23asyndeton
Rain itself is perverted into dust storm — the very heavens that in v. 12 gave rain 'in its season' now rain destruction; this precise inversion of the rain-blessing exemplifies the chapter's mirror-curse technique.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
יִתֵּ֧ןhe will makeQal impf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future afflictionנָתַן (H5414) 'to give, make, turn into'; inverts v. 12's gift of rain into dust.
יְהוָ֛הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the dust-rain curse.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
מְטַ֥רthe rain ofN m sg constr · מָטָר (H4306)Direct object of יִתֵּן; construct chain (genitival)מָטָר (H4306) 'rain'; the object of blessing in v. 12, here perverted into dust.
אַרְצְךָ֖your landN c sg constr + 2ms suff · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with מְטַראֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; echoes v. 12's identical phrase, now the site of curse rather than blessing.
אָבָ֣קdustN m sg abs · אָבָק (H80)Object complement (predicate accusative with יִתֵּן, 'turn ... into dust')אָבָק (H80) 'dust, powder'; rain itself becomes a suffocating, destroying agent.
וְעָפָ֑רand dry dustconj וְ + N m sg abs · עָפָר (H6083)Coordinate object complement with אָבָקעָפָר (H6083) 'dust, dry earth'; paired with אָבָק for emphasis, ordinary ground-dust falling as if it were rain.
מִןfromprep · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase of source
הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙the heavensart + N m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Object of מִןשָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens'; source of the perverted dust-rain, inverting v. 12's good storehouse.
יֵרֵ֣דit will come downQal impf 3ms · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (main clause), subject the dust→ Yiqtol: certain future descentיָרַד (H3381) 'to go down, descend'; the verb of rainfall now describes the fall of choking dust.
עָלֶ֔יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הִשָּׁמְדָֽךְyour being destroyedNiphal inf constr + 2fs suff · שָׁמַד (H8045)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of the dust-curse's durationשָׁמַד (H8045) Niphal 'to be destroyed, exterminated'; recurs as the chapter's grim refrain (cf. v. 20).
25

יִתֶּנְךָ֨ יְהוָ֥ה נִגָּף֮ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֶיךָ֒ בְּדֶ֤רֶךְ אֶחָד֙ תֵּצֵ֣א אֵלָ֔יו וּבְשִׁבְעָ֥ה דְרָכִ֖ים תָּנ֣וּס לְפָנָ֑יו וְהָיִ֣יתָ לְזַעֲוָ֔ה לְכֹ֖ל מַמְלְכ֥וֹת הָאָֽרֶץ

YHWH will cause you to be defeated before your enemies; you will go out against them one way and flee before them seven ways, and you will become a horror to all the kingdoms of the earth.

Inverts v. 7's promise of victory verbatimasyndeton
The one-way/seven-ways formula of v. 7 is reproduced with subject and object reversed: Israel now flees seven ways rather than the enemy; 'horror to all kingdoms' inverts the nations' fear-and-respect of v. 10 into scorn.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
יִתֶּנְךָ֨he will make youQal impf 3ms + 2ms suff · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future defeatנָתַן (H5414) 'to give, make'; idiomatic 'cause to be struck down,' inverting v. 7's identical verb of victory.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of Israel's defeat, inverting v. 7's promise of victory.
נִגָּף֮struck downNiphal ptc ms · נָגַף (H5062)Predicate participle, object complement of יִתֶּנְךָ ('give you as struck down')→ Passive participle: the ongoing state of defeat imposed on Israelנָגַף (H5062) Niphal 'to be struck, defeated'; inverts v. 7's נִגָּפִים describing the enemy — now Israel is struck down.
לִפְנֵ֣יbeforeprep לְ + N c pl constr · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase of placeפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; לִפְנֵי 'before,' inverting v. 7's לְפָנֶיךָ so Israel is now routed before the enemy.
אֹיְבֶיךָ֒your enemiesQal act ptc m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Substantival participle, object or subject per clause→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostility ('the ones hating you')אֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; here Israel's defeat comes before, rather than at the hands of, this enemy.
בְּדֶ֤רֶךְin the way ofprep בְּ + N c sg abs · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, road'; inverts v. 7 — now Israel approaches unified by one road, only to scatter in flight.
אֶחָד֙onecardinal number m sg · אֶחָד (H259)Attributive numeral modifying דֶּרֶךְאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; Israel's unified approach, about to be undone into sevenfold scattered rout, precisely inverting v. 7.
תֵּצֵ֣אyou will go outQal impf 2ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb, subordinate clause describing Israel's approach (inverted from v. 7's enemy)→ Yiqtol: Israel's unified initial approach, doomed to scatterיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; inverts v. 7 — now Israel, not the enemy, goes out only to flee in rout.
אֵלָ֔יוagainst themprep אֶל + 3ms suff · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, complement of תֵּצֵא
וּבְשִׁבְעָ֥הand in sevenconj וְ + prep בְּ + cardinal number m sg · שֶׁבַע (H7651)Adverbial prepositional phrase of manner, contrastive with the 'one way' just namedשֶׁבַע (H7651) 'seven', symbolic number of completeness; here Israel's total scattered rout, precisely inverting v. 7.
דְרָכִ֖יםwaysN c pl abs · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Object of the numeral שִׁבְעָהדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, road', plural; the sevenfold scattering of Israel in flight, inverting v. 7's enemy rout.
תָּנ֣וּסyou will fleeQal impf 2ms · נוּס (H5127)Predicate verb, main clause result→ Yiqtol: certain future scattered flightנוּס (H5127) 'to flee'; inverts v. 7 — the enemy's flight formula now describes Israel's own rout.
לְפָנָ֑יוbefore themprep לְ + N c pl constr + 3ms suff · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase of placeפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; 'before them,' completing the inversion of v. 7's victory formula into defeat.
וְהָיִ֣יתָand you will becomeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future consequenceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the closing humiliation before all the world's kingdoms.
לְזַעֲוָ֔הas a horrorprep לְ + N f sg abs · זַעֲוָה (H2189)Predicate complement (object complement of וְהָיִיתָ)זַעֲוָה (H2189) 'object of trembling, horror' (rare, elsewhere only Jer 15:4; 24:9; 29:18; 34:17); Israel becomes a spectacle that makes onlookers shudder.
לְכֹ֖לto allprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; universalizes Israel's disgrace before every kingdom, inverting the nations' fear of v. 10.
מַמְלְכ֥וֹתthe kingdoms ofN f pl constr · מַמְלָכָה (H4467)Genitive completing construct chain with לְכֹלמַמְלָכָה (H4467) 'kingdom', from מלך 'to reign'; the world's political powers, now witnesses to Israel's disgrace rather than her elevation (contrast v. 1).
הָאָֽרֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with מַמְלְכוֹתאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; closes the verse universalizing Israel's shame, inverting v. 1's 'all nations of the earth.'
26

וְהָיְתָ֤ה נִבְלָֽתְךָ֙ לְמַאֲכָ֔ל לְכָל ע֥וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וּלְבֶהֱמַ֣ת הָאָ֑רֶץ וְאֵ֖ין מַחֲרִֽיד

Your corpse will be food for every bird of the heavens and for the beasts of the earth, and there will be no one to frighten them away.

Climax of the defeat scene begun in v. 25וְ
Denial of burial was among the gravest ANE horrors (cf. treaty-curse parallels); 'none to frighten them away' underscores total abandonment and covers this indignity to its most helpless extreme.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְהָיְתָ֤הand it will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3fs · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the horror of denied burial.
נִבְלָֽתְךָ֙your corpseN f sg constr + 2ms suff · נְבֵלָה (H5038)Subject of וְהָיְתָהנְבֵלָה (H5038) 'corpse, carcass'; denial of burial was among the gravest ANE covenant-curse horrors.
לְמַאֲכָ֔לas foodprep לְ + N m sg abs · מַאֲכָל (H3978)Predicate complement (object complement of וְהָיְתָה)מַאֲכָל (H3978) 'food'; the corpse becomes carrion, the ultimate covenant-curse indignity.
לְכָלfor everyprep לְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִםכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; universalizes the scavengers of the unburied corpse.
ע֥וֹףbird ofN m sg constr · עוֹף (H5775)Genitive completing construct chain with לְכָלעוֹף (H5775) 'bird, flying creature' (collective); scavenging birds of prey feed on the abandoned dead.
הַשָּׁמַ֖יִםthe heavensart + N m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Genitive completing construct chain with עוֹףשָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens, sky'; birds of the sky as scavengers of the unburied corpse.
וּלְבֶהֱמַ֣תand for the beast ofconj וְ + prep לְ + N f sg constr · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Coordinate construct chain (genitival) with הָאָרֶץבְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, animal'; wild scavenging animals join the birds in devouring the corpse.
הָאָ֑רֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with בֶּהֱמַתאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; completes the sky/earth merism of scavengers over the unburied corpse.
וְאֵ֖יןand there is noconj וְ + negative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negative existential clause, introducing the closing horror
מַחֲרִֽידone to frighten awayHiphil ptc ms · חָרַד (H2729)Substantival participle, predicate of the existential clause וְאֵין→ Participle: characteristic — the total absence of any protectorחָרַד (H2729) Hiphil 'to cause to tremble, frighten away'; the total absence of a protector completes the corpse's abandonment.
27

יַכְּכָ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה בִּשְׁחִ֤ין מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ ובעפלים וּבַטְּחֹרִ֔ים וּבַגָּרָ֖ב וּבֶחָ֑רֶס אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא תוּכַ֖ל לְהֵרָפֵֽא

YHWH will strike you with the boils of Egypt, with tumors, and scurvy, and itch, from which you cannot be healed.

New wave of disease-curses (vv. 27-29), recalling Egyptasyndeton
'The boils of Egypt' recalls the sixth plague (Exod 9:9-11) — Israel's own exodus-plagues are threatened to return upon her; the Kethiv בעפלים / Qere בַּטְּחֹרִים ('tumors/hemorrhoids') preserves a euphemistic scribal substitution for a coarser term, one of the classic Ketiv-Qere pairs.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
יַכְּכָ֨הhe will strike youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suff · נָכָה (H5221)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future afflictionנָכָה (H5221) Hiphil 'to strike, smite'; opens a new wave of disease-curses recalling the plagues of Egypt.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the returning Egyptian plagues.
בִּשְׁחִ֤יןwith the boil ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · שְׁחִין (H7822)Instrumental prepositional phrase, construct chain (genitival) with מִצְרַיִםשְׁחִין (H7822) 'boil, inflamed sore'; recalls the sixth Egyptian plague (Exod 9:9-11) — Israel's own exodus-plague threatened to return upon her.
מִצְרַ֨יִם֙Egyptproper N · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive completing construct chain with שְׁחִיןמִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'Egypt'; the land of Israel's former bondage, whose plagues now threaten to return upon her.
ובעפלים[Kethiv, unread: and with tumors]Kethiv: conj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · עֳפָלִים (H6076)Kethiv (the written consonantal text), silently replaced in reading by the following Qere וּבַטְּחֹרִיםKethiv עפלים, from עֹפֶל (H6076) 'swelling, tumor, mound'; the Masoretes read instead the euphemistic Qere וּבַטְּחֹרִים ('hemorrhoids/tumors'), one of Scripture's classic Ketiv-Qere pairs, avoiding a coarser term.
וּבַטְּחֹרִ֔יםand with tumorsQere: conj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · טְחֹרִים (H2914)Instrumental prepositional phrase, the Qere reading actually voiced aloud in place of the preceding Kethivטְחֹרִים (H2914) 'tumors, hemorrhoids'; the euphemistic Qere substituted for the Kethiv's coarser עֳפָלִים, one of Scripture's most-discussed Ketiv-Qere pairs (see v. 27's text-note).
וּבַגָּרָ֖בand with scabconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · גָּרָב (H1618)Instrumental prepositional phrase, coordinate item in the disease-listגָּרָב (H1618) 'scab, chronic skin eruption'; paired with חֶרֶס as a persistent, disfiguring skin disease.
וּבֶחָ֑רֶסand with itchconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · חֶרֶס (H2775)Instrumental prepositional phrase, closing item in the disease-listחֶרֶס (H2775) 'itch, scurvy' (rare term); completes the pairing with גָּרָב as a chronic, incurable skin affliction.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תוּכַ֖לyou canQal impf 2ms · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb, negated, governing the complementary infinitive לְהֵרָפֵא→ Yiqtol negated: total incurability of the afflictionיָכֹל (H3201) 'to be able'; negated, 'you cannot' — declares the affliction incurable.
לְהֵרָפֵֽאto be healedprep לְ + Niphal inf constr · רָפָא (H7495)Complementary infinitive of תוּכַל→ Infinitive construct: the healing rendered permanently impossibleרָפָא (H7495) Niphal 'to be healed'; the negated ability to be healed marks total, irreversible affliction.
28

יַכְּכָ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה בְּשִׁגָּע֖וֹן וּבְעִוָּר֑וֹן וּבְתִמְה֖וֹן לֵבָֽב

YHWH will strike you with madness, blindness, and confusion of heart.

Continues the disease-curses, moving to mental/perceptual afflictionasyndeton
שִׁגָּעוֹן ('madness') and blindness move the curse from body to mind; 'confusion of heart' (תִּמְהוֹן לֵבָב) sets up v. 29's simile of the blind man groping, which this verse's blindness literally enacts.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
יַכְּכָ֣הhe will strike youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suff · נָכָה (H5221)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future afflictionנָכָה (H5221) Hiphil 'to strike, smite'; moves the curse from body to mind.
יְהוָ֔הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the mental/perceptual affliction-triad.
בְּשִׁגָּע֖וֹןwith madnessprep בְּ + N m sg abs · שִׁגָּעוֹן (H7697)Instrumental prepositional phrase, first item of the mental-affliction triadשִׁגָּעוֹן (H7697) 'madness, insanity', from a root meaning 'to be mad, rave'; first of a triad moving the curse from body to mind.
וּבְעִוָּר֑וֹןand with blindnessconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg abs · עִוָּרוֹן (H5788)Instrumental prepositional phrase, second item of the mental-affliction triadעִוָּרוֹן (H5788) 'blindness'; sets up v. 29's simile of the groping blind man at noonday.
וּבְתִמְה֖וֹןand with confusion ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · תִּמָּהוֹן (H8541)Instrumental prepositional phrase, construct chain (genitival) with לֵבָבתִּמָּהוֹן (H8541) 'confusion, bewilderment, stupefaction' (rare, elsewhere only Zech 12:4); third item of the triad, striking the mind's capacity to reason.
לֵבָֽבof heartN m sg abs · לֵבָב (H3824)Genitive completing construct chain with תִּמְהוֹןלֵבָב (H3824) 'heart, mind'; the seat of understanding, now afflicted with bewilderment.
29

וְהָיִ֜יתָ מְמַשֵּׁ֣שׁ בַּֽצָּהֳרַ֗יִם כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר יְמַשֵּׁ֤שׁ הָעִוֵּר֙ בָּאֲפֵלָ֔ה וְלֹ֥א תַצְלִ֖יחַ אֶת דְּרָכֶ֑יךָ וְהָיִ֜יתָ אַ֣ךְ עָשׁ֧וּק וְגָז֛וּל כָּל הַיָּמִ֖ים וְאֵ֥ין מוֹשִֽׁיעַ

You will grope at noon as the blind man gropes in darkness, and you will not prosper in your ways; you will only be oppressed and robbed continually, with none to save you.

Closes the disease-curses with a vivid simile and summaryasyndeton
'Groping at noon' is a striking image of blindness so total that broad daylight is experienced as night; the closing summary ('only oppressed and robbed... none to save') becomes a refrain repeated at v. 31 and v. 33.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וְהָיִ֜יתָand you will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the vivid simile of blind groping at noon.
מְמַשֵּׁ֣שׁgropingPiel ptc ms · מָשַׁשׁ (H4959)Predicate participle, complement of וְהָיִיתָ→ Participle: durative — the continual, futile gropingמָשַׁשׁ (H4959) Piel 'to feel about, grope'; pictures total sensory disorientation even in broad daylight.
בַּֽצָּהֳרַ֗יִםat noonprep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · צָהֳרַיִם (H6672)Adverbial prepositional phrase of timeצָהֳרַיִם (H6672) 'noon, midday' (dual form); groping at the brightest hour makes the blindness's totality vivid.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֨רasprep כְּ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative conjunction introducing the simile clause
יְמַשֵּׁ֤שׁhe gropesPiel impf 3ms · מָשַׁשׁ (H4959)Predicate verb of the comparative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitual, the blind man's characteristic gropingמָשַׁשׁ (H4959) Piel 'to feel about, grope'; the point of comparison for Israel's own affliction, even at noon.
הָעִוֵּר֙the blind manart + adj m sg abs · עִוֵּר (H5787)Subject of יְמַשֵּׁשׁעִוֵּר (H5787) 'blind'; substantival adjective, 'the blind man,' the point of comparison for Israel's own affliction.
בָּאֲפֵלָ֔הin darknessprep בְּ + art + N f sg abs · אֲפֵלָה (H653)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeאֲפֵלָה (H653) 'darkness, gloom'; the blind man's natural condition, now Israel's condition even at noon.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תַצְלִ֖יחַyou will prosperHiphil impf 2ms · צָלַח (H6743)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: certain future failure in every undertakingצָלַח (H6743) Hiphil 'to succeed, prosper'; negated, total futility in every course of action.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
דְּרָכֶ֑יךָyour waysN c pl constr + 2ms suff · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Direct object of תַצְלִיחַדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, path'; here of one's course of undertakings in life, all rendered futile.
וְהָיִ֜יתָand you will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause), resuming after the futility clause→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; resumes the sentence to introduce the closing summary of oppression.
אַ֣ךְonlyrestrictive adverb · אַךְ (H389)Restrictive particle modifying the predicate
עָשׁ֧וּקoppressedQal pass ptc ms · עָשַׁק (H6231)Predicate adjective (passive participle), complement of וְהָיִיתָ→ Stative/passive: a continuous condition of oppressionעָשַׁק (H6231) Qal passive participle 'oppressed, exploited'; names Israel's ongoing victimization by predatory neighbors.
וְגָז֛וּלand robbedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc ms · גָּזַל (H1497)Coordinate predicate adjective with עָשׁוּק→ Stative/passive: continuous plunderגָּזַל (H1497) Qal passive participle 'robbed, plundered'; paired with עָשׁוּק for total exploitation by predatory neighbors.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; 'all the days' — continuous, unrelenting oppression.
הַיָּמִ֖יםthe daysart + N m pl abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive completing כָּל (adverbial accusative of time)יוֹם (H3117) 'day', plural; כָּל הַיָּמִים 'all the days, continually' — an unrelenting condition.
וְאֵ֥יןand there is noconj וְ + negative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negative existential clause, closing refrain (recurs v. 31, 33)
מוֹשִֽׁיעַone to saveHiphil ptc ms · יָשַׁע (H3467)Substantival participle, predicate of the existential clause וְאֵין→ Participle: characteristic — the total absence of a delivererיָשַׁע (H3467) Hiphil 'to save, deliver'; substantival participle 'savior,' whose total absence becomes a recurring refrain (v. 31, 33).
30

אִשָּׁ֣ה תְאָרֵ֗שׂ וְאִ֤ישׁ אַחֵר֙ ישגלנה יִשְׁכָּבֶ֔נָּה בַּ֥יִת תִּבְנֶ֖ה וְלֹא תֵשֵׁ֣ב בּ֑וֹ כֶּ֥רֶם תִּטַּ֖ע וְלֹ֥א תְחַלְּלֶּֽנּוּ

You will betroth a wife, but another man will lie with her; you will build a house, but you will not live in it; you will plant a vineyard, but you will not use its fruit.

Opens the futility curses (vv. 30-33): begin-but-not-complete formulaasyndeton
Three parallel futility clauses (betroth/build/plant, each frustrated) evoke the exemption categories of Deut 20:5-7. The Qere יִשְׁכָּבֶנָּה replaces the Kethiv's cruder ישגלנה — one of Scripture's most famous euphemistic Qeres, softening an explicit sexual verb for public reading.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
אִשָּׁ֣הa wifeN f sg abs · אִשָּׁה (H802)Object of תְאָרֵשׂ (fronted for emphasis)אִשָּׁה (H802) 'woman, wife'; first of three futility clauses (betroth/build/plant), evoking the exemption categories of Deut 20:5-7.
תְאָרֵ֗שׂyou will betrothPiel impf 2ms · אָרַשׂ (H781)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future action, immediately frustratedאָרַשׂ (H781) Piel 'to betroth, become engaged to'; the first futility clause, undone before the marriage can be consummated.
וְאִ֤ישׁand a manconj וְ + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of יִשְׁכָּבֶנָּהאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; the rival who violates the betrothal before it can be consummated.
אַחֵר֙anotheradj m sg abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying אִישׁאַחֵר (H312) 'other'; the alien third party who violates the betrothed woman.
ישגלנה[Kethiv, unread: he will violate her]Kethiv: Qal impf 3ms + 3fs suff · שָׁגַל (H7693)Kethiv (the written consonantal text), silently replaced in reading by the following Qere יִשְׁכָּבֶנָּה→ Yiqtol [Kethiv, unvoiced]: certain future violationKethiv שָׁגַל (H7693), a blunt, explicit verb for sexual violation; the Masoretes substitute the euphemistic Qere יִשְׁכָּבֶנָּה ('will lie with her'), among Scripture's most famous euphemistic Qeres, softening the verb for public reading.
יִשְׁכָּבֶ֔נָּהhe will lie with herQere: Qal impf 3ms + 3fs suff · שָׁכַב (H7901)Predicate verb (main clause), the Qere form actually voiced in place of the preceding Kethiv→ Yiqtol: certain future violation of the betrothalשָׁכַב (H7901) Qal 'to lie down, lie with' (euphemism for sexual intercourse); the Qere reading substituted for the Kethiv's blunter שָׁגַל, one of Scripture's most famous euphemistic Qeres.
בַּ֥יִתa houseN m sg abs · בַּיִת (H1004)Object of תִּבְנֶה (fronted for emphasis)בַּיִת (H1004) 'house'; second futility clause (build), evoking Deut 20:5's exemption for a man who has not yet dedicated his new house.
תִּבְנֶ֖הyou will buildQal impf 2ms · בָּנָה (H1129)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future action, immediately frustratedבָּנָה (H1129) 'to build'; the labor invested is denied its use in the next clause.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תֵשֵׁ֣בyou will dwellQal impf 2ms · יָשַׁב (H3427)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: denial of the fruit of laborיָשַׁב (H3427) 'to dwell, sit, live'; negated, denying the builder the use of his own house.
בּ֑וֹin itprep בְּ + 3ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of תֵשֵׁב
כֶּ֥רֶםa vineyardN c sg abs · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Object of תִּטַּע (fronted for emphasis)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'vineyard'; third futility clause (plant), evoking Deut 20:6's exemption for one who has planted but not yet enjoyed a vineyard.
תִּטַּ֖עyou will plantQal impf 2ms · נָטַע (H5193)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future action, immediately frustratedנָטַע (H5193) 'to plant'; the labor of planting denied its produce in the next clause.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תְחַלְּלֶּֽנּוּyou will enjoy its fruitPiel impf 2ms + 3ms suff · חָלַל (H2490)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause, object suffix referring to כֶּרֶם→ Yiqtol negated: denial of the fruit of laborחָלַל (H2490) Piel, technical sense 'to release for common use' (a vineyard's fruit, after its sacred first-three-years restriction, cf. Lev 19:23-25); negated, denying the planter ever tasting his own harvest.
31

שׁוֹרְךָ֞ טָב֣וּחַ לְעֵינֶ֗יךָ וְלֹ֣א תֹאכַל֮ מִמֶּנּוּ֒ חֲמֹֽרְךָ֙ גָּז֣וּל מִלְּפָנֶ֔יךָ וְלֹ֥א יָשׁ֖וּב לָ֑ךְ צֹֽאנְךָ֙ נְתֻנ֣וֹת לְאֹיְבֶ֔יךָ וְאֵ֥ין לְךָ֖ מוֹשִֽׁיעַ

Your ox will be slaughtered before your eyes, but you will not eat of it; your donkey will be violently taken from before you and will not be restored to you; your sheep will be given to your enemies, and you will have no one to save you.

Continues the futility curses with livestockasyndeton
The cruelty is sharpened by helpless spectatorship ('before your eyes') as the ox is butchered yet denied to its owner; the recurring refrain 'none to save you' (cf. v. 29) marks total helplessness before predatory neighbors and enemies alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
שׁוֹרְךָ֞your oxN m sg constr + 2ms suff · שׁוֹר (H7794)Subject of טָבוּחַשׁוֹר (H7794) 'ox, bull'; first of three livestock losses, escalating from mere denial of food to outright theft (חֲמוֹר) and surrender to enemies (צֹאן).
טָב֣וּחַslaughteredQal pass ptc ms · טָבַח (H2873)Predicate adjective (passive participle), predicate of nominal clause with שׁוֹרְךָ→ Stative/passive: a completed act of slaughter, witnessed by the ownerטָבַח (H2873) Qal passive participle 'slaughtered, butchered'; the owner watches the ox killed yet is denied any share of it.
לְעֵינֶ֗יךָbefore your eyesprep לְ + N c dual constr + 2ms suff · עַיִן (H5869)Adverbial prepositional phrase, emphasizing helpless spectatorshipעַיִן (H5869) 'eye', dual; forced witness intensifies the cruelty — the loss endured in plain sight.
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תֹאכַל֮you will eatQal impf 2ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: denial of any share in the slaughtered oxאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; negated, the owner denied any portion of his own ox.
מִמֶּנּוּ֒of itprep מִן + 3ms suff · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase, complement of תֹאכַל
חֲמֹֽרְךָ֙your donkeyN c sg constr + 2ms suff · חֲמוֹר (H2543)Subject of גָּזוּלחֲמוֹר (H2543) 'donkey'; second livestock loss, escalating to outright theft.
גָּז֣וּלseizedQal pass ptc ms · גָּזַל (H1497)Predicate adjective (passive participle), predicate of nominal clause with חֲמֹרְךָ→ Stative/passive: forcible seizureגָּזַל (H1497) Qal passive participle 'seized, plundered'; the donkey stolen outright, worse than the ox's mere slaughter.
מִלְּפָנֶ֔יךָfrom before youprep מִן + prep לְ + N c pl constr + 2ms suff · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase of separationפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; מִלִּפְנֵי 'from before,' the donkey snatched away in plain sight.
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
יָשׁ֖וּבit will returnQal impf 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: the permanence of the lossשׁוּב (H7725) 'to return'; negated, the donkey never restored to its owner.
לָ֑ךְto youprep לְ + 2fs suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יָשׁוּב
צֹֽאנְךָ֙your sheepN c sg constr + 2ms suff · צֹאן (H6629)Subject of נְתֻנוֹתצֹאן (H6629) 'flock' (sheep/goats); third and final livestock loss, surrendered outright to enemies without even a theft.
נְתֻנ֣וֹתgivenQal pass ptc fp · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate participle (passive), predicate of nominal clause with צֹאנְךָ→ Passive participle: a state of being handed overנָתַן (H5414) Qal passive participle 'given, handed over'; the sheep surrendered outright to the enemy — no even theft required.
לְאֹיְבֶ֔יךָto your enemiesprep לְ + Qal act ptc m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Prepositional phrase (dative), complement of נְתֻנוֹת→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostility ('the ones hating you')אֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; the sheep surrendered to hostile foreigners.
וְאֵ֥יןand there is noconj וְ + negative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negative existential clause, closing refrain (cf. v. 29)
לְךָ֖for youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, dative of interest with the participle מוֹשִׁיעַ
מוֹשִֽׁיעַone to saveHiphil ptc ms · יָשַׁע (H3467)Substantival participle, predicate of the existential clause וְאֵין→ Participle: characteristic — the total absence of a delivererיָשַׁע (H3467) Hiphil 'to save, deliver'; substantival participle 'savior,' recurring refrain (v. 29, 31).
32

בָּנֶ֨יךָ וּבְנֹתֶ֜יךָ נְתֻנִ֨ים לְעַ֤ם אַחֵר֙ וְעֵינֶ֣יךָ רֹא֔וֹת וְכָל֥וֹת אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם כָּל הַיּ֑וֹם וְאֵ֥ין לְאֵ֖ל יָדֶֽךָ

Your sons and your daughters will be given to another people, while your eyes look on and long for them all day, but you will be powerless.

Escalates the futility curses from livestock to childrenasyndeton
The helpless-spectatorship motif (v. 31) intensifies unbearably: children, not oxen, are now the loss endured in plain sight; 'no power in your hand' (לְאֵל יָדֶךָ) is a idiom of total impotence.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
בָּנֶ֨יךָyour sonsN m pl constr + 2ms suff · בֵּן (H1121)Subject of נְתֻנִיםבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; escalates the loss from livestock (v. 31) to one's own children.
וּבְנֹתֶ֜יךָand your daughtersconj וְ + N f pl constr + 2ms suff · בַּת (H1323)Coordinate subject with בָּנֶיךָבַּת (H1323) 'daughter'; completes the pair of children given away to a foreign people.
נְתֻנִ֨יםgivenQal pass ptc mp · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate participle (passive), predicate of nominal clause with בָּנֶיךָ וּבְנֹתֶיךָ→ Passive participle: a state of being handed overנָתַן (H5414) Qal passive participle 'given, handed over'; sons and daughters surrendered to a foreign people, the loss of v. 31 now applied to one's own children.
לְעַ֤םto a peopleprep לְ + N m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Prepositional phrase (dative), complement of נְתֻנִיםעַם (H5971) 'people, nation'; the foreign recipient of Israel's own children.
אַחֵר֙otheradj m sg abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying עַםאַחֵר (H312) 'other'; a foreign, alien people now claims Israel's own children.
וְעֵינֶ֣יךָand your eyesconj וְ + N c dual constr + 2ms suff · עַיִן (H5869)Subject of רֹאוֹתעַיִן (H5869) 'eye', dual; the helpless-spectatorship motif of v. 31 intensified unbearably with one's own children.
רֹא֔וֹתlookingQal act ptc fp · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate participle, predicate of nominal clause with עֵינֶיךָ→ Participle: durative, the ongoing, helpless act of watchingרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; the parent's eyes fixed helplessly on the departing children.
וְכָל֥וֹתand longingconj וְ + adj f pl abs · כָּלֶה (H3616)Coordinate predicate adjective with רֹאוֹת, describing the eyes' conditionכָּלֶה (H3616) 'failing, pining, languishing' (from כָּלָה 'to be consumed, spent'); the eyes not only watch but ache with unfulfilled longing for the lost children.
אֲלֵיהֶ֖םfor themprep אֶל + 3mp suff · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְכָלוֹת
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; 'all the day' — the unrelenting duration of this grief.
הַיּ֑וֹםthe dayart + N m sg abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive completing כָּל ('all the day' = continually)יוֹם (H3117) 'day'; כָּל הַיּוֹם 'all the day, continually' — the unrelenting duration of the parents' grief.
וְאֵ֥יןand there is noconj וְ + negative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negative existential clause, introducing the closing idiom of powerlessness
לְאֵ֖לpower inprep לְ + N m sg constr · אֵל (H410)Predicate complement in the negative existential clause, construct chain with יָדֶךָאֵל (H410) here not the divine name but 'power, might' (rare secondary sense); the idiom אֵין לְאֵל יָד 'there is no power in the hand' = utter powerlessness (cf. Gen 31:29; Neh 5:5).
יָדֶֽךָyour handN c sg constr + 2ms suff · יָד (H3027)Genitive completing construct chain with לְאֵל ('power of your hand')יָד (H3027) 'hand'; the idiom's second element, 'no power in your hand' — total impotence to prevent this loss.
33

פְּרִ֤י אַדְמָֽתְךָ֙ וְכָל יְגִ֣יעֲךָ֔ יֹאכַ֥ל עַ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא יָדָ֑עְתָּ וְהָיִ֗יתָ רַ֛ק עָשׁ֥וּק וְרָצ֖וּץ כָּל הַיָּמִֽים

A people you do not know will eat the fruit of your ground and all your labors, and you will be only oppressed and crushed continually.

Closes the futility curses (vv. 30-33) with a summary refrainasyndeton
'A people you do not know' anticipates the foreign-nation invasion of vv. 49-57; the refrain 'only oppressed and crushed' (cf. v. 29's 'oppressed and robbed') brackets this unit.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
פְּרִ֤יfruit ofN m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival)פְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; the produce of Israel's own land, about to be consumed by strangers.
אַדְמָֽתְךָ֙your groundN f sg constr + 2ms suff · אֲדָמָה (H127)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, soil'; the produce of the land now feeds a foreign people instead of its rightful cultivator.
וְכָלand all ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate construct governing יְגִיעֲךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totalizes the loss to include every fruit of labor, not only crops.
יְגִ֣יעֲךָ֔your laborN m sg constr + 2ms suff · יְגִיעַ (H3018)Genitive completing construct chain with וְכָליְגִיעַ (H3018) 'labor, toil, product of labor', from יָגַע 'to grow weary'; all the fruit of exhausting toil, consumed by strangers.
יֹאכַ֥לwill eatQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future consumption by foreignersאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; a foreign people consumes what Israel labored to produce.
עַ֖םa peopleN m sg abs · עַם (H5971)Subject of יֹאכַלעַם (H5971) 'people, nation'; anticipates the foreign-nation invasion of vv. 49-57.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
יָדָ֑עְתָּyou have knownQal perf 2ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective, negated: total unfamiliarity, a completed (non-)acquaintanceיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; negated, 'a people you have not known' — total strangers now dominate Israel's own produce.
וְהָיִ֗יתָand you will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the closing summary refrain of the futility curses (vv. 30-33).
רַ֛קonlyrestrictive adverb · רַק (H7535)Restrictive particle modifying the predicate
עָשׁ֥וּקoppressedQal pass ptc ms · עָשַׁק (H6231)Predicate adjective (passive participle), complement of וְהָיִיתָ→ Stative/passive: a continuous condition of oppressionעָשַׁק (H6231) Qal passive participle 'oppressed, exploited'; repeats v. 29's refrain.
וְרָצ֖וּץand crushedconj וְ + Qal pass ptc ms · רָצַץ (H7533)Coordinate predicate adjective with עָשׁוּק→ Stative/passive: continuous crushingרָצַץ (H7533) Qal passive participle 'crushed, broken'; replaces v. 29's גָּזוּל ('robbed') with a harsher term, intensifying the refrain.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; 'all the days' — the unrelenting duration of this oppression.
הַיָּמִֽיםthe daysart + N m pl abs · יוֹם (H3117)Genitive completing כָּל ('all the days' = continually)יוֹם (H3117) 'day', plural; כָּל הַיָּמִים 'all the days, continually.'
34

וְהָיִ֖יתָ מְשֻׁגָּ֑ע מִמַּרְאֵ֥ה עֵינֶ֖יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה

You will be driven mad by the sight of your eyes that you see.

Short transitional verse, recalling v. 28's madnessוְ
A brief pivot verse: the sheer horror of witnessing the preceding losses (vv. 30-33) itself produces madness, echoing v. 28 and anticipating the identical phrase reused at v. 67's dread.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
וְהָיִ֖יתָand you will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the brief pivot to madness caused by sheer horror.
מְשֻׁגָּ֑עdriven madPual ptc ms · שָׁגַע (H7696)Predicate participle (passive), complement of וְהָיִיתָ→ Passive participle: a state of madness inflicted by what is seenשָׁגַע (H7696) Pual 'to be made mad, driven insane'; the sheer horror of witnessing the preceding losses (vv. 30-33) itself induces madness, echoing v. 28.
מִמַּרְאֵ֥הfrom the sight ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · מַרְאֶה (H4758)Causal/source prepositional phrase, complement of מְשֻׁגָּע; construct chain with עֵינֶיךָמַרְאֶה (H4758) 'sight, appearance', from רָאָה; the visual horror itself becomes the cause of madness.
עֵינֶ֖יךָyour eyesN c dual constr + 2ms suff · עַיִן (H5869)Genitive completing construct chain with מַרְאֵהעַיִן (H5869) 'eye', dual; the organ of the horrifying vision that induces madness.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תִּרְאֶֽהyou seeQal impf 2ms · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb of the relative clause modifying מַרְאֵה עֵינֶיךָ→ Yiqtol: habitual, the repeated seeing of the preceding horrorsרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; the relentless witnessing of the curses' horrors, echoed again at v. 67.
35

יַכְּכָ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה בִּשְׁחִ֣ין רָ֗ע עַל הַבִּרְכַּ֨יִם֙ וְעַל הַשֹּׁקַ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא תוּכַ֖ל לְהֵרָפֵ֑א מִכַּ֥ף רַגְלְךָ֖ וְעַ֥ד קָדְקֳדֶֽךָ

YHWH will strike you with severe boils on the knees and on the legs, from which you cannot be healed, from the sole of your foot to the crown of your head.

Returns to disease-curses, resuming the boils motif of v. 27asyndeton
'From the sole of your foot to the crown of your head' is a merism for total bodily affliction (cf. Job 2:7's identical affliction of Job by the same phrase), extending v. 27's incurable boils over the whole body.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
יַכְּכָ֨הhe will strike youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suff · נָכָה (H5221)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future afflictionנָכָה (H5221) Hiphil 'to strike, smite'; resumes the boils motif of v. 27, now extended over the whole body.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the total, incurable bodily affliction.
בִּשְׁחִ֣יןwith a boilprep בְּ + N m sg abs · שְׁחִין (H7822)Instrumental prepositional phraseשְׁחִין (H7822) 'boil, inflamed sore'; resumes the boils motif of v. 27, now spreading over the whole body (cf. Job 2:7).
רָ֗עsevereadj m sg abs · רַע (H7451)Attributive adjective modifying שְׁחִיןרַע (H7451) 'evil, bad, severe'; intensifies the boil's malignancy, the identical phrase שְׁחִין רָע striking Job (Job 2:7).
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase of place
הַבִּרְכַּ֨יִם֙the kneesart + N f dual abs · בֶּרֶךְ (H1290)Object of עַלבֶּרֶךְ (H1290) 'knee', dual; the affliction settles into a chronic joint-disease location.
וְעַלand onconj וְ + prep · עַל (H5921)Coordinate prepositional phrase of place
הַשֹּׁקַ֔יִםthe legsart + N f dual abs · שׁוֹק (H7785)Object of וְעַל, coordinate with הַבִּרְכַּיִםשׁוֹק (H7785) 'leg, thigh, shank', dual; paired with 'knees' for the whole lower limb.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תוּכַ֖לyou canQal impf 2ms · יָכֹל (H3201)Predicate verb, negated, governing the complementary infinitive לְהֵרָפֵא→ Yiqtol negated: total incurability of the afflictionיָכֹל (H3201) 'to be able'; negated, 'you cannot' — declares this whole-body affliction incurable, as in v. 27.
לְהֵרָפֵ֑אto be healedprep לְ + Niphal inf constr · רָפָא (H7495)Complementary infinitive of תוּכַל→ Infinitive construct: the healing rendered permanently impossibleרָפָא (H7495) Niphal 'to be healed'; the negated ability to be healed marks total, irreversible affliction, as in v. 27.
מִכַּ֥ףfrom the sole ofprep מִן + N f sg constr · כַּף (H3709)Prepositional phrase, first boundary of the head-to-foot merismכַּף (H3709) 'palm, sole' (of hand/foot); כַּף רֶגֶל 'sole of the foot', the merism's lower boundary (cf. Job 2:7's identical phrase).
רַגְלְךָ֖your footN f sg constr + 2ms suff · רֶגֶל (H7272)Genitive completing construct chain with כַּףרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot'; completes 'sole of your foot,' the merism's lower boundary.
וְעַ֥דand toconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase, second boundary of the head-to-foot merism
קָדְקֳדֶֽךָyour crownN m sg constr + 2ms suff · קָדְקֹד (H6936)Object of וְעַד, completing the merismקָדְקֹד (H6936) 'crown of the head, scalp'; completes the foot-to-head merism for total bodily affliction (cf. Job 2:7).
36

יוֹלֵ֨ךְ יְהוָ֜ה אֹֽתְךָ֗ וְאֶֽת מַלְכְּךָ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תָּקִ֣ים עָלֶ֔יךָ אֶל גּ֕וֹי אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא יָדַ֖עְתָּ אַתָּ֣ה וַאֲבֹתֶ֑יךָ וְעָבַ֥דְתָּ שָּׁ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֥ים אֲחֵרִ֖ים עֵ֥ץ וָאָֽבֶן

YHWH will bring you and your king whom you set over you to a nation that neither you nor your fathers have known, and there you will serve other gods, of wood and stone.

Introduces exile and the king (presupposing the monarchy of Deut 17:14-20)asyndeton
The first explicit mention of exile in the chapter, and of a king ('whom you set over you', recalling Deut 17:14-15); wood-and-stone idols mark the enforced apostasy of exile, an ironic reversal of covenant loyalty.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
יוֹלֵ֨ךְhe will lead awayHiphil impf 3ms · הָלַךְ (H3212)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future deportationהָלַךְ (H3212) Hiphil 'to cause to go, lead away'; the first explicit mention of exile in the chapter.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the exile of both people and king.
אֹֽתְךָ֗you [obj]obj marker + 2ms suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix, first object of יוֹלֵךְ
וְאֶֽתand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (second object)
מַלְכְּךָ֙your kingN m sg constr + 2ms suff · מֶלֶךְ (H4428)Second direct object of יוֹלֵךְ, coordinate with אֹתְךָמֶלֶךְ (H4428) 'king'; presupposes the monarchy law of Deut 17:14-20, 'the king whom you set over you.'
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תָּקִ֣יםyou set upHiphil impf 2ms · קוּם (H6965)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: the people's own choice of king, now leading to disasterקוּם (H6965) Hiphil 'to raise up, appoint'; echoes Deut 17:15's language for the people's chosen king, whose failure precipitates exile.
עָלֶ֔יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
אֶלtoprep · אֶל (H413)Prepositional phrase, complement of יוֹלֵךְ, marking the destination
גּ֕וֹיa nationN m sg abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Object of אֶלגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; the destination of exile, deliberately unnamed and unknown.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
יָדַ֖עְתָּyou have knownQal perf 2ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective, negated: total unfamiliarityיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; negated, echoing v. 33's identical phrase — the exile destination is wholly unfamiliar.
אַתָּ֣הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); emphatic, resuming the subject of יָדַעְתָּ.
וַאֲבֹתֶ֑יךָand your fathersconj וְ + N m pl constr + 2ms suff · אָב (H1)Coordinate subject with אַתָּהאָב (H1) 'father'; even the ancestors never knew this nation — total, historic unfamiliarity.
וְעָבַ֥דְתָּand you will serveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future, forced apostasy in exileעָבַד (H5647) 'to serve, worship'; the enforced service of foreign gods in exile, ironically fulfilling v. 14's warning against apostasy.
שָּׁ֛םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of וְעָבַדְתָּ
אֱלֹהִ֥יםgodsN m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Direct object of וְעָבַדְתָּאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'gods'; plural, foreign deities — contrasts its usual singular reference to YHWH.
אֲחֵרִ֖יםotheradj m pl abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying אֱלֹהִיםאַחֵר (H312) 'other'; marks these gods as illegitimate, the root apostasy warned against in v. 14.
עֵ֥ץwoodN m sg abs · עֵץ (H6086)Appositive to אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, describing the idols' materialעֵץ (H6086) 'wood, tree'; the material of the idols, mocking their lifelessness.
וָאָֽבֶןand stoneconj וְ + N f sg abs · אֶבֶן (H68)Coordinate appositive with עֵץאֶבֶן (H68) 'stone'; completes the wood-and-stone idol formula, a standard Deuteronomic idiom for lifeless, man-made gods (cf. 4:28; 29:16).
37

וְהָיִ֣יתָ לְשַׁמָּ֔ה לְמָשָׁ֖ל וְלִשְׁנִינָ֑ה בְּכֹל֙ הָֽעַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁר יְנַהֶגְךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה שָֽׁמָּה

You will become a horror, a proverb, and a byword among all the peoples where YHWH will drive you.

Continues the exile theme, adding public disgraceוְ
Israel becomes a byword (מָשָׁל, שְׁנִינָה) among the nations — precisely inverting the nations' fear and respect promised in v. 10; disgrace before the world is added to the material losses already catalogued.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
וְהָיִ֣יתָand you will becomeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the closing triad of public disgrace.
לְשַׁמָּ֔הa horrorprep לְ + N f sg abs · שַׁמָּה (H8047)Predicate complement (object complement of וְהָיִיתָ), first of a triadשַׁמָּה (H8047) 'horror, appalling waste', from שָׁמֵם 'to be desolate'; Israel becomes an object of shock to onlookers.
לְמָשָׁ֖לa proverbprep לְ + N m sg abs · מָשָׁל (H4912)Coordinate predicate complement, second of the triadמָשָׁל (H4912) 'proverb, byword, taunt'; Israel's downfall becomes proverbial, cited as a cautionary tale among the nations.
וְלִשְׁנִינָ֑הand a bywordconj וְ + prep לְ + N f sg abs · שְׁנִינָה (H8148)Coordinate predicate complement, third of the triadשְׁנִינָה (H8148) 'byword, object of biting talk' (rare, from שָׁנַן 'to sharpen'); completes לְשַׁמָּה לְמָשָׁל וְלִשְׁנִינָה, precisely inverting the nations' respectful fear promised in v. 10.
בְּכֹל֙among allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הָעַמִּיםכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; universalizes the scope of Israel's disgrace to every nation.
הָֽעַמִּ֔יםthe peoplesart + N m pl abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכֹלעַם (H5971) 'people'; the nations among whom Israel's shame will become proverbial.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יְנַהֶגְךָ֥he will drive youPiel impf 3ms + 2ms suff · נָהַג (H5090)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: certain future, forceful deportationנָהַג (H5090) Piel 'to drive, lead away' (of driving cattle or captives); pictures Israel forcibly herded into exile.
יְהוָ֖הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the forced deportation.
שָֽׁמָּהthereadverb + directional ה · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of בָא
38

זֶ֥רַע רַ֖ב תּוֹצִ֣יא הַשָּׂדֶ֑ה וּמְעַ֣ט תֶּאֱסֹ֔ף כִּ֥י יַחְסְלֶ֖נּוּ הָאַרְבֶּֽה

You will carry much seed out to the field but gather little in, for the locust will consume it.

Opens a new agricultural futility sequence (vv. 38-42)asyndeton
Returns to the futility-curse pattern of vv. 30-33 (sow much, reap little) now applied to specific crops (grain, wine, oil) each destroyed by a different agricultural pest, building toward the summary locust-swarm of v. 42.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
זֶ֥רַעseedN m sg abs · זֶרַע (H2233)Object of תּוֹצִיא (fronted for emphasis)זֶרַע (H2233) 'seed'; opens the agricultural futility sequence — sowing without harvest.
רַ֖בmuchadj m sg abs · רַב (H7227)Attributive adjective modifying זֶרַערַב (H7227) 'much, many'; the futility's irony — abundant investment, meager return.
תּוֹצִ֣יאyou will carry outHiphil impf 2ms · יָצָא (H3318)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future action, undermined by the next clauseיָצָא (H3318) Hiphil 'to bring out, carry out'; the sowing labor invested in the field.
הַשָּׂדֶ֑הto the fieldart + N m sg abs · שָׂדֶה (H7704)Adverbial accusative of place, complement of תּוֹצִיאשָׂדֶה (H7704) 'field'; the site of the futile planting.
וּמְעַ֣טbut littleconj וְ + N m sg abs · מְעַט (H4592)Object of תֶּאֱסֹף (fronted for emphasis), contrastive with זֶרַע רַבמְעַט (H4592) 'little, few'; the meager harvest, ironically contrasted with the much seed sown.
תֶּאֱסֹ֔ףyou will gather inQal impf 2ms · אָסַף (H622)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: the disproportionately small harvestאָסַף (H622) 'to gather, harvest'; the meager ingathering despite the much seed sown.
כִּ֥יfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
יַחְסְלֶ֖נּוּit will consume itQal impf 3ms + 3ms suff · חָסַל (H2628)Predicate verb of the causal clause, explaining the meager harvest→ Yiqtol: certain future consumption by the locustחָסַל (H2628) 'to consume, devour' (rare, elsewhere only 1 Kgs 8:37; 2 Chr 6:28); the locust's total consumption of the crop.
הָאַרְבֶּֽהthe locustart + N m sg abs · אַרְבֶּה (H697)Subject of יַחְסְלֶנּוּאַרְבֶּה (H697) 'locust' (the common swarming locust); the recurring agent of agricultural ruin throughout vv. 38-42.
39

כְּרָמִ֥ים תִּטַּ֖ע וְעָבָ֑דְתָּ וְיַ֤יִן לֹֽא תִשְׁתֶּה֙ וְלֹ֣א תֶאֱגֹ֔ר כִּ֥י תֹאכְלֶ֖נּוּ הַתֹּלָֽעַת

You will plant and cultivate vineyards but you will neither drink the wine nor gather the grapes, for the worm will eat them.

Continues the agricultural futility sequence, wineasyndeton
Direct inversion of v. 30's vineyard clause and v. 39 anticipates the destruction named again at v. 51; the worm (תּוֹלַעַת) devouring the vine recalls the same root's use for the scarlet dye-worm elsewhere, here purely destructive.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
כְּרָמִ֥יםvineyardsN c pl abs · כֶּרֶם (H3754)Object of תִּטַּע (fronted for emphasis)כֶּרֶם (H3754) 'vineyard', plural; direct inversion of v. 30's singular vineyard clause.
תִּטַּ֖עyou will plantQal impf 2ms · נָטַע (H5193)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future labor, undermined by the futility that followsנָטַע (H5193) 'to plant'; the labor invested in vineyards.
וְעָבָ֑דְתָּand you will cultivateconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause), coordinate with תִּטַּע→ Weqatal: certain future laborעָבַד (H5647) 'to work, cultivate'; the ongoing labor of vineyard care, all rendered futile.
וְיַ֤יִןbut wineconj וְ + N m sg abs · יַיִן (H3196)Object of תִשְׁתֶּה (fronted for emphasis, negated)יַיִן (H3196) 'wine'; the vineyard's intended produce, denied to its cultivator.
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תִשְׁתֶּה֙you will drinkQal impf 2ms · שָׁתָה (H8354)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: denial of the vineyard's fruitשָׁתָה (H8354) 'to drink'; negated, echoing v. 30's identical futility formula.
וְלֹ֣אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תֶאֱגֹ֔רyou will gatherQal impf 2ms · אָגַר (H103)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: denial of the harvest itselfאָגַר (H103) 'to gather, store up' (rare, elsewhere only Prov 6:8; 10:5); negated, the grapes never even harvested.
כִּ֥יfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
תֹאכְלֶ֖נּוּshe will eat itQal impf 3fs + 3ms suff · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Yiqtol: certain future consumption by the wormאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; the 3fs subject agrees with the feminine תּוֹלַעַת, the worm consuming the vine's produce.
הַתֹּלָֽעַתthe wormart + N f sg abs · תּוֹלַעַת (H8438)Subject of תֹאכְלֶנּוּתּוֹלַעַת (H8438) 'worm, maggot' (the same root elsewhere names the scarlet dye-worm, here purely destructive); anticipates v. 51's identical destruction.
40

זֵיתִ֛ים יִהְי֥וּ לְךָ֖ בְּכָל גְּבוּלֶ֑ךָ וְשֶׁ֨מֶן֙ לֹ֣א תָס֔וּךְ כִּ֥י יִשַּׁ֖ל זֵיתֶֽךָ

You will have olive trees throughout all your territory but you will not anoint yourself with the oil, for your olives will drop off.

Completes the triad of ruined produce (grain, wine, oil)asyndeton
The third staple crop of the Mediterranean triad is lost; premature dropping of unripe olives (יִשַּׁל) denies the anointing-oil essential to daily grooming and cultic use alike.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
זֵיתִ֛יםolive treesN m pl abs · זַיִת (H2132)Subject of יִהְיוּזַיִת (H2132) 'olive tree', plural; third staple crop of the Mediterranean triad (grain, wine, oil).
יִהְי֥וּthey will beQal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future possession, undermined by the futility that followsהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; idiomatically 'you will have' (literally 'olive trees will be to you').
לְךָ֖to youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase (dative of possession), complement of יִהְיוּ
בְּכָלthroughout allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing גְּבוּלֶךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; universalizes the olive trees' presence to the whole territory, making the coming loss more painful.
גְּבוּלֶ֑ךָyour territoryN m sg constr + 2ms suff · גְּבוּל (H1366)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלגְּבוּל (H1366) 'border, territory'; the whole extent of the land, filled with olive trees yet yielding no oil.
וְשֶׁ֨מֶן֙but oilconj וְ + N m sg abs · שֶׁמֶן (H8081)Object of תָסוּךְ (fronted for emphasis, negated)שֶׁמֶן (H8081) 'oil'; the olive's intended product, denied to its owner.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תָס֔וּךְyou will anoint yourselfQal impf 2ms · סוּךְ (H5480)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: denial of the oil's useסוּךְ (H5480) 'to anoint, smear with oil'; negated, denying both grooming and cultic use of the oil.
כִּ֥יfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
יִשַּׁ֖לthey will drop offQal impf 3ms · נָשַׁל (H5394)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Yiqtol: certain future premature fruit-dropנָשַׁל (H5394) 'to drop off, fall off prematurely' (of unripe fruit); the olives fail before they can be pressed into oil.
זֵיתֶֽךָyour olivesN m sg constr + 2ms suff · זַיִת (H2132)Subject of יִשַּׁלזַיִת (H2132) 'olive'; here collective singular, the unripe fruit falling before harvest.
41

בָּנִ֥ים וּבָנ֖וֹת תּוֹלִ֑יד וְלֹא יִהְי֣וּ לָ֔ךְ כִּ֥י יֵלְכ֖וּ בַּשֶּֽׁבִי

You will father sons and daughters, but they will not remain yours, for they will go into captivity.

Continues the futility sequence, children lost to exileasyndeton
Recalls v. 32's loss of children, now specifying captivity as the mechanism, foreshadowing the full exile of vv. 63-68.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
בָּנִ֥יםsonsN m pl abs · בֵּן (H1121)Object of תּוֹלִיד (fronted for emphasis)בֵּן (H1121) 'son'; recalls v. 32's loss of children, now attributed to captivity.
וּבָנ֖וֹתand daughtersconj וְ + N f pl abs · בַּת (H1323)Coordinate object with בָּנִיםבַּת (H1323) 'daughter'; completes the pair of children lost to captivity.
תּוֹלִ֑ידyou will fatherHiphil impf 2ms · יָלַד (H3205)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future fertility, undermined by the futility that followsיָלַד (H3205) Hiphil 'to beget, father'; the labor of fatherhood rendered futile by captivity.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
יִהְי֣וּthey will remainQal impf 3mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: denial of continued possession of one's own childrenהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; negated, 'they will not remain yours' — the children lost despite being born.
לָ֔ךְyoursprep לְ + 2fs suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase (dative of possession), complement of יִהְיוּ
כִּ֥יfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
יֵלְכ֖וּthey will goQal impf 3mp · הָלַךְ (H3212)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Yiqtol: certain future deportationהָלַךְ (H3212) 'to go, walk'; here of being led away, specifying captivity as the mechanism of loss.
בַּשֶּֽׁבִיinto captivityprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · שְׁבִי (H7628)Adverbial prepositional phrase of destinationשְׁבִי (H7628) 'captivity'; foreshadows the full exile of vv. 63-68.
42

כָּל עֵצְךָ֖ וּפְרִ֣י אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָ יְיָרֵ֖שׁ הַצְּלָצַֽל

The whirring locust will possess all your trees and the fruit of your ground.

Summary verse closing the agricultural futility sequence (vv. 38-42)asyndeton
הַצְּלָצַל, the 'whirring/buzzing' locust (an onomatopoeic form from צלל, 'to whirr'), gathers grain (v.38), vine (v.39), and olive (v.40) into one summary image of total agricultural dispossession — the word יְיָרֵשׁ ('possess') ironically applies to the locust the very verb used of Israel possessing the land.
Word-by-word analysis· 6 words
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totalizes the loss to every tree in the land.
עֵצְךָ֖your treesN m sg constr + 2ms suff · עֵץ (H6086)Genitive completing construct chain with כָּלעֵץ (H6086) 'tree'; here collective, all the trees of the land.
וּפְרִ֣יand the fruit ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Coordinate construct chain (genitival) with אַדְמָתֶךָפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; the produce of the ground, joined with the trees as the locust's total possession.
אַדְמָתֶ֑ךָyour groundN f sg constr + 2ms suff · אֲדָמָה (H127)Genitive completing construct chain with וּפְרִיאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, soil'; completes the totality of agricultural loss.
יְיָרֵ֖שׁwill possessPiel impf 3ms · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future dispossessionיָרַשׁ (H3423) Piel 'to possess, take possession of'; ironically applies to the locust the very verb used of Israel possessing the promised land.
הַצְּלָצַֽלthe whirring locustart + N m sg abs · צְלָצַל (H6767)Subject of יְיָרֵשׁצְלָצַל (H6767) 'whirring, buzzing (locust)', an onomatopoeic form from צלל 'to whirr'; the summary agent gathering grain (v. 38), vine (v. 39), and olive (v. 40) into one image of total agricultural dispossession.
43

הַגֵּר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּקִרְבְּךָ֔ יַעֲלֶ֥ה עָלֶ֖יךָ מַ֣עְלָה מָּ֑עְלָה וְאַתָּ֥ה תֵרֵ֖ד מַ֥טָּה מָּֽטָּה

The sojourner among you will rise higher and higher above you, and you will come down lower and lower.

Opens the reversal of status (vv. 43-44), inverting v. 12-13asyndeton
The resident alien (גֵּר), formerly the vulnerable dependent of Israelite society, now rises above the native; the doubled 'higher and higher/lower and lower' (מַעְלָה מָּעְלָה / מַטָּה מָּטָּה) intensifies the ordinary comparative into an extreme, ongoing reversal.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
הַגֵּר֙the sojournerart + N m sg abs · גֵּר (H1616)Subject of יַעֲלֶהגֵּר (H1616) 'sojourner, resident alien'; formerly the vulnerable dependent of Israelite society, now inverted to rise above the native (contrast v. 12-13's promised dominance).
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
בְּקִרְבְּךָ֔in your midstprep בְּ + N m sg constr + 2ms suff · קֶרֶב (H7130)Adverbial prepositional phrase of place, modifying הַגֵּרקֶרֶב (H7130) 'midst, among'; the alien living within Israelite society who will now outrank the native.
יַעֲלֶ֥הwill riseQal impf 3ms · עָלָה (H5927)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future ascentעָלָה (H5927) 'to go up, rise'; the sojourner's ascent over Israel, inverting the elevation promised to Israel in v. 1, 13.
עָלֶ֖יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
מַ֣עְלָהhigheradverb + directional ה · מַעְלָה (H4605)Adverbial of degree, first half of the doubled intensive ('higher and higher')מַעְלָה (H4605) 'upward, above'; doubled for intensive emphasis — an extreme, escalating reversal of v. 13's blessing, now given to the resident alien instead.
מָּ֑עְלָהand higher stilladverb + directional ה · מַעְלָה (H4605)Second half of the doubled intensive, completing 'higher and higher'מַעְלָה (H4605), repeated for intensive emphasis; the doubling marks an extreme, ongoing ascent.
וְאַתָּ֥הand youconj וְ + independent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Emphatic subject of תֵרֵד, contrastiveאַתָּה (H859) 'you'; emphatic contrastive pronoun, setting Israel's descent in relief against the sojourner's ascent.
תֵרֵ֖דyou will go downQal impf 2ms · יָרַד (H3381)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future descentיָרַד (H3381) 'to go down, descend'; Israel's fall precisely mirrors the sojourner's rise.
מַ֥טָּהloweradverb · מַטָּה (H4295)Adverbial of degree, first half of the doubled intensive ('lower and lower')מַטָּה (H4295) 'downward, beneath'; doubled for intensive emphasis, completing the reversal of v. 13's מַעְלָה/מַטָּה blessing.
מָּֽטָּהand lower stilladverb · מַטָּה (H4295)Second half of the doubled intensive, completing 'lower and lower'מַטָּה (H4295), repeated for intensive emphasis; Israel's descent is total and unrelenting.
44

ה֣וּא יַלְוְךָ֔ וְאַתָּ֖ה לֹ֣א תַלְוֶ֑נּוּ ה֚וּא יִהְיֶ֣ה לְרֹ֔אשׁ וְאַתָּ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֥ה לְזָנָֽב

He will lend to you, but you will not lend to him; he will be the head, and you will be the tail.

Closes the reversal of status, inverting v. 12b-13 verbatimasyndeton
The lending/borrowing reversal exactly inverts v. 12's promise, and 'head/tail' repeats v. 13's blessing formula verbatim with roles swapped — the sojourner takes Israel's promised place entirely.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
ה֣וּאheindependent pronoun 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of יַלְוְךָ, emphaticהוּא (H1931) 'he'; emphatic subject pronoun, the sojourner now cast in the dominant role.
יַלְוְךָ֔he will lend to youHiphil impf 3ms + 2ms suff · לָוָה (H3867)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future economic dominanceלָוָה (H3867) Hiphil 'to cause to borrow, lend'; precisely inverts v. 12's promise that Israel would lend to many nations.
וְאַתָּ֖הand youconj וְ + independent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Emphatic subject of תַלְוֶנּוּ, contrastiveאַתָּה (H859) 'you'; emphatic contrastive pronoun, marking Israel's reversal into dependency.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תַלְוֶ֑נּוּyou will lend to himHiphil impf 2ms + 3ms suff · לָוָה (H3867)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: total reversal of v. 12's economic promiseלָוָה (H3867) Hiphil 'to cause to borrow, lend'; negated, Israel now utterly dependent rather than dominant.
ה֚וּאheindependent pronoun 3ms · הוּא (H1931)Subject of יִהְיֶה, emphaticהוּא (H1931) 'he'; resumes the emphatic contrast for the head/tail reversal.
יִהְיֶ֣הhe will beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future statusהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; the sojourner assumes the 'head' status promised to Israel in v. 13.
לְרֹ֔אשׁas headprep לְ + N m sg abs · רֹאשׁ (H7218)Predicate complement (object complement of יִהְיֶה)רֹאשׁ (H7218) 'head'; precisely inverts v. 13's promise, now applied to the sojourner instead of Israel.
וְאַתָּ֖הand youconj וְ + independent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Emphatic subject of תִּהְיֶה, contrastiveאַתָּה (H859) 'you'; emphatic contrastive pronoun, completing the head/tail reversal.
תִּֽהְיֶ֥הyou will beQal impf 2ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future statusהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; Israel now occupies the 'tail' position she was promised to escape in v. 13.
לְזָנָֽבas tailprep לְ + N m sg abs · זָנָב (H2180)Predicate complement (object complement of תִּהְיֶה)זָנָב (H2180) 'tail'; precisely inverts v. 13's promise, closing the reversal of vv. 43-44.
45

וּבָ֨אוּ עָלֶ֜יךָ כָּל הַקְּלָל֣וֹת הָאֵ֗לֶּה וּרְדָפ֨וּךָ֙ וְהִשִּׂיג֔וּךָ עַ֖ד הִשָּֽׁמְדָ֑ךְ כִּי לֹ֣א שָׁמַ֗עְתָּ בְּקוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ לִשְׁמֹ֛ר מִצְוֺתָ֥יו וְחֻקֹּתָ֖יו אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוָּֽךְ

All these curses will come upon you, pursue you, and overtake you until you are destroyed, because you did not obey the voice of YHWH your God, to keep his commandments and his statutes that he commanded you.

Summary/refrain closing the first major curses movement (vv. 15-45)וְ
A triple verb of pursuit (בָּאוּ, וּרְדָפוּךָ, וְהִשִּׂיגוּךָ — 'come, pursue, overtake') intensifies the doubled formula of v. 2 and v. 15; this summary verse closes the first great curses unit before the theological indictment of v. 47 explains the ultimate cause.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
וּבָ֨אוּand they will comeconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · בּוֹא (H935)Predicate verb (main clause), subject כָּל הַקְּלָלוֹת→ Weqatal: certain future, resuming the pursuit formulaבּוֹא (H935) 'to come'; reprises v. 2, 15's identical verb, now the first of a tripled pursuit formula.
עָלֶ֜יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; the entire catalog of curses just enumerated, now personified as a single pursuing agent.
הַקְּלָל֣וֹתthe cursesart + N f pl abs · קְלָלָה (H7045)Subject of וּבָאוּ/וּרְדָפוּךָ/וְהִשִּׂיגוּךָקְלָלָה (H7045) 'curse'; the subject of the tripled pursuit-verb, summarizing the entire preceding catalog.
הָאֵ֗לֶּהtheseart + demonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַקְּלָלוֹתאֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; points back to the whole catalog of curses just enumerated (vv. 16-44).
וּרְדָפ֨וּךָ֙and they will pursue youconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp + 2ms suff · רָדַף (H7291)Predicate verb, coordinate with וּבָאוּ→ Weqatal: certain future, second of the tripled pursuit formulaרָדַף (H7291) 'to pursue, chase'; intensifies v. 2's doubled formula into a triple verb of relentless pursuit.
וְהִשִּׂיג֔וּךָand they will overtake youconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3cp + 2ms suff · נָשַׂג (H5381)Predicate verb, coordinate with the preceding two verbs→ Weqatal: certain future, third of the tripled pursuit formulaנָשַׂג (H5381) Hiphil 'to overtake'; completes the triple verb of pursuit (בָּאוּ, רְדָפוּךָ, הִשִּׂיגוּךָ), echoing v. 2 and 15.
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הִשָּֽׁמְדָ֑ךְyour being destroyedNiphal inf constr + 2fs suff · שָׁמַד (H8045)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of the curses' pursuitשָׁמַד (H8045) Niphal 'to be destroyed, exterminated'; recurs as the chapter's grim refrain (cf. v. 20, 24).
כִּיfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
שָׁמַ֗עְתָּyou obeyedQal perf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Perfective negated: the completed failure of obedience, the root cause of the preceding cursesשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, obey'; negated, names the fundamental disobedience — the chapter's refrain-word once more, now diagnosing the cause.
בְּקוֹל֙to the voice ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · קוֹל (H6963)Prepositional phrase, complement of תשמעקוֹל (H6963) 'voice'; שָׁמַע בְּקוֹל, the standing idiom for obedience, negated here.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the voice Israel failed to obey, the root cause of all the preceding curses.
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
לִשְׁמֹ֛רto keepprep לְ + Qal inf constr · שָׁמַר (H8104)Purpose infinitive, epexegetical to שָׁמַעְתָּ→ Infinitive of purpose/result: what obedience was meant to consist ofשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, observe'; echoes v. 1, 9's identical formula for covenant fidelity.
מִצְוֺתָ֥יוhis commandmentsN f pl constr + 3ms suff · מִצְוָה (H4687)Direct object of לִשְׁמֹרמִצְוָה (H4687) 'commandment'; the object of the failed obedience.
וְחֻקֹּתָ֖יוand his statutesconj וְ + N c pl constr + 3ms suff · חֻקָּה (H2708)Coordinate direct object with מִצְוֺתָיוחֻקָּה (H2708) 'statute'; paired with מִצְוָה as in v. 15, bracketing the first great curses movement (vv. 15-45).
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
צִוָּֽךְhe commanded youPiel perf 3ms + 2fs suff · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, authoritative act of divine commandצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; here perfect (not the recurring participle מְצַוְּךָ), summarizing the whole body of commandments now shown to have been broken.
46

וְהָי֣וּ בְךָ֔ לְא֖וֹת וּלְמוֹפֵ֑ת וּֽבְזַרְעֲךָ֖ עַד עוֹלָֽם

They will be a sign and a wonder upon you and your descendants forever.

Coda to v. 45, universalizing the curses across timeוְ
'Sign and wonder' (אוֹת וּמוֹפֵת), ordinarily language for YHWH's saving acts (e.g. the exodus plagues), is applied here to the curses themselves — Israel's calamity becomes, tragically, its own perpetual object lesson to future generations.
Word-by-word analysis· 7 words
וְהָי֣וּand they will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause), subject the curses→ Weqatal: certain future, a perpetual stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the coda universalizing the curses across time.
בְךָ֔on youprep בְּ + 2ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְהָיוּ
לְא֖וֹתas a signprep לְ + N c sg abs · אוֹת (H226)Predicate complement (object complement of וְהָיוּ), first of a pairאוֹת (H226) 'sign'; ordinarily language for YHWH's saving acts (e.g. the exodus plagues, cf. Exod 4:8-9), applied here to the curses themselves.
וּלְמוֹפֵ֑תand a wonderconj וְ + prep לְ + N m sg abs · מוֹפֵת (H4159)Coordinate predicate complement, second of the pairמוֹפֵת (H4159) 'wonder, portent'; paired with אוֹת (cf. Exod 7:3), the standard hendiadys for YHWH's dramatic acts, ironically applied here to Israel's calamity.
וּֽבְזַרְעֲךָ֖and on your descendantsconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr + 2ms suff · זֶרַע (H2233)Coordinate prepositional phrase with בְךָזֶרַע (H2233) 'seed, offspring, descendants'; extends the curses' object-lesson status beyond the present generation.
עַדuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
עוֹלָֽםforeverN m sg abs · עוֹלָם (H5769)Object of עַד, completing the temporal phraseעוֹלָם (H5769) 'forever, perpetuity'; the curses' status as sign and wonder is permanent, spanning all future generations.
47

תַּ֗חַת אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹא עָבַ֨דְתָּ֙ אֶת יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ בְּשִׂמְחָ֖ה וּבְט֣וּב לֵבָ֑ב מֵרֹ֖ב כֹּֽל

Because you did not serve YHWH your God with joy and gladness of heart, out of the abundance of everything.

Theological ground clause explaining vv. 20-46's curses; pivots into the second curses movement (vv. 47-68)asyndeton
The chapter's most quoted line: the root failure was not merely disobedience but joyless service despite abundance — a diagnosis of the heart, not just the will, that the coming siege-and-exile curses (vv. 49-68) will answer measure for measure ('therefore you will serve your enemies,' v. 48).
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
תַּ֗חַתbecauseprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Causal prepositional phrase introducing the ground clause (idiom תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר 'because')תַּחַת (H8478) 'instead of, under'; with אֲשֶׁר forms the causal idiom 'because,' introducing the chapter's most quoted diagnostic line.
אֲשֶׁ֤רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
עָבַ֨דְתָּ֙you servedQal perf 2ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Perfective negated: the completed failure that grounds every curseעָבַד (H5647) 'to serve, worship'; negated — not the total absence of service, but its lack of joy, the chapter's central diagnosis.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the object of the joyless service that grounds all the preceding curses.
אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
בְּשִׂמְחָ֖הwith joyprep בְּ + N f sg abs · שִׂמְחָה (H8057)Adverbial prepositional phrase of manner, first of a pairשִׂמְחָה (H8057) 'joy, gladness'; the missing quality of service — not merely obedience but glad-hearted worship.
וּבְט֣וּבand gladness ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · טוּב (H2898)Coordinate adverbial phrase, construct chain with לֵבָבטוּב (H2898) 'goodness, gladness', from טוֹב; here of inward disposition, paired with שִׂמְחָה.
לֵבָ֑בof heartN m sg abs · לֵבָב (H3824)Genitive completing construct chain with וּבְטוּבלֵבָב (H3824) 'heart, mind'; the chapter's diagnosis locates the failure in the heart's disposition, not merely external compliance.
מֵרֹ֖בout of the abundance ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · רֹב (H7230)Causal/circumstantial prepositional phrase, construct chain with כֹּלרֹב (H7230) 'abundance, multitude'; ironic — the failure occurred precisely amid prosperity, not scarcity.
כֹּֽלeverythingN m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Genitive completing construct chain with מֵרֹבכֹּל (H3605) 'all, everything'; the abundance was total, making the joyless service all the more culpable.
48

וְעָבַדְתָּ֣ אֶת אֹיְבֶ֗יךָ אֲשֶׁ֨ר יְשַׁלְּחֶ֤נּוּ יְהוָה֙ בָּ֔ךְ בְּרָעָ֧ב וּבְצָמָ֛א וּבְעֵירֹ֖ם וּבְחֹ֣סֶר כֹּ֑ל וְנָתַ֞ן עֹ֤ל בַּרְזֶל֙ עַל צַוָּארֶ֔ךָ עַ֥ד הִשְׁמִיד֖וֹ אֹתָֽךְ

Therefore you will serve your enemies whom YHWH will send against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in lack of everything; and he will put a yoke of iron on your neck until he has destroyed you.

Apodosis answering v. 47's diagnosis with measure-for-measure judgmentוְ
'Service' (עבד) becomes the pivot word: Israel who would not serve YHWH with joy will now serve enemies in want; the iron yoke (עֹל בַּרְזֶל) escalates the bronze/iron cosmic imagery of v. 23 into a literal instrument of subjugation.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
וְעָבַדְתָּ֣and you will serveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause), apodosis answering v. 47's diagnosis→ Weqatal: certain future, measure-for-measure judgmentעָבַד (H5647) 'to serve'; the pivot word — Israel who would not serve YHWH with joy will now serve enemies in want.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
אֹיְבֶ֗יךָyour enemiesQal act ptc m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Substantival participle, object or subject per clause→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostility ('the ones hating you')אֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; the recipient of Israel's newly forced service.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יְשַׁלְּחֶ֤נּוּhe will send himPiel impf 3ms + 3ms suff · שָׁלַח (H7971)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: certain future, YHWH dispatching the enemyשָׁלַח (H7971) Piel 'to send'; YHWH himself commissions the enemy, echoing v. 20's personified curse-sending.
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the enemy's commissioning.
בָּ֔ךְagainst youprep בְּ + 2fs suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ
בְּרָעָ֧בin hungerprep בְּ + N m sg abs · רָעָב (H7458)Adverbial prepositional phrase of circumstance, first of four privationsרָעָב (H7458) 'hunger, famine'; first of four privations describing the servitude of exile.
וּבְצָמָ֛אand in thirstconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg abs · צָמָא (H6772)Coordinate adverbial phrase, second of four privationsצָמָא (H6772) 'thirst'; second of the four privations.
וּבְעֵירֹ֖םand in nakednessconj וְ + prep בְּ + adj m sg abs · עֵירֹם (H5903)Coordinate adverbial phrase, third of four privationsעֵירֹם (H5903) 'nakedness, destitute'; third privation, total material deprivation.
וּבְחֹ֣סֶרand in lack ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · חֹסֶר (H2640)Coordinate adverbial phrase, construct chain with כֹּל, fourth privationחֹסֶר (H2640) 'lack, want'; summarizes the privation as total deficiency.
כֹּ֑לeverythingN m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Genitive completing construct chain with וּבְחֹסֶרכֹּל (H3605) 'all, everything'; ironic echo of v. 47's מֵרֹב כֹּל — abundance replaced by total lack.
וְנָתַ֞ןand he will putconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future impositionנָתַן (H5414) 'to give, put, place'; YHWH himself places the yoke of subjugation.
עֹ֤לa yoke ofN m sg constr · עֹל (H5923)Direct object of וְנָתַן; construct chain (genitival)עֹל (H5923) 'yoke'; the instrument of forced servitude, here literalized in iron.
בַּרְזֶל֙ironN m sg abs · בַּרְזֶל (H1270)Genitive completing construct chain with עֹלבַּרְזֶל (H1270) 'iron'; escalates v. 23's bronze-heavens/iron-earth cosmic imagery into a literal instrument of subjugation.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase of place, complement of וְנָתַן
צַוָּארֶ֔ךָyour neckN m sg constr + 2ms suff · צַוָּאר (H6677)Object of עַלצַוָּאר (H6677) 'neck'; the site of the yoke, an image of total subjugation.
עַ֥דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הִשְׁמִיד֖וֹhis destroying youHiphil inf constr + 3ms suff · שָׁמַד (H8045)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of the enemy's oppressionשָׁמַד (H8045) Hiphil 'to destroy, exterminate'; the enemy (3ms suffix subject) as the agent of Israel's final destruction, echoing the chapter's recurring refrain.
אֹתָֽךְyou [obj]obj marker + 2fs suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix, object of הִשְׁמִידוֹ
49

יִשָּׂ֣א יְהוָה֩ עָלֶ֨יךָ גּ֤וֹי מֵרָחוֹק֙ מִקְצֵ֣ה הָאָ֔רֶץ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִדְאֶ֖ה הַנָּ֑שֶׁר גּ֕וֹי אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא תִשְׁמַ֖ע לְשֹׁנֽוֹ

YHWH will bring against you a nation from far away, from the end of the earth, swooping down like the eagle, a nation whose language you will not understand.

Introduces the foreign-nation invasion (vv. 49-57), the chapter's longest sustained sceneasyndeton
The eagle-swoop simile (כַּאֲשֶׁר יִדְאֶה הַנָּשֶׁר) pictures sudden, unstoppable aerial assault; the incomprehensible foreign tongue recalls the Assyrian and Babylonian imperial armies whose language was literally unintelligible to Judah (cf. Isa 33:19; Jer 5:15) — this scene's vocabulary echoes Neo-Assyrian vassal-treaty curse formulas closely.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
יִשָּׂ֣אwill bringQal impf 3ms · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future invasionנָשָׂא (H5375) 'to lift up, carry, bring'; here of YHWH raising up a foreign nation against Israel.
יְהוָה֩YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject who raises up the invading nation, opening the chapter's longest scene (vv. 49-57).
עָלֶ֨יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
גּ֤וֹיa nationN m sg abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Object of יִשָּׂאגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; the invading power, opening the chapter's longest sustained scene (vv. 49-57).
מֵרָחוֹק֙from far awayprep מִן + adj m sg abs · רָחוֹק (H7350)Adverbial prepositional phrase of source/placeרָחוֹק (H7350) 'far, distant'; emphasizes the invader's remoteness, intensified by the phrase that follows.
מִקְצֵ֣הfrom the end ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · קָצֶה (H7097)Coordinate adverbial phrase, construct chain with הָאָרֶץקָצֶה (H7097) 'end, extremity'; the invader comes from the farthest reaches of the known world.
הָאָ֔רֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with מִקְצֵהאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; universalizes the invader's origin to the ends of the world.
כַּאֲשֶׁ֥רasprep כְּ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative conjunction introducing the eagle-simile
יִדְאֶ֖הit swoops downQal impf 3ms · דָּאָה (H1675)Predicate verb of the comparative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitual, the eagle's characteristic swift descentדָּאָה (H1675) 'to fly swiftly, swoop' (rare, elsewhere only Deut 32:11); pictures sudden, unstoppable aerial assault.
הַנָּ֑שֶׁרthe eagleart + N m sg abs · נֶשֶׁר (H5404)Subject of יִדְאֶהנֶשֶׁר (H5404) 'eagle, vulture'; standard ANE treaty-curse imagery for a swift, devastating invader (cf. Hos 8:1; Hab 1:8).
גּ֕וֹיa nationN m sg abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Appositive to the first גּוֹי, resuming the descriptionגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; resumed in apposition to introduce the incomprehensible-language detail.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תִשְׁמַ֖עyou will understandQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol negated: total incomprehensionשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, understand'; here of linguistic comprehension, negated — the invader's speech is utterly foreign (cf. Isa 33:19; Jer 5:15).
לְשֹׁנֽוֹits languageN c sg constr + 3ms suff · לָשׁוֹן (H3956)Direct object of תִשְׁמַעלָשׁוֹן (H3956) 'tongue, language'; the incomprehensible speech recalls the historical experience of Assyrian/Babylonian imperial armies.
50

גּ֖וֹי עַ֣ז פָּנִ֑ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא יִשָּׂ֤א פָנִים֙ לְזָקֵ֔ן וְנַ֖עַר לֹ֥א יָחֹֽן

A nation fierce of face, that will not show regard for the old nor have pity on the young.

Continues the description of the invading nationasyndeton
'Fierce of face' (עַז פָּנִים) and the refusal of pity for age or youth marks the invader as utterly without the covenant ethic of respect Israel itself was commanded (cf. Lev 19:32) — cruelty without restraint.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
גּ֖וֹיa nationN m sg abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Predicate noun in apposition, continuing v. 49's description of the invaderגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; continues characterizing the invading power.
עַ֣זfierce ofadj m sg constr · עַז (H5794)Construct adjective governing פָּנִיםעַז (H5794) 'strong, fierce, bold'; עַז פָּנִים 'fierce/impudent of face,' the Hebrew idiom for shameless brazenness.
פָּנִ֑יםof faceN c pl abs · פָּנִים (H6440)Genitive completing construct chain with עַזפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; עַז פָּנִים describes a nation without shame or restraint.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
יִשָּׂ֤אwill show regardQal impf 3ms · נָשָׂא (H5375)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol negated: total absence of respectנָשָׂא (H5375) 'to lift up'; נָשָׂא פָנִים idiomatically 'to show partiality, show favor,' negated here.
פָנִים֙regardN c pl abs · פָּנִים (H6440)Direct object of יִשָּׂא, forming the idiom נָשָׂא פָנִיםפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; idiom 'to lift the face' = show favor/respect, here withheld even from the elderly.
לְזָקֵ֔ןto the oldprep לְ + adj m sg abs · זָקֵן (H2205)Prepositional phrase, complement of the idiom נָשָׂא פָנִיםזָקֵן (H2205) 'old, elder'; the invader shows no deference even to age, violating the covenant ethic of Lev 19:32.
וְנַ֖עַרor the youngconj וְ + N m sg abs · נַעַר (H5288)Coordinate fronted object of יָחֹןנַעַר (H5288) 'youth, young man'; paired with זָקֵן for a merism of all ages, none spared.
לֹ֥אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
יָחֹֽןhe will show favorQal impf 3ms · חָנַן (H2603)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: total absence of mercyחָנַן (H2603) 'to be gracious, show favor, pity'; negated, completing the merism of utter mercilessness toward old and young alike.
51

וְ֠אָכַל פְּרִ֨י בְהֶמְתְּךָ֥ וּפְרִֽי אַדְמָתְךָ֮ עַ֣ד הִשָּֽׁמְדָךְ֒ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא יַשְׁאִ֜יר לְךָ֗ דָּגָן֙ תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְיִצְהָ֔ר שְׁגַ֥ר אֲלָפֶ֖יךָ וְעַשְׁתְּרֹ֣ת צֹאנֶ֑ךָ עַ֥ד הַאֲבִיד֖וֹ אֹתָֽךְ

It will eat the offspring of your cattle and the fruit of your ground until you are destroyed, leaving you no grain, new wine, or oil, no increase of your cattle or young of your flock, until it has caused you to perish.

Describes the invader's total consumption of produce and livestockasyndeton
The invading army devours exactly the produce-list of vv. 4, 18, 38-40 (grain, wine, oil, herd); the enemy nation functions as a human locust, completing the agricultural devastation begun by literal insects.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
וְ֠אָכַלand it will eatconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main clause), subject the invading nation→ Weqatal: certain future consumptionאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; the invading army functions as a human locust, completing the agricultural devastation begun by literal insects (vv. 38-42).
פְּרִ֨יfruit ofN m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival)פְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; opens the produce-list of vv. 4, 18 now devoured by the invader.
בְהֶמְתְּךָ֥your cattleN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בְּהֵמָה (H929)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבְּהֵמָה (H929) 'beast, livestock'; the produce-list of vv. 4, 18 now devoured by the invader.
וּפְרִֽיand the fruit ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Coordinate construct chain (genitival) with אַדְמָתְךָפְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; second item consumed, the ground's produce.
אַדְמָתְךָ֮your groundN f sg constr + 2ms suff · אֲדָמָה (H127)Genitive completing construct chain with וּפְרִיאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, soil'; completes the totality of what the invader consumes.
עַ֣דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הִשָּֽׁמְדָךְ֒your being destroyedNiphal inf constr + 2fs suff · שָׁמַד (H8045)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of the invader's consumptionשָׁמַד (H8045) Niphal 'to be destroyed'; the chapter's recurring refrain of total ruin.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹֽאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
יַשְׁאִ֜ירhe will leaveHiphil impf 3ms · שָׁאַר (H7604)Predicate verb, negated relative clause→ Yiqtol negated: total deprivation, nothing left behindשָׁאַר (H7604) Hiphil 'to leave, leave remaining'; negated, the invader leaves absolutely nothing.
לְךָ֗for youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יַשְׁאִיר
דָּגָן֙grainN m sg abs · דָּגָן (H1715)Object of יַשְׁאִיר, first of the produce-triadדָּגָן (H1715) 'grain'; first of the classic Mediterranean staple triad (grain, wine, oil), completely consumed.
תִּיר֣וֹשׁnew wineN m sg abs · תִּירוֹשׁ (H8492)Coordinate object, second of the triadתִּירוֹשׁ (H8492) 'new wine, must'; second item of the staple triad.
וְיִצְהָ֔רand oilconj וְ + N m sg abs · יִצְהָר (H3323)Coordinate object, third of the triadיִצְהָר (H3323) 'fresh oil'; third and final item of the classic Mediterranean staple triad, all lost to the invader.
שְׁגַ֥רthe increase ofN m sg constr · שֶׁגֶר (H7698)Coordinate object, construct chain with אֲלָפֶיךָשֶׁגֶר (H7698) 'offspring, increase' (of animals); recurs from v. 4, 18, now lost to the invading army.
אֲלָפֶ֖יךָyour cattleN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֶלֶף (H504)Genitive completing construct chain with שְׁגַראֶלֶף (H504) 'herd, cattle'; the offspring of the herd, all lost.
וְעַשְׁתְּרֹ֣תand the young ofconj וְ + N f pl constr · עַשְׁתְּרָה (H6251)Coordinate construct chain with צֹאנֶךָעַשְׁתָּרוֹת (H6251) 'young, offspring' of the flock; the same term from v. 4, 18, now entirely consumed by the invader.
צֹאנֶ֑ךָyour flockN c sg constr + 2ms suff · צֹאן (H6629)Genitive completing construct chain with וְעַשְׁתְּרֹתצֹאן (H6629) 'flock'; completes the total inventory of livestock lost to the invader.
עַ֥דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הַאֲבִיד֖וֹhis causing you to perishHiphil inf constr + 3ms suff · אָבַד (H6)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of total devastationאָבַד (H6) Hiphil 'to destroy, cause to perish'; the invader (3ms suffix subject) completes what the earlier curses began.
אֹתָֽךְyou [obj]obj marker + 2fs suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix, object of הַאֲבִידוֹ
52

וְהֵצַ֨ר לְךָ֜ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶ֗יךָ עַ֣ד רֶ֤דֶת חֹמֹתֶ֨יךָ֙ הַגְּבֹה֣וֹת וְהַבְּצֻר֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֛ה בֹּטֵ֥חַ בָּהֵ֖ן בְּכָל אַרְצֶ֑ךָ וְהֵצַ֤ר לְךָ֙ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶ֔יךָ בְּכָ֨ל אַרְצְךָ֔ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָתַ֛ן יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ לָֽךְ

It will besiege you in all your towns until your high and fortified walls, in which you trusted, come down throughout all your land; it will besiege you in all your towns throughout all your land that YHWH your God has given you.

Opens the formal siege scene (vv. 52-57)וְ
The repeated verb וְהֵצַר ('besiege/distress') twice in one verse announces the siege-motif that will govern vv. 52-57; misplaced trust in fortification walls (rather than YHWH) is exposed as false security, a recurring prophetic critique.
Word-by-word analysis· 26 words
וְהֵצַ֨רand it will besiegeconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · צָרַר (H6887)Predicate verb (main clause), subject the invading nation→ Weqatal: certain future siegeצָרַר (H6887) Hiphil 'to bind, besiege, distress'; opens the formal siege scene (vv. 52-57), repeated twice in this verse.
לְךָ֜against youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְהֵצַר
בְּכָלin allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing שְׁעָרֶיךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totalizes the siege to every town.
שְׁעָרֶ֗יךָyour townsN m pl constr + 2ms suff · שַׁעַר (H8179)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלשַׁעַר (H8179) 'gate'; metonymy for 'towns, settlements' (the gate as the town's public center).
עַ֣דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
רֶ֤דֶתthe coming down ofQal inf constr · יָרַד (H3381)Infinitival subject/object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the anticipated collapse of the fortificationsיָרַד (H3381) 'to go down'; here of walls falling, the siege's ultimate goal.
חֹמֹתֶ֨יךָ֙your wallsN f pl constr + 2ms suff · חוֹמָה (H2346)Subject of רֶדֶתחוֹמָה (H2346) 'wall' (city fortification); the object of Israel's misplaced trust, about to collapse.
הַגְּבֹה֣וֹתhighart + adj f pl abs · גָּבֹהַ (H1364)Attributive adjective modifying חֹמֹתֶיךָגָּבֹהַ (H1364) 'high, tall'; describes the fortifications' impressive height, soon to prove illusory protection.
וְהַבְּצֻר֔וֹתand fortifiedconj וְ + art + adj f pl abs · בָּצוּר (H1219)Coordinate attributive adjective modifying חֹמֹתֶיךָבָּצוּר (H1219) 'fortified, inaccessible'; paired with גָּבֹהַ, the walls' apparent invincibility.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אַתָּ֛הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the relative clause naming Israel's misplaced trust.
בֹּטֵ֥חַtrustingQal act ptc ms · בָּטַח (H982)Substantival/predicate participle, predicate of the relative clause→ Participle: durative, ongoing misplaced confidenceבָּטַח (H982) 'to trust'; misplaced trust in fortification walls rather than YHWH, a recurring prophetic critique (cf. Jer 5:17; Mic 5:10-11).
בָּהֵ֖ןin themprep בְּ + 3fp suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of בֹּטֵחַ
בְּכָלthroughout allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing אַרְצֶךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; universalizes the wall-collapse to the whole land.
אַרְצֶ֑ךָyour landN c sg constr + 2ms suff · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; no fortified town anywhere escapes the siege.
וְהֵצַ֤רand it will besiegeconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · צָרַר (H6887)Predicate verb (main clause), repeated for emphasis→ Weqatal: certain future siege, resumedצָרַר (H6887) Hiphil 'to besiege, distress'; the repeated verb frames the whole verse, announcing the siege-motif that governs vv. 52-57.
לְךָ֙against youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of the resumed וְהֵצַר
בְּכָלin allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing שְׁעָרֶיךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; resumes the totalizing scope of the siege.
שְׁעָרֶ֔יךָyour townsN m pl constr + 2ms suff · שַׁעַר (H8179)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלשַׁעַר (H8179) 'gate'; resumed, metonymy for towns.
בְּכָ֨לthroughout allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing אַרְצְךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; resumes the totalizing land-scope.
אַרְצְךָ֔your landN c sg constr + 2ms suff · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; resumed, the whole territorial extent besieged.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
נָתַ֛ןhe has givenQal perf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: the completed gift of the land, now the site of siegeנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the very land YHWH gave becomes the site of its own devastation.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the giver of the land, now besieged.
אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
לָֽךְto youprep לְ + 2fs suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of נָתַן
53

וְאָכַלְתָּ֣ פְרִֽי בִטְנְךָ֗ בְּשַׂ֤ר בָּנֶ֨יךָ֙ וּבְנֹתֶ֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָֽתַן לְךָ֖ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ בְּמָצוֹר֙ וּבְמָצ֔וֹק אֲשֶׁר יָצִ֥יק לְךָ֖ אֹיְבֶֽךָ

You will eat the fruit of your own body, the flesh of your sons and daughters whom YHWH your God has given you, in the siege and distress with which your enemy will oppress you.

Introduces siege-cannibalism, the nadir of the chapter's horrorsוְ
Siege-cannibalism is a documented ANE treaty-curse trope (paralleled closely in Assyrian vassal treaties, e.g. Esarhaddon's succession treaty) and in later historical accounts of Israelite/Judean sieges (2 Kgs 6:28-29; Lam 4:10); the phrase 'fruit of your own body' grimly inverts the fertility-blessing language of vv. 4, 11, 18.
Word-by-word analysis· 17 words
וְאָכַלְתָּ֣and you will eatconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future act, the nadir of the chapter's horrorsאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; opens the siege-cannibalism scene, a documented ANE treaty-curse trope (cf. Esarhaddon's succession treaty; 2 Kgs 6:28-29; Lam 4:10).
פְרִֽיfruit ofN m sg constr · פְּרִי (H6529)Construct chain (genitival)פְּרִי (H6529) 'fruit'; grimly inverts the fertility-blessing language of vv. 4, 11, 18 — the 'fruit of the womb' becomes food.
בִטְנְךָ֗your wombN f sg constr + 2ms suff · בֶּטֶן (H990)Genitive completing construct chain with פְּרִיבֶּטֶן (H990) 'womb, belly'; here in construct with פְּרִי, plainly naming what is eaten — the offspring of one's own body.
בְּשַׂ֤רthe flesh ofN m sg constr · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Direct object of וְאָכַלְתָּ, in apposition specifying פְּרִי בִטְנְךָ literally; construct chainבָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh, meat'; names the cannibalism plainly and without euphemism, the chapter's most extreme horror.
בָּנֶ֨יךָ֙your sonsN m pl constr + 2ms suff · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּשַׂרבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the specific children to be eaten, spelled out with unflinching plainness.
וּבְנֹתֶ֔יךָand your daughtersconj וְ + N f pl constr + 2ms suff · בַּת (H1323)Coordinate genitive completing construct chain with בְּשַׂרבַּת (H1323) 'daughter'; completes the pair of one's own children consumed in the siege's desperation.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
נָֽתַןhe has givenQal perf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: the completed gift of children, now the object of the siege's horrorנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the very children YHWH gave as blessing (vv. 4, 11) become the siege's grimmest casualty.
לְךָ֖to youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of נָתַן
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the giver of the children now consumed in siege desperation.
אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
בְּמָצוֹר֙in the siegeprep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָצוֹר (H4692)Adverbial prepositional phrase of circumstanceמָצוֹר (H4692) 'siege'; names the desperate circumstance driving the atrocity.
וּבְמָצ֔וֹקand distressconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָצוֹק (H4689)Coordinate adverbial phraseמָצוֹק (H4689) 'distress, anguish, straits'; paired with מָצוֹר for the totality of siege-suffering, a refrain repeated at v. 55, 57.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יָצִ֥יקhe will oppressHiphil impf 3ms · צוּק (H6693)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: certain future oppressionצוּק (H6693) Hiphil 'to press, afflict, oppress'; the enemy's siege-pressure that drives Israel to this desperation.
לְךָ֖on youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יָצִיק
אֹיְבֶֽךָyour enemyQal act ptc ms constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Subject of יָצִיק→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostilityאֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; the besieging power responsible for this extremity.
54

הָאִישׁ֙ הָרַ֣ךְ בְּךָ֔ וְהֶעָנֹ֖ג מְאֹ֑ד תֵּרַ֨ע עֵינ֤וֹ בְאָחִיו֙ וּבְאֵ֣שֶׁת חֵיק֔וֹ וּבְיֶ֥תֶר בָּנָ֖יו אֲשֶׁ֥ר יוֹתִֽיר

The man among you who is tender and delicate will begrudge his brother, the wife he embraces, and the rest of his children whom he has left.

Particularizes the siege-cannibalism through the most refined member of societyasyndeton
That even the 'tender and delicate' man — the least likely to harden his heart — becomes grudging under siege intensifies the horror; the same adjectives (רַךְ, עָנֹג) are applied to the woman in v. 56, forming a deliberate male/female diptych.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
הָאִישׁ֙the manart + N m sg abs · אִישׁ (H376)Subject of תֵּרַעאִישׁ (H376) 'man'; particularizes the siege-cannibalism through the most refined member of society.
הָרַ֣ךְthe tenderart + adj m sg abs · רַךְ (H7390)Attributive adjective modifying הָאִישׁרַךְ (H7390) 'tender, soft, delicate'; describes refined sensitivity, the least likely to harden under siege.
בְּךָ֔among youprep בְּ + 2ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, modifying הָאִישׁ
וְהֶעָנֹ֖גand the delicateconj וְ + art + adj m sg abs · עָנֹג (H6028)Coordinate attributive adjective modifying הָאִישׁעָנֹג (H6028) 'delicate, luxurious, pampered'; paired with רַךְ, the same terms applied to the woman in v. 56, forming a deliberate diptych.
מְאֹ֑דveryadverb · מְאֹד (H3966)Adverb intensifying הֶעָנֹג
תֵּרַ֨עwill begrudgeQal impf 3fs · רָעַע (H7489)Predicate verb (main clause), subject עֵינוֹ→ Yiqtol: certain future moral collapseרָעַע (H7489) 'to be evil, be grieved'; תֵּרַע עֵינוֹ idiomatically 'his eye will be evil/begrudging' — malicious stinginess toward his own family.
עֵינ֤וֹhis eyeN c sg constr + 3ms suff · עַיִן (H5869)Subject of תֵּרַעעַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; רָעָה עַיִן, the idiom for a grudging, ungenerous disposition (cf. Deut 15:9).
בְאָחִיו֙against his brotherprep בְּ + N m sg constr + 3ms suff · אָח (H251)Prepositional phrase, complement of תֵּרַע עֵינוֹ, first objectאָח (H251) 'brother'; the first victim of the man's begrudging refusal to share.
וּבְאֵ֣שֶׁתand against the wife ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N f sg constr · אִשָּׁה (H802)Coordinate prepositional phrase, second objectאִשָּׁה (H802) 'woman, wife'; construct with חֵיקוֹ, 'the wife of his bosom' — his own beloved wife.
חֵיק֔וֹhis bosomN m sg constr + 3ms suff · חֵיק (H2436)Genitive completing construct chain with וּבְאֵשֶׁתחֵיק (H2436) 'bosom, lap'; אֵשֶׁת חֵיק idiomatically 'the beloved wife who lies in one's bosom' (cf. Deut 13:6; Mic 7:5).
וּבְיֶ֥תֶרand against the rest ofconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr · יֶתֶר (H3499)Coordinate prepositional phrase, third objectיֶתֶר (H3499) 'remainder, rest'; the surviving children not yet lost to the siege.
בָּנָ֖יוhis childrenN m pl constr + 3ms suff · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive completing construct chain with וּבְיֶתֶרבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; here his remaining children, whom he begrudges sharing food with.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יוֹתִֽירhe has leftHiphil impf 3ms · יָתַר (H3498)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: the ongoing state of having spared, kept remainingיָתַר (H3498) Hiphil 'to leave over, spare'; the same root as v. 11's blessing (וְהוֹתִרְךָ), now grimly describing merely which children survive to witness the horror.
55

מִתֵּ֣ת לְאַחַ֣ד מֵהֶ֗ם מִבְּשַׂ֤ר בָּנָיו֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֹאכֵ֔ל מִבְּלִ֥י הִשְׁאִֽיר ל֖וֹ כֹּ֑ל בְּמָצוֹר֙ וּבְמָצ֔וֹק אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצִ֥יק לְךָ֛ אֹיִבְךָ֖ בְּכָל שְׁעָרֶֽיךָ

He will not give to any of them any of the flesh of his children that he is eating, because he has nothing left to him, in the siege and distress with which your enemy will oppress you in all your towns.

Completes the man's cannibalism scene begun in v. 54asyndeton
The refrain 'siege and distress with which your enemy will oppress you' (repeated at vv. 53, 57) structures this whole unit; the man now eats what he refuses to share, having 'nothing left' — total material and moral collapse under siege.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
מִתֵּ֣תfrom givingprep מִן + Qal inf constr · נָתַן (H5414)Infinitive of negative purpose: withholding any share→ Infinitive construct with מִן idiomatically negating givingנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; the infinitive with מִן idiomatically negates giving — 'so as not to give any to.'
לְאַחַ֣דto any oneprep לְ + cardinal number m sg · אֶחָד (H259)Prepositional phrase, complement of מִתֵּתאֶחָד (H259) 'one'; 'not even to one of them' — total refusal to share.
מֵהֶ֗םof themprep מִן + 3mp suff · מִן (H4480)Prepositional phrase, partitive, complement of לְאַחַד
מִבְּשַׂ֤רany of the flesh ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · בָּשָׂר (H1320)Prepositional phrase, partitive object of מִתֵּתבָּשָׂר (H1320) 'flesh'; names again, plainly, what he refuses to share.
בָּנָיו֙his childrenN m pl constr + 3ms suff · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive completing construct chain with מִבְּשַׂרבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; the very children he is eating.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יֹאכֵ֔לhe is eatingQal impf 3ms · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: durative present, the ongoing act of eatingאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; the man eats his own children yet refuses to share even that.
מִבְּלִ֥יbecause there is nothingprep מִן + N m sg constr · בְּלִי (H1097)Causal prepositional phrase (idiom), introducing the reason for his refusalבְּלִי (H1097) 'without, nothing'; מִבְּלִי idiomatically 'because there is nothing' — the causal ground for total refusal.
הִשְׁאִֽירhe has leftHiphil perf 3ms · שָׁאַר (H7604)Predicate verb within the causal idiom מִבְּלִי הִשְׁאִיר→ Perfective: a completed state of having nothing leftשָׁאַר (H7604) Hiphil 'to leave remaining'; 'he has nothing left to him' — total material collapse driving the atrocity.
ל֖וֹto himprep לְ + 3ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of הִשְׁאִיר
כֹּ֑לanythingN m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Object of הִשְׁאִיר, negated by the מִבְּלִי constructionכֹּל (H3605) 'all, anything'; negated within the idiom, 'nothing at all remains to him.'
בְּמָצוֹר֙in the siegeprep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָצוֹר (H4692)Adverbial prepositional phrase of circumstanceמָצוֹר (H4692) 'siege'; resumes the refrain from v. 53.
וּבְמָצ֔וֹקand distressconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָצוֹק (H4689)Coordinate adverbial phraseמָצוֹק (H4689) 'distress, straits'; completes the refrain phrase repeated at v. 53, 57.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יָצִ֥יקhe will oppressHiphil impf 3ms · צוּק (H6693)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: certain future oppressionצוּק (H6693) Hiphil 'to press, afflict, oppress'; the enemy's pressure that drives Israel to this desperation.
לְךָ֛youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יָצִיק
אֹיִבְךָ֖your enemyQal act ptc ms constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Subject of יָצִיק→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostilityאֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; the besieging power.
בְּכָלin allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing שְׁעָרֶיךָכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; the siege affects every town without exception.
שְׁעָרֶֽיךָyour townsN m pl constr + 2ms suff · שַׁעַר (H8179)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלשַׁעַר (H8179) 'gate'; metonymy for towns, closing the verse.
56

הָרַכָּ֨ה בְךָ֜ וְהָעֲנֻגָּ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא נִסְּתָ֤ה כַף רַגְלָהּ֙ הַצֵּ֣ג עַל הָאָ֔רֶץ מֵהִתְעַנֵּ֖ג וּמֵרֹ֑ךְ תֵּרַ֤ע עֵינָהּ֙ בְּאִ֣ישׁ חֵיקָ֔הּ וּבִבְנָ֖הּ וּבְבִתָּֽהּ

The tender and delicate woman among you, who would not venture to set the sole of her foot on the ground because of her delicateness and tenderness, will begrudge the husband she embraces, and her son and her daughter.

Mirrors v. 54's man with the most refined woman of societyasyndeton
The description of a woman too refined even to touch the ground with her bare foot (a mark of aristocratic luxury) makes her subsequent descent into cannibalism (v. 57) the most extreme reversal imaginable — the chapter's rhetoric of horror reaches its peak precisely by starting from the height of privilege.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
הָרַכָּ֨הthe tenderart + adj f sg abs · רַךְ (H7390)Attributive/substantival adjective, subject of תֵּרַערַךְ (H7390) 'tender, soft, delicate'; feminine form, mirroring v. 54's man with the most refined woman of society.
בְךָ֜among youprep בְּ + 2ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, modifying הָרַכָּה
וְהָעֲנֻגָּ֗הand the delicateconj וְ + art + adj f sg abs · עָנֹג (H6028)Coordinate attributive/substantival adjectiveעָנֹג (H6028) 'delicate, luxurious, pampered'; feminine form, echoing v. 54's description of the man, forming the deliberate diptych.
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
נִסְּתָ֤הshe venturedPiel perf 3fs · נָסָה (H5254)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective negated: never once attempted, describing lifelong luxuryנָסָה (H5254) Piel 'to test, try, attempt'; negated, 'she never ventured' — a mark of extreme aristocratic delicacy.
כַףthe sole ofN f sg constr · כַּף (H3709)Object of the infinitive הַצֵּג; construct chainכַּף (H3709) 'palm, sole'; כַּף רֶגֶל 'sole of the foot', the very phrase used of the affliction in v. 35, now of luxurious avoidance.
רַגְלָהּ֙her footN f sg constr + 3fs suff · רֶגֶל (H7272)Genitive completing construct chain with כַףרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot'; completes 'the sole of her foot.'
הַצֵּ֣גto setHiphil inf constr · יָצַג (H3322)Complementary infinitive of נִסְּתָה→ Infinitive construct: the never-attempted act of walking barefootיָצַג (H3322) Hiphil 'to set, place, station'; here 'to set down' the foot — an act she never risked.
עַלonprep · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase of place, complement of הַצֵּג
הָאָ֔רֶץthe groundart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of עַלאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth, ground'; bare earth, beneath a lady of such refinement she never touches it directly.
מֵהִתְעַנֵּ֖גfrom delicatenessprep מִן + Hitpael inf constr · עָנַג (H6026)Causal prepositional phrase, first of a pair→ Infinitive construct: her lifelong self-indulgent refinement, the cause of her avoidanceעָנַג (H6026) Hitpael 'to be delicate, luxuriate, pamper oneself'; names the root cause — her extreme cultivated softness.
וּמֵרֹ֑ךְand from tendernessconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg abs · רֹךְ (H7391)Coordinate causal prepositional phrase, second of the pairרֹךְ (H7391) 'tenderness, softness' (hapax legomenon), from רַךְ; paired with הִתְעַנֵּג for the double cause of her fastidiousness.
תֵּרַ֤עwill begrudgeQal impf 3fs · רָעַע (H7489)Predicate verb (main clause), subject עֵינָהּ→ Yiqtol: certain future moral collapse, mirroring v. 54's manרָעַע (H7489) 'to be evil'; תֵּרַע עֵינָהּ, the identical idiom of v. 54 now applied to the most refined woman, the depth of her fall.
עֵינָהּ֙her eyeN c sg constr + 3fs suff · עַיִן (H5869)Subject of תֵּרַעעַיִן (H5869) 'eye'; the idiom for begrudging disposition, as in v. 54.
בְּאִ֣ישׁagainst the husband ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · אִישׁ (H376)Prepositional phrase, complement of תֵּרַע עֵינָהּ, first objectאִישׁ (H376) 'man, husband'; construct with חֵיקָהּ, mirroring v. 54's אֵשֶׁת חֵיקוֹ.
חֵיקָ֔הּher bosomN m sg constr + 3fs suff · חֵיק (H2436)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּאִישׁחֵיק (H2436) 'bosom, lap'; 'the husband of her bosom' — her own beloved husband.
וּבִבְנָ֖הּand against her sonconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg constr + 3fs suff · בֵּן (H1121)Coordinate prepositional phrase, second objectבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; her own child.
וּבְבִתָּֽהּand against her daughterconj וְ + prep בְּ + N f sg constr + 3fs suff · בַּת (H1323)Coordinate prepositional phrase, third objectבַּת (H1323) 'daughter'; completes the pair of her own children begrudged.
57

וּֽבְשִׁלְיָתָ֞הּ הַיּוֹצֵ֣ת מִבֵּ֣ין רַגְלֶ֗יהָ וּבְבָנֶ֨יהָ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּלֵ֔ד כִּֽי תֹאכְלֵ֥ם בְּחֹֽסֶר כֹּ֖ל בַּסָּ֑תֶר בְּמָצוֹר֙ וּבְמָצ֔וֹק אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצִ֥יק לְךָ֛ אֹיִבְךָ֖ בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ

And her afterbirth that comes out from between her feet, and her children whom she bears — for she will eat them secretly for lack of everything, in the siege and distress with which your enemy will oppress you in your towns.

Completes the woman's cannibalism scene, closing the siege unit (vv. 52-57)וְ
The siege-cannibalism climaxes in the most extreme image of the entire chapter — a mother's own newborn and afterbirth consumed in secret; the closing refrain ('siege and distress...') seals this unit as it began (v. 53), and the text_note should register this as documented treaty-curse genre, not gratuitous invention.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וּֽבְשִׁלְיָתָ֞הּand her afterbirthconj וְ + prep בְּ + N f sg constr + 3fs suff · שִׁלְיָה (H7988)Coordinate prepositional phrase, continuing v. 56's list of begrudged objectsשִׁלְיָה (H7988) 'afterbirth, placenta' (hapax legomenon); the most extreme item in the chapter's catalog of horror — she begrudges even her own placenta and newborn.
הַיּוֹצֵ֣תthat comes outart + Qal act ptc fs · יָצָא (H3318)Substantival participle, attributive modifying שִׁלְיָתָהּ→ Participle: durative, describing the characteristic process of childbirthיָצָא (H3318) 'to go out'; describes the afterbirth emerging in childbirth.
מִבֵּ֣יןfrom betweenprep מִן + prep בֵּין · בֵּין (H996)Compound prepositional phrase, complement of הַיּוֹצֵת
רַגְלֶ֗יהָher legsN f dual constr + 3fs suff · רֶגֶל (H7272)Genitive completing construct chain with מִבֵּיןרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot, leg', dual; euphemistic anatomical reference to childbirth.
וּבְבָנֶ֨יהָ֙and her childrenconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m pl constr + 3fs suff · בֵּן (H1121)Coordinate prepositional phrase, continuing the list of begrudged objectsבֵּן (H1121) 'son', plural here of children generally; the newborns she will secretly eat.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תֵּלֵ֔דshe bearsQal impf 3fs · יָלַד (H3205)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: general/habitual, the ongoing process of childbirth under siegeיָלַד (H3205) 'to bear, give birth'; the children she bears are immediately consumed, the ultimate inversion of fertility-blessing.
כִּֽיfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
תֹאכְלֵ֥םshe will eat themQal impf 3fs + 3mp suff · אָכַל (H398)Predicate verb of the causal/explanatory clause→ Yiqtol: certain future act, the explanatory climax of the verseאָכַל (H398) 'to eat'; states plainly, without euphemism, the consumption of her own newborn and afterbirth.
בְּחֹֽסֶרfor lack ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · חֹסֶר (H2640)Causal prepositional phrase, construct chain with כֹּלחֹסֶר (H2640) 'lack, want'; names the total material desperation, echoing v. 48.
כֹּ֖לeverythingN m sg abs · כֹּל (H3605)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּחֹסֶרכֹּל (H3605) 'all, everything'; the totality of the deprivation driving her to this extremity.
בַּסָּ֑תֶרin secretprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · סֵתֶר (H5643)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerסֵתֶר (H5643) 'secrecy, hiding place'; the shame of the act drives it into concealment, even from her own household.
בְּמָצוֹר֙in the siegeprep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָצוֹר (H4692)Adverbial prepositional phrase of circumstanceמָצוֹר (H4692) 'siege'; closes the refrain-unit begun at v. 53.
וּבְמָצ֔וֹקand distressconj וְ + prep בְּ + N m sg abs · מָצוֹק (H4689)Coordinate adverbial phraseמָצוֹק (H4689) 'distress, straits'; completes the refrain phrase for the third and final time (vv. 53, 55, 57).
אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יָצִ֥יקhe will oppressHiphil impf 3ms · צוּק (H6693)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: certain future oppressionצוּק (H6693) Hiphil 'to press, afflict, oppress'; the enemy's pressure that has driven the siege to its most extreme horror.
לְךָ֛youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of יָצִיק
אֹיִבְךָ֖your enemyQal act ptc ms constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Subject of יָצִיק→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostilityאֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; the besieging power responsible for the whole scene of vv. 52-57.
בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָin your townsprep בְּ + N m pl constr + 2ms suff · שַׁעַר (H8179)Adverbial prepositional phrase of place, closing the siege sceneשַׁעַר (H8179) 'gate'; metonymy for towns, closing the siege-cannibalism unit (vv. 52-57) as it began.
58

אִם לֹ֨א תִשְׁמֹ֜ר לַעֲשׂ֗וֹת אֶת כָּל דִּבְרֵי֙ הַתּוֹרָ֣ה הַזֹּ֔את הַכְּתוּבִ֖ים בַּסֵּ֣פֶר הַזֶּ֑ה לְ֠יִרְאָה אֶת הַשֵּׁ֞ם הַנִּכְבָּ֤ד וְהַנּוֹרָא֙ הַזֶּ֔ה אֵ֖ת יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ

If you are not careful to do all the words of this torah written in this book, to fear this glorious and awesome name, YHWH your God.

New conditional protasis opening the final curses movement (vv. 58-68)אִם
Explicit reference to 'this book' (בַּסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה) marks Deuteronomy's self-awareness as written text, not merely oral instruction; 'this glorious and awesome name' elevates fear of YHWH's own name to the ultimate object of covenant loyalty, launching the plagues-of-Egypt-returning sequence of vv. 59-61.
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
אִםifconj · אִם (H518)Conditional conjunction, introducing the final curses movement (vv. 58-68)
לֹ֨אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תִשְׁמֹ֜רyou are carefulQal impf 2ms · שָׁמַר (H8104)Predicate verb of the protasis→ Yiqtol negated: the failed condition triggering the final cursesשָׁמַר (H8104) 'to keep, observe, be careful'; opens the final conditional, echoing v. 1, 15's structure.
לַעֲשׂ֗וֹתto doprep לְ + Qal inf constr · עָשָׂה (H6213)Purpose infinitive, epexegetical to תִשְׁמֹר→ Infinitive of purpose/result: what the 'being careful' consists ofעָשָׂה (H6213) 'to do'; paired with שָׁמַר as throughout the chapter, the double formula for covenant obedience.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; totality of the written Torah is in view, not a partial selection.
דִּבְרֵי֙the words ofN m pl constr · דָּבָר (H1697)Genitive completing construct chain with כָּל, direct object of לַעֲשׂוֹתדָּבָר (H1697) 'word, thing'; echoes v. 14's 'words' language, now specifying the whole written Torah.
הַתּוֹרָ֣הthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Genitive completing construct chain with דִּבְרֵיתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'; the body of teaching now explicitly identified as a written document.
הַזֹּ֔אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַתּוֹרָהזֹאת (H2063) 'this' (f.); points to the specific, present body of teaching — Deuteronomy itself.
הַכְּתוּבִ֖יםwrittenart + Qal pass ptc m pl · כָּתַב (H3789)Attributive participle modifying דִּבְרֵי (plural agreement)→ Passive participle: the completed, fixed state of being written downכָּתַב (H3789) Qal passive participle 'written'; explicit reference to Deuteronomy's self-awareness as written text, not merely oral instruction.
בַּסֵּ֣פֶרin the bookprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · סֵפֶר (H5612)Adverbial prepositional phrase of place, complement of הַכְּתוּבִיםסֵפֶר (H5612) 'book, scroll'; 'this book' marks Deuteronomy's own self-reference as a written document.
הַזֶּ֑הthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying בַּסֵּפֶרזֶה (H2088) 'this' (m.); points to the specific scroll now being read/heard.
לְ֠יִרְאָהto fearprep לְ + Qal inf constr · יָרֵא (H3372)Purpose infinitive, coordinate with לַעֲשׂוֹת→ Infinitive of purpose: the ultimate object of covenant loyaltyיָרֵא (H3372) 'to fear'; elevates reverence for YHWH's own name to the climactic demand of covenant loyalty.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
הַשֵּׁ֞םthe nameart + N m sg abs · שֵׁם (H8034)Direct object of לְיִרְאָהשֵׁם (H8034) 'name'; YHWH's own name becomes the direct object of required reverence.
הַנִּכְבָּ֤דgloriousart + Niphal ptc ms · כָּבֵד (H3513)Attributive participle modifying הַשֵּׁם, first of a pair→ Participle: durative/stative, the name's inherent, ongoing weightinessכָּבֵד (H3513) Niphal 'to be honored, glorious, weighty'; describes the name's inherent majesty.
וְהַנּוֹרָא֙and awesomeconj וְ + art + Niphal ptc ms · יָרֵא (H3372)Coordinate attributive participle modifying הַשֵּׁם, second of the pair→ Participle: durative/stative, the name's fearsome qualityיָרֵא (H3372) Niphal 'to be feared, awesome'; paired with נִכְבָּד — the name that demands both honor and fear.
הַזֶּ֔הthisart + demonstrative pron m sg · זֶה (H2088)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַשֵּׁםזֶה (H2088) 'this'; emphasizes the specific, personal divine name just invoked.
אֵ֖ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the glorious and awesome name whose fear is the climactic demand of the whole chapter.
אֱלֹהֶֽיךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
59

וְהִפְלָ֤א יְהוָה֙ אֶת מַכֹּ֣תְךָ֔ וְאֵ֖ת מַכּ֣וֹת זַרְעֶ֑ךָ מַכּ֤וֹת גְּדֹלוֹת֙ וְנֶ֣אֱמָנ֔וֹת וָחֳלָיִ֥ם רָעִ֖ים וְנֶאֱמָנִֽים

YHWH will bring extraordinary plagues on you and your descendants, great and lasting plagues, and severe and lasting sicknesses.

Apodosis of v. 58's conditional; opens the plagues-of-Egypt-returning sequence (vv. 59-61)וְ
'Extraordinary' (הִפְלָא) plagues recalls the wonders (נִפְלָאוֹת) of the exodus; the doubled adjectives ('great and lasting,' 'severe and lasting') pile up to stress relentless, chronic affliction rather than a single blow.
Word-by-word analysis· 13 words
וְהִפְלָ֤אand he will make extraordinaryconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · פָּלָא (H6381)Predicate verb (main clause), apodosis of v. 58's conditional→ Weqatal: certain future, opens the plagues-of-Egypt-returning sequenceפָּלָא (H6381) Hiphil 'to make extraordinary, do wonderfully'; recalls the נִפְלָאוֹת 'wonders' of the exodus, now turned against Israel.
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the extraordinary, chronic plagues.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
מַכֹּ֣תְךָ֔your plaguesN f pl constr + 2ms suff · מַכָּה (H4347)Direct object of וְהִפְלָאמַכָּה (H4347) 'blow, plague, wound', from נָכָה; the affliction now made extraordinary and relentless.
וְאֵ֖תand [obj]conj וְ + obj marker · אֵת (H853)Conjunction + direct-object marker (second object)
מַכּ֣וֹתthe plagues ofN f pl constr · מַכָּה (H4347)Direct object of וְהִפְלָא (coordinate); construct chainמַכָּה (H4347) 'blow, plague'; extends the affliction beyond the individual to future generations.
זַרְעֶ֑ךָyour descendantsN m sg constr + 2ms suff · זֶרַע (H2233)Genitive completing construct chain with מַכּוֹתזֶרַע (H2233) 'seed, offspring'; the plague's reach extends to future generations, echoing v. 46.
מַכּ֤וֹתplaguesN f pl abs · מַכָּה (H4347)Appositive to the preceding objects, headword of the descriptive seriesמַכָּה (H4347) 'blow, plague'; resumed to introduce the descriptive adjectives that follow.
גְּדֹלוֹת֙greatadj f pl abs · גָּדוֹל (H1419)Attributive adjective modifying מַכּוֹת, first of a pairגָּדוֹל (H1419) 'great, large'; the first of the doubled adjectives stressing severity.
וְנֶ֣אֱמָנ֔וֹתand lastingconj וְ + Niphal ptc fp · אָמַן (H539)Coordinate attributive participle modifying מַכּוֹת, second of the pair→ Participle: durative/stative, the plagues' chronic, unrelenting durationאָמַן (H539) Niphal 'to be confirmed, lasting, enduring'; stresses chronic affliction rather than a single blow.
וָחֳלָיִ֥םand sicknessesconj וְ + N m pl abs · חֳלִי (H2483)Coordinate direct object, second category of afflictionחֳלִי (H2483) 'sickness, disease'; parallels מַכּוֹת with a second term for chronic illness.
רָעִ֖יםsevereadj m pl abs · רַע (H7451)Attributive adjective modifying חֳלָיִים, first of a pairרַע (H7451) 'evil, bad, severe'; intensifies the sicknesses' malignancy.
וְנֶאֱמָנִֽיםand lastingconj וְ + Niphal ptc mp · אָמַן (H539)Coordinate attributive participle modifying חֳלָיִים, second of the pair→ Participle: durative/stative, chronic durationאָמַן (H539) Niphal 'to be confirmed, lasting, enduring'; the doubled adjectives pile up to stress relentless, chronic affliction.
60

וְהֵשִׁ֣יב בְּךָ֗ אֵ֚ת כָּל מַדְוֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָגֹ֖רְתָּ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑ם וְדָבְק֖וּ בָּֽךְ

He will bring back upon you all the diseases of Egypt of which you were afraid, and they will cling to you.

Continues and specifies v. 59's plagues as Egypt's diseases returningוְ
The exodus plagues, once inflicted on Egypt for Israel's deliverance, are now threatened to return upon Israel herself — a total reversal of the exodus narrative's meaning; 'cling' repeats the verb of v. 21's pestilence.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְהֵשִׁ֣יבand he will bring backconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future reversalשׁוּב (H7725) Hiphil 'to bring back, restore'; a total reversal of the exodus narrative's meaning — the plagues once inflicted on Egypt for Israel's deliverance now return upon Israel.
בְּךָ֗upon youprep בְּ + 2ms suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְהֵשִׁיב
אֵ֚ת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; the entire range of Egypt's diseases, not a selection.
מַדְוֵ֣הthe disease ofN m sg constr · מַדְוֶה (H4064)Genitive completing construct chain with כָּל, direct object of וְהֵשִׁיבמַדְוֶה (H4064) 'disease, sickness' (rare, from דָּוָה 'to be ill'); names the Egyptian afflictions collectively.
מִצְרַ֔יִםEgyptproper N · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Genitive completing construct chain with מַדְוֵהמִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'Egypt'; the exodus plagues now threatened to return upon their former recipients-turned-deliverers.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
יָגֹ֖רְתָּyou were afraidQal perf 2ms · יָגֹר (H3025)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, remembered dreadיָגֹר (H3025) 'to be afraid, dread'; Israel's historical memory of these very diseases makes their return especially terrifying.
מִפְּנֵיהֶ֑םof themprep מִן + N c pl constr + 3mp suff · פָּנִים (H6440)Prepositional phrase, complement of יָגֹרְתָּפָּנִים (H6440) 'face'; מִפְּנֵי idiom 'because of, from before,' here of the object of dread.
וְדָבְק֖וּand they will clingconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · דָּבַק (H1692)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future, relentless attachmentדָּבַק (H1692) 'to cling, stick to'; repeats the verb of v. 21's pestilence, the diseases now permanently attached.
בָּֽךְto youprep בְּ + 2fs suff · בְּ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְדָבְקוּ
61

גַּ֤ם כָּל חֳלִי֙ וְכָל מַכָּ֔ה אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א כָת֔וּב בְּסֵ֖פֶר הַתּוֹרָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את יַעְלֵ֤ם יְהוָה֙ עָלֶ֔יךָ עַ֖ד הִשָּׁמְדָֽךְ

Also every sickness and every plague not written in the book of this torah, YHWH will bring upon you until you are destroyed.

Closes the plagues sequence with an open-ended totalizing clauseגַּם
By explicitly including afflictions 'not written in this book,' the curse formula deliberately exceeds its own catalog — the text acknowledges its list is illustrative, not exhaustive, of the horrors covenant-breaking invites.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
גַּ֤םalsoadverb · גַּם (H1571)Adverb, adding an open-ended totalizing categoryגַּם (H1571) 'also, even'; introduces afflictions beyond the explicit catalog — the curse formula exceeds its own list.
כָּלallN m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing the following noun ('all of...')כֹּל (H3605) 'all'; opens the open-ended, non-exhaustive category of unnamed afflictions.
חֳלִי֙sicknessN m sg abs · חֳלִי (H2483)Genitive completing construct chain with כָּלחֳלִי (H2483) 'sickness, disease'; the open, unbounded category of illness not previously named.
וְכָלand everyconj וְ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Coordinate construct governing מַכָּהכֹּל (H3605) 'all, every'; extends the open category to plagues as well.
מַכָּ֔הplagueN f sg abs · מַכָּה (H4347)Genitive completing construct chain with וְכָלמַכָּה (H4347) 'blow, plague'; the second open category, paired with חֳלִי.
אֲשֶׁר֙whichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
כָת֔וּבwrittenQal pass ptc ms · כָּתַב (H3789)Predicate participle (passive), predicate of the relative clause→ Passive participle: negated, describing what falls outside the written recordכָּתַב (H3789) Qal passive participle 'written'; negated, the text acknowledges its own catalog is illustrative, not exhaustive.
בְּסֵ֖פֶרin the book ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · סֵפֶר (H5612)Adverbial prepositional phrase of place, complement of כָתוּבסֵפֶר (H5612) 'book, scroll'; the written Torah, whose scope the curse formula deliberately exceeds.
הַתּוֹרָ֣הthe torahart + N f sg abs · תּוֹרָה (H8451)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּסֵפֶרתּוֹרָה (H8451) 'instruction, law'; echoes v. 58's self-reference to the written document.
הַזֹּ֑אתthisart + demonstrative pron f sg · זֹאת (H2063)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַתּוֹרָהזֹאת (H2063) 'this' (f.); points to the specific scroll of Deuteronomy.
יַעְלֵ֤םhe will bring themHiphil impf 3ms + 3mp suff · עָלָה (H5927)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future inflictionעָלָה (H5927) Hiphil 'to bring up, cause to come upon'; YHWH personally brings even the unwritten afflictions.
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of even the unwritten, unnamed afflictions.
עָלֶ֔יךָupon youprep עַל + 2ms suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, adverbial complement
עַ֖דuntilprep · עַד (H5704)Prepositional phrase of time, marking the curse's endpoint
הִשָּׁמְדָֽךְyour being destroyedNiphal inf constr + 2fs suff · שָׁמַד (H8045)Infinitival object of עַד, marking the temporal endpoint→ Infinitive construct: the terminal point of the open-ended afflictionשָׁמַד (H8045) Niphal 'to be destroyed, exterminated'; the chapter's recurring refrain, closing the plagues sequence (vv. 59-61).
62

וְנִשְׁאַרְתֶּם֙ בִּמְתֵ֣י מְעָ֔ט תַּ֚חַת אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֱיִיתֶ֔ם כְּכוֹכְבֵ֥י הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם לָרֹ֑ב כִּי לֹ֣א שָׁמַ֔עְתָּ בְּק֖וֹל יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ

You will be left few in number, whereas you were as the stars of the heavens for multitude, because you did not obey the voice of YHWH your God.

Reverses the patriarchal promise of Gen 15:5; 22:17וְ
The 'stars of heaven' image is the Abrahamic promise itself (Gen 15:5; 22:17; 26:4) turned into a measure of loss — the nation founded on innumerable increase is reduced to a remnant, the starkest possible reversal of covenant hope.
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
וְנִשְׁאַרְתֶּם֙and you will be leftconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 2mp · שָׁאַר (H7604)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future reductionשָׁאַר (H7604) Niphal 'to be left, remain'; the verb of remnant, closing the plagues sequence with drastic depopulation.
בִּמְתֵ֣יfew inprep בְּ + N m pl constr · מַת (H4962)Adverbial prepositional phrase, construct chain with מְעָטמַת (H4962) 'man, men' (only in construct plural); בִּמְתֵי מְעָט idiomatically 'few in number.'
מְעָ֔טnumberN m sg abs · מְעַט (H4592)Genitive completing construct chain with בִּמְתֵימְעַט (H4592) 'little, few'; completes the idiom for a small remnant.
תַּ֚חַתwhereasprep · תַּחַת (H8478)Adversative prepositional phrase introducing the contrast with former abundanceתַּחַת (H8478) 'instead of, in place of'; here adversative, 'whereas,' contrasting present scarcity with past multitude.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
הֱיִיתֶ֔םyou wereQal perf 2mp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed past state of abundanceהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; recalls the former multitude, now lost.
כְּכוֹכְבֵ֥יas the stars ofprep כְּ + N m pl constr · כּוֹכָב (H3556)Predicate complement of הֱיִיתֶם; construct chainכּוֹכָב (H3556) 'star'; the Abrahamic promise's own image (Gen 15:5; 22:17) now recalled as lost glory.
הַשָּׁמַ֖יִםthe heavensart + N m pl abs · שָׁמַיִם (H8064)Genitive completing construct chain with כְּכוֹכְבֵישָׁמַיִם (H8064) 'heavens, sky'; completes the patriarchal promise-image of innumerable increase.
לָרֹ֑בfor multitudeprep לְ + N c sg abs · רֹב (H7230)Adverbial prepositional phrase specifying the point of comparisonרֹב (H7230) 'abundance, multitude'; specifies the respect in which Israel was once like the stars — sheer number.
כִּיfor/ifconj · כִּי (H3588)Causal or conditional conjunction
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
שָׁמַ֔עְתָּyou obeyedQal perf 2ms · שָׁמַע (H8085)Predicate verb of the causal clause→ Perfective negated: the completed failure of obedience, the stated cause of this reversalשָׁמַע (H8085) 'to hear, obey'; the chapter's refrain-word, once more naming the root cause.
בְּק֖וֹלto the voice ofprep בְּ + N m sg constr · קוֹל (H6963)Prepositional phrase, complement of תשמעקוֹל (H6963) 'voice'; שָׁמַע בְּקוֹל, the standing idiom for obedience, negated here.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the voice Israel failed to obey, the stated cause of this drastic reduction.
אֱלֹהֶֽיךָyour GodN m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Apposition to יְהוָהאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'God'; in apposition to the divine name.
63

וְ֠הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׂ֨שׂ יְהוָ֜ה עֲלֵיכֶ֗ם לְהֵיטִ֣יב אֶתְכֶם֮ וּלְהַרְבּ֣וֹת אֶתְכֶם֒ כֵּ֣ן יָשִׂ֤ישׂ יְהוָה֙ עֲלֵיכֶ֔ם לְהַאֲבִ֥יד אֶתְכֶ֖ם וּלְהַשְׁמִ֣יד אֶתְכֶ֑ם וְנִסַּחְתֶּם֙ מֵעַ֣ל הָֽאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר אַתָּ֥ה בָא שָׁ֖מָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ

And as YHWH once rejoiced over you to do you good and to multiply you, so YHWH will rejoice over you to destroy you and to bring you to nothing; and you will be torn away from the land that you are entering to possess.

Climactic reversal: YHWH's own joy (שָׂשׂ/יָשִׂישׂ) turned from blessing to destructionוְ
The unsettling image of YHWH 'rejoicing' (שָׂשׂ) to destroy, mirroring the same verb used of his joy in blessing, is deliberately shocking — it dramatizes v. 47's charge that Israel served without joy by showing YHWH's own joy now redirected against her; the verse closes the exile theme with uprooting from the very land promised for possession.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
וְ֠הָיָהand it will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, apodosis-introducing (main clause)→ Weqatal: consequential future, launching the terrible-rejoicing comparisonהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the comparative sentence of YHWH's redirected joy.
כַּאֲשֶׁרasprep כְּ + relative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Comparative conjunction introducing the first half of the comparison
שָׂ֨שׂhe rejoicedQal perf 3ms · שׂוּשׂ (H7797)Predicate verb of the comparative clause→ Perfective: a settled, past pattern of divine joyשׂוּשׂ (H7797) 'to rejoice, be glad'; describes YHWH's own past joy in blessing Israel.
יְהוָ֜הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the one whose joy was once for blessing, now redirected.
עֲלֵיכֶ֗םover youprep עַל + 2mp suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, complement of שָׂשׂ
לְהֵיטִ֣יבto do good toprep לְ + Hiphil inf constr · יָטַב (H3190)Infinitive of purpose/result, complement of שָׂשׂ→ Infinitive of purpose: the content of YHWH's former joyיָטַב (H3190) Hiphil 'to do good, benefit'; names the substance of YHWH's past rejoicing over Israel.
אֶתְכֶם֮you [obj]obj marker + 2mp suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker with pronominal suffix, object of לְהֵיטִיב
וּלְהַרְבּ֣וֹתand to multiplyconj וְ + prep לְ + Hiphil inf constr · רָבָה (H7235)Coordinate infinitive of purpose→ Infinitive of purpose: second content of YHWH's former joyרָבָה (H7235) Hiphil 'to make many, multiply'; paired with יָטַב, the twofold content of blessing (welfare and increase).
אֶתְכֶם֒you [obj]obj marker + 2mp suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker, object of וּלְהַרְבּוֹת
כֵּ֣ןsoadverb · כֵּן (H3651)Correlative adverb introducing the apodosis of the comparisonכֵּן (H3651) 'so, thus'; correlates with כַּאֲשֶׁר, completing the terrible comparison — 'as... so.'
יָשִׂ֤ישׂhe will rejoiceQal impf 3ms · שׂוּשׂ (H7797)Predicate verb (main clause), the shocking apodosis→ Yiqtol: certain future — the same joy now redirected to destructionשׂוּשׂ (H7797) 'to rejoice, be glad'; the unsettling reuse of the same verb of blessing-joy, now for destruction — the chapter's most theologically shocking line.
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the terrible rejoicing — the identical joy once given to blessing, now given to destruction.
עֲלֵיכֶ֔םover youprep עַל + 2mp suff · עַל (H5921)Prepositional phrase, complement of יָשִׂישׂ
לְהַאֲבִ֥ידto destroyprep לְ + Hiphil inf constr · אָבַד (H6)Infinitive of purpose/result, complement of יָשִׂישׂ→ Infinitive of purpose: the terrible content of YHWH's redirected joyאָבַד (H6) Hiphil 'to destroy, cause to perish'; the joy that once meant blessing now means annihilation.
אֶתְכֶ֖םyou [obj]obj marker + 2mp suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker, object of לְהַאֲבִיד
וּלְהַשְׁמִ֣ידand to exterminateconj וְ + prep לְ + Hiphil inf constr · שָׁמַד (H8045)Coordinate infinitive of purpose→ Infinitive of purpose: intensifies לְהַאֲבִידשָׁמַד (H8045) Hiphil 'to destroy, exterminate'; paired with לְהַאֲבִיד for maximal emphasis on total ruin, echoing the chapter's recurring refrain.
אֶתְכֶ֑םyou [obj]obj marker + 2mp suff · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker, object of וּלְהַשְׁמִיד
וְנִסַּחְתֶּם֙and you will be torn awayconj וְ + Niphal weqatal 2mp · נָסַח (H5255)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future uprootingנָסַח (H5255) Niphal 'to be torn away, uprooted' (rare); pictures Israel violently ripped from the land like a plant torn up by the roots.
מֵעַ֣לfrom uponprep מִן + prep עַל · עַל (H5921)Compound prepositional phrase of separation
הָֽאֲדָמָ֔הthe groundart + N f sg abs · אֲדָמָה (H127)Object of מֵעַלאֲדָמָה (H127) 'ground, land'; the very soil promised for possession becomes the site of expulsion.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אַתָּ֥הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); subject of the relative clause describing entry into the land, echoing v. 21.
בָאcomingQal act ptc ms · בּוֹא (H935)Substantival participle, predicate of relative clause→ Participle: durative present, the ongoing act of enteringבּוֹא (H935) Qal active participle 'entering, coming'; the very act of entering the promised land now frames its violent loss instead.
שָׁ֖מָּהthereadverb + directional ה · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of בָא
לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּto possess itprep לְ + Qal inf constr + 3fs suff · יָרַשׁ (H3423)Infinitive of purpose, complement of בָא→ Infinitive of purpose: the intended goal of entering the landיָרַשׁ (H3423) 'to possess, inherit'; the very verb of conquest hope now closes a verse of violent uprooting instead.
64

וֶהֱפִֽיצְךָ֤ יְהוָה֙ בְּכָל הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים מִקְצֵ֥ה הָאָ֖רֶץ וְעַד קְצֵ֣ה הָאָ֑רֶץ וְעָבַ֨דְתָּ שָּׁ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֧ר לֹא יָדַ֛עְתָּ אַתָּ֥ה וַאֲבֹתֶ֖יךָ עֵ֥ץ וָאָֽבֶן

YHWH will scatter you among all peoples, from one end of the earth to the other, and there you will serve other gods, of wood and stone, that neither you nor your fathers have known.

Opens the final dispersion-and-despair sequence (vv. 64-68)וְ
Global scattering ('one end of the earth to the other') totally inverts the elevation 'above all nations of the earth' promised in v. 1; forced idolatry (wood and stone, repeating v. 36) marks exile as spiritual as well as geographic exile.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
וֶהֱפִֽיצְךָ֤and he will scatter youconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms + 2ms suff · פוּץ (H6327)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future dispersionפוּץ (H6327) Hiphil 'to scatter, disperse'; opens the final dispersion sequence (vv. 64-68), totally inverting v. 1's elevation above all nations.
יְהוָה֙YHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the global scattering, inverting v. 1's promised elevation.
בְּכָלamong allprep בְּ + N m sg constr · כֹּל (H3605)Construct governing הָעַמִּיםכֹּל (H3605) 'all'; universalizes the scattering to every people on earth.
הָ֣עַמִּ֔יםthe peoplesart + N m pl abs · עַם (H5971)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּכָלעַם (H5971) 'people'; the nations among whom Israel is scattered, inverting v. 1's elevation above all nations.
מִקְצֵ֥הfrom one end ofprep מִן + N c sg constr · קָצֶה (H7097)Adverbial prepositional phrase, first boundary of a merismקָצֶה (H7097) 'end, extremity'; opens the merism for total global dispersion.
הָאָ֖רֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Object of מִקְצֵהאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; the first boundary of the earth-spanning merism.
וְעַדand toconj וְ + prep · עַד (H5704)Coordinate prepositional phrase, second boundary of the merism
קְצֵ֣הthe end ofN c sg constr · קָצֶה (H7097)Genitive object of וְעַד, second boundary of the merismקָצֶה (H7097) 'end, extremity'; completes the merism 'from one end of the earth to the other,' total global dispersion.
הָאָ֑רֶץthe earthart + N c sg abs · אֶרֶץ (H776)Genitive completing construct chain with קְצֵהאֶרֶץ (H776) 'earth'; closes the merism, no corner of the world exempt.
וְעָבַ֨דְתָּand you will serveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · עָבַד (H5647)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future, forced idolatry in exileעָבַד (H5647) 'to serve, worship'; repeats v. 36's exact language, marking exile as spiritual as well as geographic.
שָּׁ֜םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of וְעָבַדְתָּ
אֱלֹהִ֣יםgodsN m pl abs · אֱלֹהִים (H430)Direct object of וְעָבַדְתָּאֱלֹהִים (H430) 'gods'; plural, foreign deities, repeating v. 36.
אֲחֵרִ֗יםotheradj m pl abs · אַחֵר (H312)Attributive adjective modifying אֱלֹהִיםאַחֵר (H312) 'other'; marks these gods as illegitimate, repeating v. 36.
אֲשֶׁ֧רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
יָדַ֛עְתָּyou have knownQal perf 2ms · יָדַע (H3045)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective negated: total unfamiliarityיָדַע (H3045) 'to know'; negated, echoing v. 36's identical description of these foreign gods.
אַתָּ֥הyouindependent pronoun 2ms · אַתָּה (H859)Subject (independent pronoun, emphatic)אַתָּה (H859) 'you' (ms); emphatic, resuming the subject of יָדַעְתָּ, echoing v. 36.
וַאֲבֹתֶ֖יךָand your fathersconj וְ + N m pl constr + 2ms suff · אָב (H1)Coordinate subject with אַתָּהאָב (H1) 'father'; even the ancestors never knew these gods, echoing v. 36.
עֵ֥ץwoodN m sg abs · עֵץ (H6086)Appositive to אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, describing the idols' materialעֵץ (H6086) 'wood, tree'; repeats v. 36's idol-material formula.
וָאָֽבֶןand stoneconj וְ + N f sg abs · אֶבֶן (H68)Coordinate appositive with עֵץאֶבֶן (H68) 'stone'; completes the wood-and-stone idol formula, repeated verbatim from v. 36.
65

וּבַגּוֹיִ֤ם הָהֵם֙ לֹ֣א תַרְגִּ֔יעַ וְלֹא יִהְיֶ֥ה מָנ֖וֹחַ לְכַף רַגְלֶ֑ךָ וְנָתַן֩ יְהוָ֨ה לְךָ֥ שָׁם֙ לֵ֣ב רַגָּ֔ז וְכִלְי֥וֹן עֵינַ֖יִם וְדַֽאֲב֥וֹן נָֽפֶשׁ

Among those nations you will find no repose, and there will be no resting place for the sole of your foot; YHWH will give you there a trembling heart, failing eyes, and a languishing soul.

Continues the dispersion curse with psychological anguishasyndeton
'No resting place for the sole of your foot' inverts the promised land's very purpose (cf. Deut 12:9's 'rest'); the triad trembling heart / failing eyes / languishing soul turns physical exile into total psychological collapse, the deepest curse of all.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וּבַגּוֹיִ֤םand among the nationsconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m pl abs · גּוֹי (H1471)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeגּוֹי (H1471) 'nation'; the scattered peoples among whom Israel now dwells.
הָהֵם֙thoseart + independent pronoun 3mp (demonstrative use) · הֵם (H1992)Attributive demonstrative modifying הַגּוֹיִםהֵם (H1992) 'they'; used demonstratively, 'those nations,' referring back to v. 64's scattering.
לֹ֣אnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תַרְגִּ֔יעַyou will find reposeHiphil impf 2ms · רָגַע (H7280)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: total absence of settled restרָגַע (H7280) Hiphil 'to find rest, settle'; negated, no calm or repose anywhere among the nations.
וְלֹאand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
יִהְיֶ֥הthere will beQal impf 3ms · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb, negated coordinate clause→ Yiqtol negated: total absence of a resting placeהָיָה (H1961) 'to be'; negated, introduces the total absence of even physical rest.
מָנ֖וֹחַa resting placeN c sg abs · מָנוֹחַ (H4494)Subject of יִהְיֶהמָנוֹחַ (H4494) 'resting place, place of rest'; inverts Deut 12:9's promised 'rest' in the land.
לְכַףfor the sole ofprep לְ + N f sg constr · כַּף (H3709)Prepositional phrase, complement of מָנוֹחַכַּף (H3709) 'palm, sole'; כַּף רֶגֶל 'sole of the foot,' echoing Noah's dove finding no resting place (Gen 8:9).
רַגְלֶ֑ךָyour footN f sg constr + 2ms suff · רֶגֶל (H7272)Genitive completing construct chain with לְכַףרֶגֶל (H7272) 'foot'; completes 'sole of your foot,' no place anywhere to set it down and rest.
וְנָתַן֩and he will giveconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future inflictionנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; YHWH personally inflicts the psychological triad that follows.
יְהוָ֨הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject who personally inflicts the trembling heart, failing eyes, and languishing soul.
לְךָ֥to youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of וְנָתַן
שָׁם֙thereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of וְנָתַן
לֵ֣בa heartN m sg abs · לֵב (H3820)Direct object of וְנָתַן, first of the triadלֵב (H3820) 'heart, mind'; the first element of the psychological-collapse triad.
רַגָּ֔זtremblingadj m sg abs · רַגָּז (H7268)Attributive adjective modifying לֵברַגָּז (H7268) 'trembling, anxious' (rare); describes constant inner agitation and fear.
וְכִלְי֥וֹןand failing ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · כִּלָּיוֹן (H3631)Coordinate direct object, construct chain, second of the triadכִּלָּיוֹן (H3631) 'failing, pining, wasting away' (rare, paired only in Lev 26:16); the eyes worn out with hopeless longing.
עֵינַ֖יִםeyesN c dual abs · עַיִן (H5869)Genitive completing construct chain with וְכִלְיוֹןעַיִן (H5869) 'eye', dual; the organ of hope worn out by unrelenting anguish.
וְדַֽאֲב֥וֹןand languishing ofconj וְ + N m sg constr · דְּאָבוֹן (H1671)Coordinate direct object, construct chain, third of the triadדְּאָבוֹן (H1671) 'languishing, pining' (hapax legomenon), from דָּאַב 'to grieve, pine away'; the soul's utter exhaustion.
נָֽפֶשׁsoulN c sg abs · נֶפֶשׁ (H5315)Genitive completing construct chain with וְדַאֲבוֹןנֶפֶשׁ (H5315) 'soul, life, self'; completes the triad — heart, eyes, and soul, total psychological collapse under exile.
66

וְהָי֣וּ חַיֶּ֔יךָ תְּלֻאִ֥ים לְךָ֖ מִנֶּ֑גֶד וּפָֽחַדְתָּ֙ לַ֣יְלָה וְיוֹמָ֔ם וְלֹ֥א תַאֲמִ֖ין בְּחַיֶּֽיךָ

Your life will hang in doubt before you; you will be in dread night and day and have no assurance of your life.

Intensifies v. 65's psychological anguish into existential dreadוְ
'Your life hanging in doubt' (חַיֶּיךָ תְּלֻאִים לְךָ מִנֶּגֶד) pictures existence itself as precarious, suspended before one's own eyes; unrelenting day-and-night dread anticipates the sleepless despair voiced in v. 67.
Word-by-word analysis· 11 words
וְהָי֣וּand they will beconj וְ + Qal weqatal 3cp · הָיָה (H1961)Predicate verb (main clause), subject חַיֶּיךָ→ Weqatal: certain future precarious stateהָיָה (H1961) 'to be, become'; introduces the image of life hanging in doubt.
חַיֶּ֔יךָyour lifeN m pl constr + 2ms suff · חַיִּים (H2416)Subject of וְהָיוּחַיִּים (H2416) 'life', plural in form; existence itself becomes precarious.
תְּלֻאִ֥יםhangingQal pass ptc mp · תָּלָה (H8511)Predicate participle (passive), predicate of nominal clause with חַיֶּיךָ→ Passive participle: a continuous, suspended state of uncertaintyתָּלָה (H8511) Qal passive participle 'hung, suspended'; pictures existence itself as precariously suspended, hanging before one's own eyes.
לְךָ֖before youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of תְּלֻאִים
מִנֶּ֑גֶדin front ofprep מִן + prep נֶגֶד · נֶגֶד (H5048)Compound prepositional phrase, complement of תְּלֻאִיםנֶגֶד (H5048) 'in front of, opposite'; intensifies the picture of life hanging visibly before one's own eyes.
וּפָֽחַדְתָּ֙and you will dreadconj וְ + Qal weqatal 2ms · פָּחַד (H6342)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future, unrelenting fearפָּחַד (H6342) 'to dread, be in terror'; the constant fear anticipated by v. 67.
לַ֣יְלָהnightN m sg abs · לַיְלָה (H3915)Adverbial accusative of timeלַיְלָה (H3915) 'night'; first half of the day-and-night merism for unrelenting dread.
וְיוֹמָ֔םand dayconj וְ + adverb · יוֹמָם (H3119)Coordinate adverbial accusative of time
וְלֹ֥אand notconj וְ + negative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate, coordinate clause
תַאֲמִ֖יןyou will have assuranceHiphil impf 2ms · אָמַן (H539)Predicate verb, negated main clause→ Yiqtol negated: total absence of confidence or securityאָמַן (H539) Hiphil 'to believe, trust, have confidence'; negated, no assurance of continued existence.
בְּחַיֶּֽיךָin your lifeprep בְּ + N m pl constr + 2ms suff · חַיִּים (H2416)Prepositional phrase, complement of תַאֲמִיןחַיִּים (H2416) 'life'; closes the verse — no confidence that one will survive.
67

בַּבֹּ֤קֶר תֹּאמַר֙ מִֽי יִתֵּ֣ן עֶ֔רֶב וּבָעֶ֥רֶב תֹּאמַ֖ר מִֽי יִתֵּ֣ן בֹּ֑קֶר מִפַּ֤חַד לְבָֽבְךָ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּפְחָ֔ד וּמִמַּרְאֵ֥ה עֵינֶ֖יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה

In the morning you will say, 'Would that it were evening!' and in the evening you will say, 'Would that it were morning!' because of the dread of your heart that you will dread, and the sight of your eyes that you will see.

Climax of the psychological curses; famous line of unrelenting dreadasyndeton
The chiastic longing for the other time of day (morning wishing for evening, evening for morning) captures dread so total that no hour offers relief; closes with the same phrase used in v. 34 ('the sight of your eyes that you will see'), tying this psychological unit together.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
בַּבֹּ֤קֶרin the morningprep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Adverbial prepositional phrase of timeבֹּקֶר (H1242) 'morning'; opens the chiastic longing for the other time of day.
תֹּאמַר֙you will sayQal impf 2ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Yiqtol: certain future, repeated daily lamentאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; introduces the despairing wish-formula.
מִֽיwhointerrogative pronoun · מִי (H4310)Interrogative pronoun, part of the idiom מִי יִתֵּן ('would that')מִי (H4310) 'who'; מִי יִתֵּן idiomatically expresses a wistful, impossible wish, 'would that.'
יִתֵּ֣ןwould giveQal impf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb of the idiom מִי יִתֵּן→ Yiqtol, idiomatic optative: expresses an impossible, wistful longingנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; with מִי, the fixed idiom for an unattainable wish.
עֶ֔רֶבeveningN m sg abs · עֶרֶב (H6153)Object of the idiom מִי יִתֵּןעֶרֶב (H6153) 'evening'; the object of longing from within the dread of morning.
וּבָעֶ֥רֶבand in the eveningconj וְ + prep בְּ + art + N m sg abs · עֶרֶב (H6153)Adverbial prepositional phrase of time, mirroring the first halfעֶרֶב (H6153) 'evening'; opens the chiastic second half.
תֹּאמַ֖רyou will sayQal impf 2ms · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb (main clause), mirroring the first half→ Yiqtol: certain future, repeated daily lamentאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; resumes the despairing wish-formula for the evening.
מִֽיwhointerrogative pronoun · מִי (H4310)Interrogative pronoun, part of the idiom מִי יִתֵּןמִי (H4310) 'who'; resumes the wistful-wish idiom.
יִתֵּ֣ןwould giveQal impf 3ms · נָתַן (H5414)Predicate verb of the idiom מִי יִתֵּן→ Yiqtol, idiomatic optative: expresses an impossible wishנָתַן (H5414) 'to give'; completes the chiastic mirror-wish for morning.
בֹּ֑קֶרmorningN m sg abs · בֹּקֶר (H1242)Object of the idiom מִי יִתֵּןבֹּקֶר (H1242) 'morning'; the object of longing from within the dread of evening, completing the chiasm.
מִפַּ֤חַדbecause of the dread ofprep מִן + N m sg constr · פַּחַד (H6343)Causal prepositional phrase, construct chain with לְבָבְךָפַּחַד (H6343) 'dread, terror'; names the source of the unrelenting despair.
לְבָֽבְךָ֙your heartN m sg constr + 2ms suff · לֵבָב (H3824)Genitive completing construct chain with מִפַּחַדלֵבָב (H3824) 'heart, mind'; the inner seat of the constant dread.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תִּפְחָ֔דyou will dreadQal impf 2ms · פָּחַד (H6342)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: ongoing, habitual dreadפָּחַד (H6342) 'to dread, fear'; the same root as the noun, emphasizing the totality of terror.
וּמִמַּרְאֵ֥הand because of the sight ofconj וְ + prep מִן + N m sg constr · מַרְאֶה (H4758)Coordinate causal prepositional phrase, construct chain with עֵינֶיךָמַרְאֶה (H4758) 'sight, appearance'; repeats v. 34's phrase, tying this psychological unit together.
עֵינֶ֖יךָyour eyesN c dual constr + 2ms suff · עַיִן (H5869)Genitive completing construct chain with וּמִמַּרְאֵהעַיִן (H5869) 'eye', dual; the organ of the horrifying vision, echoing v. 34.
אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
תִּרְאֶֽהyou will seeQal impf 2ms · רָאָה (H7200)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Yiqtol: ongoing, habitual seeing of horrorsרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; closes this psychological unit exactly as v. 34, the relentless witnessing of exile's horrors.
68

וֶֽהֱשִֽׁיבְךָ֨ יְהוָ֥ה מִצְרַיִם֮ בָּאֳנִיּוֹת֒ בַּדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמַ֣רְתִּֽי לְךָ֔ לֹא תֹסִ֥יף ע֖וֹד לִרְאֹתָ֑הּ וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּ֨ם שָׁ֧ם לְאֹיְבֶ֛יךָ לַעֲבָדִ֥ים וְלִשְׁפָח֖וֹת וְאֵ֥ין קֹנֶֽה

YHWH will bring you back to Egypt in ships, by the way of which I said to you, 'You will never see it again'; and there you will offer yourselves for sale to your enemies as male and female slaves, and there will be no buyer.

Final, worst curse: closes the entire curses section with total reversal of the exodusוְ
The last and bitterest curse: Israel is returned to Egypt itself — the very place of bondage from which YHWH once redeemed her — by ships, an unprecedented and humiliating route reversing the exodus narrative entirely. 'And there will be no buyer' (וְאֵין קֹנֶה) is the final, devastating touch: even as slaves offered for sale (הֶפְקֵר, a term from the ANE slave market), Israel will have no value at all — the ultimate degradation, closing the chapter's curses on total worthlessness.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
וֶֽהֱשִֽׁיבְךָ֨and he will bring you backconj וְ + Hiphil weqatal 3ms + 2ms suff · שׁוּב (H7725)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future, the final and bitterest curseשׁוּב (H7725) Hiphil 'to bring back, return'; the last and worst curse — Israel returned to Egypt itself, a total reversal of the exodus.
יְהוָ֥הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; subject of the chapter's final, worst curse — return to Egypt.
מִצְרַיִם֮to Egyptproper N · מִצְרַיִם (H4714)Adverbial accusative of destination, object of וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָמִצְרַיִם (H4714) 'Egypt'; the very place of bondage from which YHWH once redeemed Israel.
בָּאֳנִיּוֹת֒in shipsprep בְּ + N f pl abs · אֳנִיָּה (H591)Adverbial prepositional phrase of mannerאֳנִיָּה (H591) 'ship'; an unprecedented and humiliating route, reversing the exodus narrative's overland departure entirely.
בַּדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙by the wayprep בְּ + art + N c sg abs · דֶּרֶךְ (H1870)Adverbial prepositional phrase, further specifying the routeדֶּרֶךְ (H1870) 'way, road'; the very route once traveled out of Egypt, now traveled back.
אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
אָמַ֣רְתִּֽיI saidQal perf 1cs · אָמַר (H559)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, prior declarationאָמַר (H559) 'to say'; Moses recalls his own earlier assurance, now bitterly overturned.
לְךָ֔to youprep לְ + 2ms suff · לְ (unlisted)Prepositional phrase, complement of אָמַרְתִּי
לֹאnotnegative particle · לֹא (H3808)Negates the following predicate
תֹסִ֥יףyou will againHiphil impf 2ms · יָסַף (H3254)Predicate verb, negated main clause of the quoted speech→ Yiqtol negated: never again, total finalityיָסַף (H3254) Hiphil 'to add, do again'; negated, 'never again' — a promise reversed by the curse.
ע֖וֹדagainadverb · עוֹד (H5750)Adverb intensifying the negation with תֹסִיף
לִרְאֹתָ֑הּto see itprep לְ + Qal inf constr + 3fs suff · רָאָה (H7200)Complementary infinitive of תֹסִיף→ Infinitive construct: the content of the negated promiseרָאָה (H7200) 'to see'; the promise 'you will never see it again' is now grimly overturned.
וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּ֨םand you will sell yourselvesconj וְ + Hitpael weqatal 2mp · מָכַר (H4376)Predicate verb (main clause)→ Weqatal: certain future self-sale into slaveryמָכַר (H4376) Hitpael 'to sell oneself'; the reflexive stem underscores utter desperation — offering oneself for sale.
שָׁ֧םthereadverb · שָׁם (H8033)Adverbial complement of וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּם
לְאֹיְבֶ֛יךָto your enemiesprep לְ + Qal act ptc m pl constr + 2ms suff · אֹיֵב (H341)Prepositional phrase (dative), complement of וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּם→ Participle: characteristic, ongoing hostilityאֹיֵב (H341) Qal active participle 'the one hating', substantival 'enemy'; the very people who once needed Israel's produce (v. 48) now buy Israel herself.
לַעֲבָדִ֥יםas male slavesprep לְ + N m pl abs · עֶבֶד (H5650)Predicate complement of וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּם, first of a pairעֶבֶד (H5650) 'slave, servant'; the final degradation — literal chattel slavery.
וְלִשְׁפָח֖וֹתand female slavesconj וְ + prep לְ + N f pl abs · שִׁפְחָה (H8198)Coordinate predicate complement, second of the pairשִׁפְחָה (H8198) 'female slave, maidservant'; completes the male/female pair, total enslavement of the population.
וְאֵ֥יןand there is noconj וְ + negative existential particle · אַיִן (H369)Negative existential clause, the chapter's final, devastating touchאַיִן (H369) 'there is not'; even offered as slaves, Israel will have no value at all — the ultimate degradation, closing the chapter's curses on total worthlessness.
קֹנֶֽהa buyerQal act ptc ms · קָנָה (H7069)Substantival participle, predicate of the existential clause וְאֵין, closing the entire curses section→ Participle: characteristic, the totally absent purchaserקָנָה (H7069) Qal active participle 'buyer, purchaser'; even offered as slaves, Israel will have no value at all — the chapter's final word of judgment.
69

אֵלֶּה֩ דִבְרֵ֨י הַבְּרִ֜ית אֲֽשֶׁר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֣ה אֶת מֹשֶׁ֗ה לִכְרֹ֛ת אֶת בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֑ב מִלְּבַ֣ד הַבְּרִ֔ית אֲשֶׁר כָּרַ֥ת אִתָּ֖ם בְּחֹרֵֽב

These are the words of the covenant that YHWH commanded Moses to make with the people of Israel in the land of Moab, besides the covenant that he made with them at Horeb.

Colophon closing the whole blessings-and-curses chapter and framing the Moab covenant of chs. 29-30asyndeton
This closing formula (in Hebrew versification often numbered 29:1) marks the blessings/curses of ch. 28 as the sanctions of a distinct Moab covenant, supplementary to (not replacing) the Horeb/Sinai covenant — setting up the renewed covenant-making scene of ch. 29.
Word-by-word analysis· 20 words
אֵלֶּה֩thesedemonstrative pron c pl · אֵלֶּה (H428)Subject of the nominal clause (predicate דִבְרֵי הַבְּרִית)אֵלֶּה (H428) 'these'; points to the whole preceding blessings-and-curses chapter, now identified as covenant terms.
דִבְרֵ֨יthe words ofN m pl constr · דָּבָר (H1697)Predicate noun, construct chain (genitival)דָּבָר (H1697) 'word, thing'; echoes v. 58's 'words of this torah,' now identifying the whole chapter as covenant terms.
הַבְּרִ֜יתthe covenantart + N f sg abs · בְּרִית (H1285)Genitive completing construct chain with דִבְרֵיבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant'; frames the whole blessings-curses chapter as covenant sanctions.
אֲֽשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
צִוָּ֧הhe commandedPiel perf 3ms · צִוָּה (H6680)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, authoritative divine commandצִוָּה (H6680) Piel 'to command'; YHWH's directive to Moses to formalize this covenant.
יְהוָ֣הYHWHproper N · יְהוָה (H3068)Subject or genitive (divine name, per its construction)יְהוָה (H3068), the covenant name; the one who commanded Moses to make this covenant in Moab.
אֶת[obj]obj marker · אֵת (H853)Direct-object marker (definite object)
מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesproper N · מֹשֶׁה (H4872)Direct object of צִוָּהמֹשֶׁה (H4872) 'Moses'; the covenant mediator, commanded to make this covenant with Israel.
לִכְרֹ֛תto makeprep לְ + Qal inf constr · כָּרַת (H3772)Purpose infinitive, complement of צִוָּה→ Infinitive of purpose: the content of the divine commandכָּרַת (H3772) 'to cut'; כָּרַת בְּרִית idiomatically 'to make a covenant' (from the ancient rite of cutting sacrificial animals).
אֶתwithprep · אֵת (H854)Prepositional phrase, complement of לִכְרֹת, marking the covenant partnerאֵת (H854) 'with' (comitative preposition, distinct from the object-marker homonym H853).
בְּנֵ֥יthe sons ofN m pl constr · בֵּן (H1121)Genitive, object of the preposition אֵת; construct chainבֵּן (H1121) 'son'; בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 'children/sons of Israel,' the covenant people.
יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelproper N · יִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּנֵייִשְׂרָאֵל (H3478) 'Israel'; the covenant people, the party to this Moab covenant.
בְּאֶ֣רֶץin the land ofprep בְּ + N c sg constr · אֶרֶץ (H776)Adverbial prepositional phrase of place, construct chain with מוֹאָבאֶרֶץ (H776) 'land'; specifies the location of this covenant-making.
מוֹאָ֑בMoabproper N · מוֹאָב (H4124)Genitive completing construct chain with בְּאֶרֶץמוֹאָב (H4124) 'Moab'; the location distinguishing this covenant from the Horeb/Sinai covenant.
מִלְּבַ֣דbesidesprep מִן + prep לְ + N m sg constr · לְבַד (H905)Prepositional phrase introducing the comparison with the earlier covenantלְבַד (H905) 'apart, alone'; מִלְּבַד 'besides, in addition to,' marking this covenant as supplementary, not a replacement.
הַבְּרִ֔יתthe covenantart + N f sg abs · בְּרִית (H1285)Object of מִלְּבַדבְּרִית (H1285) 'covenant'; refers back to the Horeb/Sinai covenant now being supplemented.
אֲשֶׁרwhichrelative particle · אֲשֶׁר (H834)Relative pronoun introducing subordinate clause
כָּרַ֥תhe madeQal perf 3ms · כָּרַת (H3772)Predicate verb of the relative clause→ Perfective: a completed, prior covenant-makingכָּרַת (H3772) 'to cut'; כָּרַת בְּרִית 'to make a covenant,' referring to the earlier Horeb covenant.
אִתָּ֖םwith themprep אֵת + 3mp suff · אֵת (H854)Prepositional phrase, complement of כָּרַת
בְּחֹרֵֽבat Horebprep בְּ + proper N · חֹרֵב (H2722)Adverbial prepositional phrase of placeחֹרֵב (H2722) 'Horeb'; the mountain of the original Sinai covenant (Exod 19-24), now supplemented by this Moab covenant.